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PCS - Pressure Transmitter, logic, control valve

(PCV).
PSD - Pressure transmitters, logic, shutoff valves
(SDV).
ESD - Shutoff valves (SDV).
F&G - Fire and gas detectors, logic, alerting,
sprinkler systems, shutdown (SDV).
Pressure relief - valve (BDV), flare. In addition
mechanical pressure relief with pressure
depreciation load valve (PSV)
Typical safety systems on offshore installations are:
ESD (Emergency Shutdown system): typically
centralized in relation to the other, which are
distributed. Always going to work and be
functionally independent of the other systems.
PSD (Process Shutdown system). The same
function as a ESD. Can share the actuators with the
ESD. To have different/separate the control signals.
F&G (fire and gas system). Provide for the
detection of gas, smoke, fire and stands for fighting
BD (Pressure Relief). In case of high pressure the
excess gas is sent to the flare for burning off
PCS (Process Control System). Work with the
other systems.
On an offshore facility, you will usually find the
following safety systems/functions
The emergency shutdown system, "Emergency
Shutdown System" (ESD)
Fire and gas systems, "Fire and Gas" (F&G)
Process shutdown system, "Process Shutdown
System" (PSD)
Automatic or mechanical over pressure

protection. Pressure Relief, "Blow Down" (BD)


I)
ESD: Emergency Shutdown System is a
master system when the potentially
dangerous situation occurs the ESD has
responsibility to shut down the system to a
safe mode, on command. The only systems
that remain operational is the ESD itself,
F&G system, emergency communication and
navigation lights. The ESD is a centralized
system.
II) F&G: fire and gas system is responsible for
the detection of fire and gas and the
suppression of fire. F&G system can be both
centralized and distributed (controlled). It
depends on facility that kind of systems to
be selected. The F&G must be first installed
in places like living quarters etc. Therefore,
a centralized solution can cause the delay
for the system to be installed. One can
choose a distributed solution, which can be
installed along the way. The best solution
must be considered in each case.
III) PSD: Process shutdown system have the
responsibility to prevent a potential
dangerous that will develop into a
dangerous situation, possibly shut the
process down in a safe and prudent. This is
done by means of the pressure relief valves,
back valves, alarms, signal transfer and
logic in order to protect the process.
IV) BD: pressure relief system shall ensure that
all containers that contain toxic or explosive
gases in bulk containers should be
suspended or sent to the flare by means of
fire. The release can be manual and
automatic.

As already mentioned, it is the ESD system that is


the Master system from a security point of view.
F&G will communicate with the PSD upon detection
of fire and fire fighting, the PSD system will ensure
the process during normal operation and prevent it
going into a dangerous condition, it will work with
the ESD by the emergency power-off (However, the
ESD should be able to do this on their own, too, on
the basis of the requirement of independent
systems). BD can be activated automatically from
the ESD or manually from the operator. Today
usually the ESD is a centralized system, while other
systems are distributed.
PCS:ProcessControlSystem.Controlsystemforagivenprocess.
SIS:SafetyInstrumentedSystem.Separateinstrumentedsystemthat
implementsthesecurityfeaturesofagivenprocess.Forexample,thetrap
protectioninaseparator,(HIPPS)orESD.
There are several purposes of the ESD System, which is:
1. Protection of personnel
2. Protection of the environment
3. Minimize loss of production and damage to plant assets
Typically, the ESD System could fulfill the above objective by the
following implementation:
1. Monitoring of an operational or equipment condition
2. Automatic action in case of process a hazardous condition is
exist by de-energizing electrical equipment, shutting down
and/or isolating process equipment and, isolating and
depressurizing the installation.
3. Enabling manual initiation of ESD actions through ESD push
button all around the plant.
4. Monitoring the Fire & Gas conditions (F&G) by the F&G
System
5. Automatic action in case of F&G hazardous conditions exists
by providing audible and visual alarms for personnel.
Typical ESD System Component
1. Dedicated process transmitters

2. Logic Solver
3. Shutdown valves (SDV), Fail to Close type, the purpose of this
valve is to isolate.
4. Blow down valves (BDV), Fail to Open type. The purpose of
this valve is to depressurize.
In practice the plant is usually divided into several isolable units that can
be depressurized and isolated.

The main objectives of the fire and gas system are to protect
personnel, environment, and plant (including equipment and
structures). The FGS shall achieve these objectives by:

Detecting at an early stage, the presence of flammable gas,


Detecting at an early stage, the liquid spill (LPG and LNG),

Detecting incipient fire and the presence of fire,


Providing automatic and/or facilities for manual activation of the fire
protection system as required,
Initiating environmental changes to keep liquids below their flash
point
Initiating signals, both audible and visible as required, to warn of
the detected hazards,
Initiating automatic shutdown of equipment and ventilation if 2 out
of 2 or 2 out of 3 detectors are triggered,
Initiating the exhausting system.

Process shutdown (PSD) is defined as the automatic isolation and deactivation of all or part of a process. During a PSD the process remains
pressurized. Basically PSD consists of field-mounted sensors, valves
and trip relays, a system logic unit for processing of incoming signals,
alarm and HMI units. The system is able to process all input signals and
activating outputs in accordance with the applicable Cause and Effect
charts.
Typical actions from PSD systems are:
Shutdown the whole process;
Shutdown parts of the process;
Depressurize / Blow down parts of the process.
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) is shutdown to minimize the
consequences during emergency. ESD can be automatically initiated by
load shedding functions or manually by the operator through push
button on the panel. ESD will shutdown and isolate all designated
process related equipment, including inlet and outlet ESD valves.
Depends on each project some plant will allow the power generation,
utilities, and fuel gas system keep running during this condition.
Typical actions from ESD systems are:
Shutdown of part systems and equipment;
Isolate hydrocarbon inventories;

Isolate electrical equipment; Prevent escalation of events;


Stop hydrocarbon flow;
Depressurize / Blow down;
Emergency ventilation control;
Close watertight doors and fire doors.
Another explanation regarding terms PSD and ESD:
Process Shutdown (PSD) system is a part of plant (facility)
safeguarding system with a purpose to minimize the frequency and
consequences of excursions outside the facility-operating envelope.
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) system is a part of plant (facility)
safeguarding system with a purpose to keep the process within the
design envelope and to prevent the escalation of abnormal conditions
into a major hazardous event.
The PSD and ESD can be considered as Effects, which are triggered by
certain Causes. The PSD and ESD are levels of shutdown, which
discriminate between the seriousness of the Causes leading to the
appropriate Effects.

The Logic Behind The Magic. Emergency


Shutdown System (ESD) Operating
Philosophy 1"
The Emergency Shutdown (ESD) System is designed to protect
the personnel, plant, equipment and the environment against
pollution. The purpose of the ESD system is to monitor process
safety parameters and activate or shutdown the process system
and/or the utilities if these parameters deviate from normal
conditions.
Usually there are several levels of shutdown:
ESD 0 :
abandon of platform
ESD 0.1 :
ESD 1 :
ESD 2 :
ESD 3 :

Total emergency shutdown with


Black shutdown
Total plant emergency shutdown
Total process shutdown
Local unit shutdown

The ESD system operates in a fail safe mode, i.e. de-energized


status of any digital sensor (input) or actuator (output), and fault
detection of any critical system component and field inputs/outputs
shall result in an action that will bring the plant to the safe condition
(energised in normal condition).
Setting sequence of the ESD is as follows :
ESD alarm level is sent to the operating console to advice the
operator on the process and ESD displays
ESD alarm may be acknowledged from Operating Console
Packages start-up sequence is initiated after ESD logic reset as
per the following sequence :

ESD logic is reset at Operating Console


Operator to restart packages locally and manually

Motors start-up sequence is initiated after ESD logic reset as per


the following sequence :
ESD logic is reset at Operating Console
Operator to restart manually motors at Operating console or
locally
The control valve can be controlled by the PCS when the ESD
logic is reset.

Resetting philosophy
Further to a shutdown, the related ESD levels need to be
individually and manually reset by the Operation Console operator.
The ESD level can be reset only if the upper ESD level is in normal
condition.
Resetting sequence is as follows :
The operator is informed on the ESD and process displays
that the ESD level can be reset

ESD level alarm return to normal conditions only when all ESD
causes have disappeared or have been inhibited and the ESD
level reset is carried out on the ESD display of theOperation
Console
Field equipment reset

Unless otherwise specified, SDVs/BDVs valves are locally


manually reset.
Resetting sequence is as follows :

ESD logic is reset at Operation Console


Valve is manually reset (permissive reset)
Valve is actuated at Operation Console

Local permissive resets are input to the ESD system.

StartupandMaintenanceinhibit/Override
In order to be able to start-up equipment or sections process, it is
necessary to inhibit some inputs to the ESD system, as sensor signal
may be in abnormal state prior to start-up and could cause a shutdown.
Such inhibits are designated as "start-up inhibits".
While Maintenanceinhibitsaresetfromthemaintenance/inhibitconsolefor
maintenancepurpose

Each inhibit function is reset automatically either by the sensor signal


reverting to normal state or after a predetermined time delay. The
automatic resets are achieved by the Safety Shutdown System.

Start up / maintenance inhibits are set manually by the operator from


the Operation Console through a touch-target on process control
displays which appear only when the signal to be inhibited is in alarm

and not in technical fault.

Start up / Maintenance inhibit statuses are indicated on the process


control displays and ESD displays of the Operation Console and printed
on the events printer.

1.
1.
2.

This type of logic usually have 1 signals output and 3 input status that
are shown in the control room,
Input:
keyswitch Maintenance Override "Enable"
Maintenance Override Command "Changed"
Output:
Maintenance Override Status "Accepted"
The logic are:
Maintenance Override Status "Accepted" activated if Keyswitch
maintenance override and Override Command is activated
Maintenance Override Status "Accepted"is deactivated. If Keyswitch
maintenance override is deactivated and Master Reset is activated
Sample of the logic is shown below:

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