Chapter 14 H-Outs

ADVANCED CALCULUS & ANALYTICAL
GEOMETRY (MATB 113)
CHAPTER 14:
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
.:SYLLABUS CONTENTS:.
14.1 Functions of Several Variables
14.2 Limits and Continuity in Higher Dimensions
14.3 Partial Derivatives
14.4 The Chain Rule
14.5 Directional Derivatives and Gradient Vectors
14.6 Tangent Planes and Differentials
14.7 Extreme Values and Saddle Points
14.8 Lagrange Multipliers
14.9 Partial Derivatives and Constrained Variables
Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113
14.1
Functions of Several Variables
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this topic students should ;
be able to find the domains and ranges for the functions of two and three
variables.
be able to describe the domain of a function of two and three variables.
understand the terms relates to graph of two and three variables.
Functions of n Independent Variables

- Suppose D is a set of real-numbers (x1, x2, .., xn).
- A real-valued function f on D is a rule that assigns a unique
(single) real number w = f(x1, x2, .., xn) to each element in
D.
- The set D is the functions domain.
- The set of w values taken on by f is the functions range.
- The symbol w is the dependent variables of f, and f is
said to be a function of the n independent variables x1 to
xn.
- We also call the xj s the functions input variables and call
w the functions output variable.
Partial Derivatives
Domain and Ranges

- In defining a function of more than one variable, we follow
the usual practice of excluding inputs that lead to complex
numbers or division by zero.
- The domain of a function is assumed to be the largest set
for which the defining rule generates real numbers, unless
the domain is otherwise specified explicitly.
- The range consists of the set of output values for the
dependent variable.
Example 14.1.1:
a) Let f ( x, y )
xy 5
2 yx
Find f (2,5) , f (1,2) , f (1,2) and the domain of f.
b) Find the domain of :

(i) f ( x, y ) ln x 2 y 2
Partial Derivatives
(ii)
f ( x, y )
9 x2 4y2 .
Functions of Two Variables

- Regions in the plane can have interior points and boundary
points.
- Closed intervals [a, b] include their boundary points.
- Open intervals (a, b) dont include their boundary points.
- Intervals such as [a, b) are neither open nor closed.
- A point ( x0, y0) in a region (set) R in the xy-plane is an
interior point of R if it is the center of a disk of positive
radius that lies entirely in R
- A point ( x0, y0) is boundary point of R if every disk

centered at ( x0, y0) contains points that lie outside of R as
well as points that lie in R.
Partial Derivatives
- A region is open if it consists entirely of interior points.

- A region is closed if it contains all its boundary points.
- A region in the plane is bounded if it lies inside a disk of
fixed radius.
(e.g triangles, rectangles, circles and disks)
- A region is unbounded if it is not bounded.
(e.g lines, planes)
Partial Derivatives
Graphs, Level Curves and Contours of Function of Two

Variables
- There are two standard ways to picture the values of a
function f(x,y)
- One is to draw and label curves in the domain on which f has
a constant value.
- The other is to sketch the surface
z f ( x, y )
Level Curve: The set of points in the plane where a function

f(x,y) has a constant value
Graph
f ( x, y ) c
: The set of all points (x,y, f(x,y)) in space, for

f(x,y) in the domain of f.
Example 14.1.2:
Display the values of the functions in two ways:
-by sketching the surface z = f(x,y),
-by drawing an assortment of level curves in the functions
domain.
Partial Derivatives
a)
f ( x, y ) 4 x 2 y 2
b)
f ( x, y )
x2 y 2
Functions of Three Variables

- In the plane, the points where a function of two independent
variables has a constant value f(x,y) = c make a curve in the
functions domain.
- In space, the points where a function of three independent
variables has a constant value f(x,y,z) = c make a surface in
the functions domain.
Level Surface: The set of points in space where a function
of three independent variables has a constant
value
f ( x, y , z ) c
- A point ( x0, y0, z0) in a region (set) R is an interior point of

R if it is the center of a solid ball that lies entirely in R.
Partial Derivatives
- A point ( x0, y0, z0) is a boundary point of R if every sphere

centered at ( x0, y0, z0) enclose points that lie outside of R.
- A region is open if it consists entirely of interior points.

- A region is closed if it contains its entire boundary points.
Example 14.1.3:
If
f ( x, y , z ) z
Partial Derivatives
x2 y 2
, sketch some level surfaces of f.
Example 14.1.4:
Given the function f ( x, y ) x 2 4 y 2 16
(a) Find the domain and range of f. Then sketch the graph of f.
(b) Find the equation of level curve containing the point
(8, 2, 4 2) . Sketch the level curve in two dimensional
system.
Partial Derivatives
14.2
Limits and Continuity in Higher
Dimensions
variables.
Limits
Definition: (Limit of a Function of Two Variables)
We say that a function f(x,y) approaches the limit L as (x,y)
approaches f( x0, y0), and write
lim
( x , y ) ( x0 , y 0 )
f ( x, y ) L
If, for every number 0 , there exists a corresponding number
such that for all (x,y) in the domain of f,

f ( x, y ) L
Partial Derivatives
whenever
( x x0 ) 2 ( y y0 ) 2
10
Properties of Limits of Functions of Two Variables

The following rules hold if L, M, and k are real numbers and
lim
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )
f ( x, y ) L
and
lim
1. Sum Rule
2. Difference Rule
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )
3. Product Rule
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )
lim
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )
f ( x, y ) M
( f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )) L M
lim
( f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )) L M
lim
( f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )) L M
k f ( x, y ) k L
4. Constant Multiple Rule: ( x , y )lim
( x0 , y0 )
5. Quotient Rule
6. Power Rule
:
:
lim
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )
lim
f ( x, y )
L
g ( x, y ) M
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )
,M 0
( f ( x, y )) r / s L r / s
If r and s are integers with no common factors, and

Provided
Lr / s
s0
is a real number.( If s is a even, we assume that
L > 0).
Partial Derivatives
11
Example 14.2.1:
Find,
a)
b)
c)
lim
( x , y )( 2 , 3)
lim
( x , y ) ( 3 , 4 )
lim
( x , y )( 0 , 0 )
( x 3 4 xy 2 5 y 7)
x2 y 2
x2 y2
x 2 x xy y
x y
Partial Derivatives
12
Two-Path Test
- For a function of one variable with a jump discontinuity at
x a , it proved that lim f ( x) does not exist by showing that
lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) are not equal.
x a
xa
xa
- When considering such one-sided limits, we may regard the

point on the x-axis with coordinate x as approaching the
point with coordinate a either from left or from the right,
respectively.
- The similar situation for functions of two variables is more

complicated, since in a coordinate plane there are infinite
numbers of different curves, or paths, along which (x, y) can
approach (a, b).
- However, if the limit in definition exists, then f(x, y) must
have the limit L, regardless of the path taken.
- Remember that, the two path test cannot be used to prove

that a limit exists only that a limit does not exist.
Partial Derivatives
13
Two-Path Test for Nonexistence of a Limit

If two different paths to point P(a,b) produce two different
limiting values for f, then
lim
( x , y ) ( a ,b )
f ( x, y )
does not exist.
Example 14.2.2:
a)
Show that
b)
Show that
c) If
f ( x, y )
x2 y2
x2 y2
does not exist.
lim
x2 y
x4 y2
does not exist.
( x , y )( 0 , 0 )
( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 )
2 xy
x y2
2
lim
, show
lim
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )
f ( x, y )
does not exists by evaluating this limit along the x-axis,

y-axis and along the line y = x.
Partial Derivatives
14
Continuity
As with functions of single variables, continuity is defined in
terms of limits.
Definition: (Continuous Function of Two Variables)
A function f(x,y) is continuous at the point ( x0, y0) if,
1.
f is defined at ( x0, y0)

lim
2.
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )
3.
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )
lim
f ( x, y )
exists
f ( x , y ) f ( x0 , y 0 )
A function is continuous if it is continuous at every point of

its domain.
Example 14.2.3:
At what points (x,y) or (x,y,z) in the plane are the functions

continuous?
a)
x2 y2
f ( x, y ) 2
x 3x 2
b)
f ( x, y )
1
y x2
Partial Derivatives
15
c)
h ( x, y , z )
Partial Derivatives
1
4 x2 y 2 z 2 9
16
14.3
Partial Derivatives
variables.
Partial Derivatives
- The process of differentiating a function of several variables
with respect to one of its variables while keeping the other
variable(s) fixed is called partial differentiation.
Definition: (Partial Derivatives of a Function of Two
Variables)
If z f ( x, y) , then the partial derivatives of f with respect to x and
y are the functions fx and fy respectively, defined by,
f x ( x, y ) lim
x0
f ( x x, y ) f ( x, y )
x
and
f y ( x, y ) lim
y 0
f ( x, y y ) f ( x, y )
y
provided the limits exist.

Partial Derivatives
17
Alternative Notation for Partial Derivatives

For
z f ( x, y )
, the partial derivatives fx and fy are denoted by,

f x ( x, y )
f
z
f ( x, y ) z x
x x x
and
f y ( x, y )
f
z
f ( x, y ) z y
y
y y
The values of the partial derivatives of f(x,y) at the point (a, b)

are denoted by,
f
x
f x (a, b)
( a ,b )
and
f
y
f y ( a, b)
( a ,b )
Example 14.3.1:
Find fx and fy , if
a) f ( x, y ) x 3 y 2 2 x 2 y 3x
Partial Derivatives
b)
f ( x, y )
2y
y cos x
18
Example 14.3.2:
Let
z x 2 sin(3x y 3 )
Evaluate
z
x
,0)
Example 14.3.3:
Let z be defined implicitly as a function of x and y by the
equation
x 2 z yz 3 x
Determine
z
x
and
z
y
Example 14.3.4:
Partial Derivatives of a function of three variables.
Let
f ( x, y, z ) x 2 2 xy 2 yz 3
Partial Derivatives
, determine fx, fy and fz .
19
Higher-Order Partial Derivatives

Given
z f ( x, y , z )
Second-order partial derivatives

2 f

2
x
x
2 f

2
y
y
f
( f x ) x f xx
x
f
( f y ) y f yy
y
Mixed second-order partial derivatives

2 f

xy x
2 f

yx y
f
( f y ) x f yx
y
f
( f x ) y f xy
x
Differentiability Implies Continuity

If a function f ( x, y ) is differentiable at ( x0 , y0 ) , then f is
continuous at ( x0 , y0 ) .
Example 14.3.5:
For
z f ( x, y ) 5 x 2 2 xy 3 y 3
Partial Derivatives
, determine the following

20
higher-order partial derivatives.
a.
2z
xy
b.
2z
yx
c.
2 z
x 2
d.
f xy (3,2)
Example 14.3.6:
Higher-order partial derivatives of a function of several
variables.
By direct calculation, show that
f ( x, y , z ) xyz x y z .
2
f xyz f yzx f zyx
for the function
(Note : If first, second, and third partial derivatives are

continuous, then the order of differentiation is immaterial)
Partial Derivatives
21
14.4
The Chain Rule
variables.
Functions of Two Variables

- The Chain Rule formula for a function
and
y y (t )
w f ( x, y )
when
x x (t )
are both differentiable functions of t is given in the
following theorem.
Theorem: (Chain Rule for Functions of Two Independent
Variables.)
If w f ( x, y ) is differentiable and if
x x (t ) y y (t )
are
differentiable functions of t, then the composite

w f ( x(t ), y (t )) is a differentiable function of t and
w f dx f dy
t x dt y dt
Partial Derivatives
22
Example 14.4.1:
a)
Use the chain rule to find the derivative of w x 2 y 2 ,

where
1
t
and
y t2
b) Let w x 2 2 xy , where
Partial Derivatives
x cos
and
y sin
. Find
dz
d
23
Functions of Three Variables

Theorem: (Chain Rule for Functions of Three Independent
Variables.)
If
w f ( x, y , z )
is differentiable and x, y, and z are differentiable
functions of t, then w is a differentiable function of t and

w f dx f dy f dz
t
x dt
y dt
z dt
Partial Derivatives
24
Example 14.4.2:
a)
Use a chain rule to find
dw
dt
if
w x 2 yz
with
b) Find
x 3t 2 1
w
t
y 2t 4
and
z t3
if
w xy z
x cos t ,
y sin t
and z = t
What is the derivatives value at t = 0?
c) Let
z 4x y 2
Find
z
u
Partial Derivatives
, where
and
z
v
x uv 2
and
y u 3v
25
Example 14.4.3:
A simple electrical circuit of a resistor R and an electromotive
force V. At a certain instant V is 80 volts and is increasing at a
rate of 5 volts/min, while R is 40 ohms and is decreasing at a rate
of 2 ohms/min. Use Ohms law, I = V/R, and a chain rule to find
the rate at which the current I (in amperes) is changing.
Functions Defined on Surfaces

Theorem: (Chain Rule for Two Independent Variables and
Three Intermediate Variables.)
Suppose that
w f ( x, y , z )
x g (r , s)
, y h(r , s) and
z k (r , s )
. If all four
functions are differentiable, then w has partial derivatives with

respect to r and s, given by the formulas,
w w x w y w z
r x r y r z r
w w x w y w z

s x s y s z s
Partial Derivatives
26
Partial Derivatives
27
Example 14.4.4:
a) Express
w x 2y z2
b) Find
w
r
w
s
and
r
s
w
s
in terms of r and s if,
y r 2 ln s
and
z = 2r
if w 4 x y 2 z 3 , where x e rs ,
2
y ln
rs
t
and z rst 2 .
c)
If f is differentiable and
Partial Derivatives
z u f (u 2 v 2 )
, show that
z
z
v u
u
v
28
Implicit Differentiation Revisited

The two-variable Chain Rule leads to a formula that takes some
of the algebra out of implicit differentiation. Suppose that
1. The function F(x,y) is differentiable and
2. The equation F(x,y) = 0 defines y implicitly as a
differentiable function of x, say y = h(x).
Since w = F(x,y) = 0, the derivative dw/ dx must be zero.
Computing the derivative from the chain rule, we find
dw
dx
dy
Fx
Fy
dx
dx
dx
dy
Fx .1 Fy
dx
If
Fy w / y 0
, we can solve this equation for dy/dx to get

F
dy
x
dx
Fy
Theorem
A Formula for Implicit Differentiation
Suppose that F(x,y) is differentiable, and that the equation

Partial Derivatives
29
F(x,y) = 0 defines y as differentiable function of x. Then at any

point where Fy 0 ,
F
dy
x
dx
Fy
Example 14.4.5:
If y is a differentiable function of x such that
y 4 3 y 4 x2 5x 1 0
Find dy/dx.
Example 14.4.6:
z
z
Find
and
if z f ( x, y ) is determined implicitly by
y
x
x 2 z 2 xy 2 z 3 4 yz 5 0
14.5
Directional Derivatives and Gradient
Vectors
Partial Derivatives
30
variables.
Directional Derivatives
- We have seen that the partial derivatives of a function give
the instantaneous rates of change of that function in
directions parallel to the coordinate axes.
- Directional derivatives allow us to compute the rates of
change of a function with respect to distance in any
direction.
- Suppose that we wish to compute the instantaneous rate of
change of a function
f ( x, y )
with respect to distance from a
point (x0, y0) in some direction.
Partial Derivatives
31
- Since there are infinitely many different directions from

(x0, y0) in which we could move, we need a convenient
method for describing a specific direction starting at (x0, y0).
- One way to do this is to use a unit vector
u = u1i + u2j
that has its initial point at (x0, y0) and points in the desired
direction.
- This vector determines a line l in the xy-plane that can be
expressed parametrically as
x x0 su1
and
y y0 su 2
where s is the arc length parameter that has its reference

point at (x0, y0) and has positive values in the direction of u.
- For s =0, the point (x0, y0) is at the reference point (x0, y0),
and as s increases, the point (x0, y0) moves along l in the
direction of u.
Partial Derivatives
32
Definition: (Directional Derivative)

The derivative of f at P0 (x0, y0) in the direction of the unit
vector u = u1i + u2j is the number
df
ds
lim
uP0
s 0
f ( x0 su1 , y0 su 2 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
s
provided the limit exists.
- The directional derivative above is also denoted by

Partial Derivatives
Du f P0
33
- Geometrically, Duf(x0, y0) can be interpreted as the slope

of the surface
z f ( x, y )
in the direction of u at the point
(x0, y0).
Gradient
The directional derivative Duf(x, y) can be expressed concisely
in terms of a vector function called gradient.
Definition: (Gradient)
The gradient vector (gradient) of f(x, y) at a point
P0 ( x0 , y0 )
is the vector
(pronounced del eff) given by
f
f
f i
j
x
y
Obtained by evaluating the partial derivatives of f at P0
Note: Think of the symbol
as an operator on a function
that produces a vector. Another notation for
Partial Derivatives
is grad f(x, y).
34
Example 14.5.1:
Find the gradient of
f ( x, y ) ln( x 2 y 2 )
at the point (1,1)
Theorem 9: (The Directional Derivative is a Dot Product)

If f x, y is differentiable in an open region containing
P0 ( x0 , y0 ) , then
df
f P u

0
ds uP0
The dot product of the gradient f at P0 and u
Example 14.5.3:
Find the derivative of the function f ( x, y , z ) x 2 2 y 2 3z 2
at Po (1,1,1) in the direction of u i j k
Example 14.5.4:
2
Let f x, y x 4 xy
Partial Derivatives
35
(a) Find the gradient of f at the point P(1,2), and sketch the
vector f P .
(b) Use the gradient to find the directional derivative of f at

P(1,2) in the direction from P(1,2) to Q(2,5).
Partial Derivatives
36
Properties of the Directional Derivative
Du f f u f cos
1. The function f increases most rapidly when
when u is in the direction of
cos 1
or
. That is, at each point P in
its domain, f increases most rapidly in the direction of

the gradient vector
at P. The derivative in this direction is
Du f f cos 0 f
2. Similarly, f decreases most rapidly in the direction of

The derivative in this direction is
Du f f cos f
3. Any direction u orthogonal to a gradient

direction of zero change in f because
f 0
is a
then equals
/2
and
Du f f cos( / 2) f .0 0
Example 14.5.5:
(Maximal Rate of Increase and Decrease)
Partial Derivatives
37

2
Let f ( x, y ) 2 x
1 2
y
4
(a) Find the direction in which f(x,y) increase most rapidly at

the point P(1, 2), and find the maximum rate of increase
of f at P.
(b) Interpret (a) using the graph of f .
Example 14.5.6:
( Function of Three Variables )
Suppose an xyz-coordinate system is located in space such that te
temperature T at the point (x,y,z) is given by the formula
T 100 / x 2 y 2 z 2
(a) Find the rate of change of T with respect to distance at the

point P(1,3,-2) in the direction of the vector a i j k
(b) In what direction from P to T increase most rapidly ?

What is the maximum rate of change of T at P ?
Partial Derivatives
38
Gradients and Tangents to Level Curves

At every point ( x , y ) in the domain of a differentiable
function f ( x, y) , the gradient of f is normal to the level curve
through ( x , y ) .
o
Example 14.5.7
Given x 2 y 1 .
(a) Sketch the curve f ( x, y ) c together with f and
the tangent line at ( 2,1) .
(b) Then write an equation for the tangent line.

Algebra Rules for Gradients
1. Constant Multiple Rule
( kf ) kf
, k any number
2. Sum Rule
( f g ) f g
3. Difference Rule
( f g ) f g
4. Product Rule
( fg ) f g gf
5. Quotient Rule
Partial Derivatives
f
g
gf f g
g2
39
14.6
Tangent Planes and Differentials
be able to find the equation of the tangent plane from the partial derivatives
of the function defining the surface.
be able to find the parametric equation of the normal lines to the function
defining the surface.
understand the total differential and linearization of functions of several
variables.
Tangent Planes and Normal Lines

Definitions: (Tangent Planes and Normal Lines)
The tangent plane at the point P0 (x0, y0, z0) on the level surface
f ( x, y , z ) c
of a differentiable function f is the plane through P0
normal to f
p0
The normal line of the surface at P0 is the line through P0

parallel to f
Partial Derivatives
p0
40
Equations for tangent plane and normal line :

Tangent Plane to
f ( x, y , z ) c
at
Po ( xo , yo , z o )
f x ( Po )( x xo ) f y ( Po )( y yo ) f z ( Po )( z z o ) 0
Normal Line to
x xo f x ( Po )t ,
f ( x, y , z ) c
y y o f y ( Po )t ,
at
Po ( xo , yo , z o )
z z o f z ( Po )t
____________________________________________________
Example 14.6.1:
Find the tangent plane and normal line of the surface:
(a)
f ( x, y, z ) x 2 y y 2 z 7 at the point P0 (1, 2, 3).
(b) cos x x 2 y e xz yz 4 at the point P0 (0, 1, 2).
Partial Derivatives
41
Plane Tangent to a Surface z f ( x , y ) at ( xo , yo , f ( xo , yo ))

The plane tangent to the surface
z f ( x, y )
differentiable function f at the point
of a
( xo , yo , f ( xo , yo ))
is
f x ( xo , yo )( x xo ) f y ( xo , yo )( y y o ) ( z z o ) 0
Example 14.6.2:
Find an equation of the tangent plane to z sin x y
at the point , , 0 .
Example 14.6.3:
Find parametric equations of the tangent line to the curve of
intersection of the paraboloid z x y and the ellipsoid 3x 2 y z
at the point ( 1, 1, 2).
2
____________________________________________________
Partial Derivatives
42
Estimating Change in a Specific Direction

Estimating the Change in f in a Direction u
To estimate the change in the value of a differentiable function
f when we move a small distance ds from a point P
o
in a particular direction u, use the formula

df (f
Po
.u ) . ds
distance increment
Directional
Derivative
How to Linearize a Function of Two Variables

f ( x, y ) f ( xo , yo ) f x ( xo , yo )x f y ( xo , yo ) y 1 x 2 y
where
As
x x xo
1,2 0
and
and
y y yo
x, y 0
f ( x, y ) f ( xo , yo ) f x ( xo , yo ) x f y ( xo , yo ) y

L( x, y )
Definitions
The linearization of a function at a point where is
Partial Derivatives
43
differentiable is the function

L( x, y ) f ( xo , yo ) f x ( xo , yo )( x xo ) f y ( xo , yo )( y yo )
The approximation
f ( x, y ) L ( x , y )
is the standard linear approximation of f at
( xo , yo )
Example 14.6.4
Find the linearization L( x, y ) of the function
2
f ( x, y ) x y 2 at (1, 2)
Differentials
Definition: (Differentials)
If we move from (x0, y0) to a point (x0 + dx, y0+ dy) nearby,
the resulting change
df f x ( x0 , y0 ) dx f y ( x0 , y0 ) dy
in the linearization of f is called the total differential of f.

Example 14.6.5:
Determine the total differential of the given functions:
a.
f ( x, y , z ) 2 x 3 5 y 4 6 z
Partial Derivatives
44
b.
f ( x, y ) x 2 ln(3 y 2 2 x )
Example 14.6.6:
Suppose that a cylindrical can is designed to have a radius of 1
inch and a height of 5 inch, but that the radius and height are off
by the amounts dr = +0.03 and dh =-0.1. Estimate the resulting
absolute change in the volume of the can.
Partial Derivatives
45

Chapter 14 H-Outs

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ADVANCED CALCULUS & ANALYTICAL

GEOMETRY (MATB 113)

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Functions of Several Variables

Functions of n Independent Variables

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Domain and Ranges

Find f (2,5) , f (1,2) , f (1,2) and the domain of f.

b) Find the domain of :

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Functions of Two Variables

- A point ( x0, y0) is boundary point of R if every disk

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

- A region is open if it consists entirely of interior points.

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Graphs, Level Curves and Contours of Function of Two

Level Curve: The set of points in the plane where a function

: The set of all points (x,y, f(x,y)) in space, for

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Functions of Three Variables

- A point ( x0, y0, z0) in a region (set) R is an interior point of

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

- A point ( x0, y0, z0) is a boundary point of R if every sphere

- A region is open if it consists entirely of interior points.

, sketch some level surfaces of f.

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Limits and Continuity in Higher

If, for every number 0 , there exists a corresponding number

such that for all (x,y) in the domain of f,

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Properties of Limits of Functions of Two Variables

If r and s are integers with no common factors, and

is a real number.( If s is a even, we assume that

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

- When considering such one-sided limits, we may regard the

- The similar situation for functions of two variables is more

- Remember that, the two path test cannot be used to prove

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Two-Path Test for Nonexistence of a Limit

does not exist.

does not exist.

does not exist.

does not exists by evaluating this limit along the x-axis,

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

f is defined at ( x0, y0)

A function is continuous if it is continuous at every point of

At what points (x,y) or (x,y,z) in the plane are the functions

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

provided the limits exist.

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Alternative Notation for Partial Derivatives

, the partial derivatives fx and fy are denoted by,

The values of the partial derivatives of f(x,y) at the point (a, b)

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

, determine fx, fy and fz .

Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113

Higher-Order Partial Derivatives

Second-order partial derivatives

Mixed second-order partial derivatives

Differentiability Implies Continuity

, determine the following