Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Frequency Spectrum
Bandwidth Frequency range
Kind of Obstructions
Topographic features, such as mountains
The curvature of the Earth
Buildings and other urban developement
Trees /Vegetation
How to improve LOS?
• Raise the antenna mounting point on the existing structure
• Build a new radio tower, which is tall enough to mount the antenna
• Increase the height of an existing tower
• Locate a different mounting point, i.e. building or tower, for the antenna
Fresnel Zone
• An elliptical area surrounding the visual path
• Area occupied by strongest radio signal
Tx Rx
First Fresnel Zone
d1.d2
R = 72.1
D.F
d1 = distance from Tx antenna to the obstruction
d2 = Distance from Rx antenna to the obstruction
D = Total distance
f = Transmitting frequency in GHz
R = Height of the First Fresnel zone
Earth Bulge
Diffraction
• Spreading of waves
Reflection
Types of maps
• Reference map - Topographic map
• Thematic map
Reference map
Dx = 54 cm / 15 x 60 sec
= 0.06 cm/sec
60 cm
Dy = 60 cm / 15 x 60 sec
= 0.066 cm/sec
54 cm
Draw the line corresponding to latitude of the point
Dy x 30sec
Dx x 160sec
30º 42’ 40” E
Reading Contours
At point 0
closest Contour = 500
Reading = ?
4.4
4
580
3
2
1
0
500
STEP - II
• Joining of 2 points
• Draw Line b/w these points
• If other point not in the same map
• Joining of 2 map of more if required
How to join?
B1 B2 A2
C2 B4 A3
For calculating Link budget
•Absorption
• Scattering
• Beam Diversion
• Atmosphere - Rain, fog, wind, lightening