Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
August 2011
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Protections
Definition: Characteristics
Characteristics
Line of Sight
Fixed
Point to point
Terrestrial
What are the differences between Microwave Radio relay and different radio systems used in
telecommunications such as mobile radio, radio broadcasting, satellite or others? To understand this,
it is necessary to define the specific features of our subject, namely:
Line of Sight:
Radio Relays use microwaves, that are electromagnetic waves with less than 10 centimeters
wavelength. These waves can hardly propagate behind obstacles, therefore, in general circumstances,
a good visibility is required between transmitting and receiving antennas.
Fixed:
The Microwave Radio Relay systems are not meant to operate in mobile conditions.
Point to Point:
Only two Radio terminals are connected together at a time. This allows using high directive antennas
with the possibility of reaching greater distances even when using low transmitted powers.
The communication between the two terminals is meant to be both bidirectional or unidirectional.
Terrestrial:
Unlike fixed point to point satellite links, Microwave Radio Relay systems connect two points on the
earth surface, where the electromagnetic wave propagation is in the lower part of the
atmosphere,i.e., near ground.
As a consequence , the presence of atmosphere and ground affects the RF propagation thus
introducing, with given probability, an attenuated or distorted received signal.
Propagation models allow to calculate the probability of outage due to attenuation or distortion
caused by atmospheric effects.
The Radio Link is usually designed in such a way that the Power Received in normal propagation
conditions, is much greater than the Receiver Threshold, thats the received power with a minimum
acceptable quality of the signal.
Single Hop
Site B
Site A
Repeater 1
Repeater 2
Site A
Repeater 3
Site B
Site C
Star connection
(multipoint)
Site B
Site A
Site D
Taking into account the visibility between terminals and the possibility of
connecting two
points at a time, it becomes necessary to define different Microwave Radio link
architectures to match the real topology of the network. They are:
Single Hop:
When conditions of visibility, distance and environment are favorable, the link can be
realized with a single hop Microwave Radio Relay. The maximum distances that can be
achieved with a single hop is between 5-10 kilometers for Radio working in the frequency
band above 18 Giga Hertz, and is up to 50-80 kilometers or even more for Radio working in
the frequency ranges below 10 Giga Hertz.
Multiple Hop:
If visibility between the two terminal sites to be connected is poor or the distance is too
great, the multiple hop architecture must be used. In this case the intermediate radio acts
as regenerator, or in other words as active repeater of the signal. In some cases, passive
repeaters can be used when the problem is due to visibility, and not to distance.
Star connection:
When several sites must be reached from a main site, a multipoint connection architecture
is used. The only way to implement it is by using Microwave Radio Links, and three
different hops with three radio terminals in the same location.
Carried Signals
PDH interfaces
(ITU-T
rec. G.703)
SDH interfaces
(ITU-T
rec. G. 707)
Ethernet
interfaces
Carried Signals
Which signals can be transported via Microwave Radio? Radio Relay can
be equipped with a variety of interfaces, suitable for any kind of network
architecture, namely:
For packet data network, normally 10BaseT & 100BaseT Fast Ethernet
interfaces are commonly used, However, moving to high speed network,
1000BaseT Gigabit Ethernet interface is also becoming common nowadays.
Transmission Capacity
The transmission capacity depends on the
applications.
Usually we define:
Transmission Capacity
Together with the transported signals, the radio relays are usually
provided with additional capacity for service and supervisory channels.
High capacity Microwave Radio Relays usually carry one or two SDH traffic
per radio channel. Higher capacities are obtained with multiple radio
systems.
Together with the transported signals, high capacity Microwave Radio Links
usually have additional capacity for service and supervisory channels, and
may also carry some extra E1 signals as way-side traffic.
Cable backup
or SDH ring
enclosure
Temporary
links
High security
requirement
In particular, when the cable is not yet available, it can be well used in
the following situations due to:
Quick & easy installation and relocation
To avoid rental cost to the incumbent operator
To reach small population groups on difficult terrain where the cable
is not convenient to be deployed
To quickly realize long distance connections without pre-existing
transport infrastructures.
Quick and easy installation is very often a must for new operators, in
order to offer service in a competitive environment and to obtain fast payback on investments. In this case, to lay-down new cables means high
start-up investment and is time consuming. The alternative solution of
renting lines from the pre-existing operator implies evident recurrent cost
disadvantages.
But even an incumbent operator may find situations where cables are not
convenient to be deployed, such as when having to reach small population
groups on difficult terrain.
STM1/OC3
n x STM1
ADM
ADM
Local
ADM
SDH/SONET
Ring
ADM
ADM
Fiber
STM1/OC3
ADM
STM1/OC3
Remote Distribution
Node
SDH/SONET
Backbone
Network
ADM
ADM
Router
Router
MPLS
TDM/
ETH
TDM
/ETH
n*FE, GE
n*FE, GE
LAN router
LAN router
Access
Network
Aggregation
Transport
Network
BSC
RNC
BTS/Node B
Co-located
Point of Concentration
Point of Concentration
TDM/ETH
TDM/ETH
Exchange
Exchange
Vertical Polarization
H
EARTH
Horizontal Polarization
E
EARTH
Modulation concepts
What is meant by modulation ? Why to use it ?
Modulation is an operation that translates a signal
from the lower frequencies (the baseband) into the
radio frequencies, thus maintaining the same
information of the original signal
Modulation is used as follows:
It is almost physically
impossible for the radio
transmission of the
lower frequency signals
It allows to translate
different signals on different
frequencies and to transmit
them at the same time without
spectral overlapping
Modulation concepts
f0
fmax
MODULATOR
Fo - fmax
Fo
Bw = 2fmax
RF
Oscillator
Fo
Fo+ fmax
B
2fmax
Channel Spacing
What is a Channel Spacing?
A transmitted modulated signal occupies a given band around the
carrier frequency, depending on the kind of modulation and
transmission capacity. It is then possible to transmit another
modulated signal at a frequency distance (channel spacing) that
prevent the two spectra from overlapping and can be separated by
the receiver filters. Another possibility of separating two channels
is of using different antenna polarizations (vertical or horizontal).
A channel spacing states how the radio relay must allocate its
transmission spectrum (the radio channel) inside a given frequency
range.
Channel Plans
GO CHANNELS
x
Pol.
...
H(V)
RETURN CHANNELS
1
N-1
...
N-1
F
V(H)
z
2
x/2 x/2
N
z
Frequency
VLF
up to 30 kHz
Navigation systems
LF
30 300 kHz
MF
HF
3 30 MHz
VHF
30 300 MHz
UHF
Typical Use
SHF
3 30 GHz
EHF
>30 GHz
Rec. ITU-R
F-Series
386
386, Annex 1
386, Annex 2
386, Annex 3
746, Annex 3
747, Annex 1
747, Annex 2
387, Annex 1 and 2
387, Annex 3
387, Annex 4
387, Annex 5
746, Annex 4, 3
746, Annex 4, 2
497
497, Annex 1
746, Annex 4, 1
746, Annex 5
746, Annex 6
636
636, Annex 1
636, Annex 2
Channel spacing
(MHz)
11.662
28.65
40.74
14; 7
20; 5; 2
7;3;5 (patterns)
5;2.5;1.25 (patterns)
40
67
60
80
19.18
20 (pattern)
28; 7; 3.5
35
25; 12.5
28; 14; 7; 3.5
20
28; 14; 7; 3.5
2.5 (pattern)
2.5
36.0-40.5
55
54.25-58.2
54.25-57.2
57.2-58.2
Rec. ITU-R
F-Series
595
595, Annex 1
595, Annex 2
595, Annex 3
595, Annex 4
637
637, Annex 1
637, Annex 2
637, Annex 3
637, Annex 4
637, Annex 5
637, Annex 1
748
748, Annex 3
748
748, Annex 1
748
748, Annex 2
748, Annex 3
746, Annex 7
Channel spacing
(MHz)
220; 110; 55; 27.5
160
220; 80; 40; 20; 10; 6
3.5
13.75; 27.5
3.5; 2.5 (patterns)
112 to 3.5
28; 3.5
28; 14; 7; 3.5
50
112 to 3.5
112 to 3.5
3.5; 2.5 (patterns)
56; 28
3.5; 2.5 (patterns)
112 to 3.5
3.5; 2.5 (patterns)
112 to 3.5
112; 56; 28
25; 50
749
749, Annex 3
1100
1100, Annex 1
1100, Annex 2
Generic Structure
Site A
Site B
Feeder
Feeder
Tower
Tower
Power
room
Power
room
Equipment
room
Equipment
room
Generic Structure
TRANSMISSION SIDE
RF Tx FILTER
MODULATOR
IF
BASEBAND
INTERFACE
BB INPUT SIGNAL
IF/RF TRANMITTER
BB INTERNAL
RF
IF SIGNAL
RF OUTPUT
RECEIVING SIDE
RF Rx FILTER
R/IFF RECEIVER
RF INPUT
RF
DEMODULATOR
IF
IF SIGNAL
BASEBAND
INTERFACE
BB INTERNAL
BB OUTPUT SIGNAL
Full-Indoor
RF
CIRCULATOR
BB/MOD/TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER/DEM/BB
MW Waveguide
Split-Mount
TRANSMITTER
BB /MOD Units
BB /DEM Units
IF CABLE
Indoor
Outdoor
RECEIVER
Antenna
Radio
Equipment
(8 transceivers)
Feeder
Tower
Coax
Cable
Tower
High Performance
Antenna with radome
Transmission
Capacity
Grade of
Availability
Protection Definitions
Why protection?
Protection Definitions
1+1
N+1
Tx
Rx
Dem.
BB section
BB section
BB
BB
Interface
Interface
Standby channel
Mod.
Tx
Rx
Dem.
Hitless Switch
1+1 PROTECTION
Working channel
f1
Mod.
Tx
f1
Rx
Dem.
BB Section
BB Section
BB
Interface
Interface
Standby channel
Mod.
Tx
f1
f1
Rx
Dem.
BB
1+1 PROTECTION
Working channel
f1
Mod.
Tx
f1
Rx
Dem.
BB Section
BB Section
BB
Interface
Interface
Standby channel
Mod.
Tx
f2
f2
Rx
Dem.
BB
1+1 PROTECTION
Working channel
Mod.
Tx
Rx
Dem.
BB Section
BB Section
BB
Interface
Interface
Standby channel
Mod.
Tx
Rx
Dem.
BB
IDU
(Indoor Unit)
A)
B)
Compact
Configuration
(1+0)
1+1/2+0
Configuration
Signal from/to
Network
Signal from/to
Network
IF Cable
ODU
(Outdoor Unit)
RRA/TFE+MODEM
TRANSCEIVER
2xRRA/TFE+
2MODEM
2x
TRANSCEIVERS
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