Nama

NIM
Kelas

: Vivi Salvia Baharsyah

: 1414440010
: ICP B

PTERIDOPHYTA
1.

Psilotum nudum

Classification

Species
Regnum

: Plantae

Division

: Pteridophyta

Class

: Psilopsida

Ordo

: Psilotales

Family

: Psilotaceae

Genus

: Psilotum

Species

: Psilotum nudum

Source

http://berryale.blogspot.co.id/2013/07/psilotumnudum.html
Source :
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Starr_05
1105-8447_Psilotum_nudum.jpg

A. Morphology
Psilotum nudum has no roots only have buds on the ground with rhizoid form.
Having rods in the ground (rhizomes / rhizome), also has the stem above the ground (standing / shoot)
forming menggarpu branches that grow straight up with sporangium at the end of a relatively large shaped
branches.
Does not have true leaves, only a mikrofil (small leaves) in the form of scales, bones have no leaves and
rarely arrayed in a spiral line.
Sporangium located between Taju-Taju or armpit sporofil.
Trunk green
Sporogonium golden brown.
Have protalium of only a few cm cylindrical and branched.
B. Anatomy
Sporangium has 3 spaces.

The wall consists of several layers of cells.

Do not have a tapetum.
On the surface there is Antheridium made up a lot of space which issued a spermatozoon that has a lot of
fur whip.
Archegonium small and somewhat drowned.
A transporter beam with trakeida woody ring and having endodermis

C. Physiology
Psilotum nudum life is widespread in the tropics and subtropics. Psilotum nudum grow above ground in
areas with humid temperatures.
D. Benefit
Psilotum nudum used as an ornamental plant.
E. Life Cycle
At the time ripe spores spores will come out. Once the spores will fall to the ground and will form
protalium. This will generate Antheridium Protalium and Archegonium. Antheridium will produce sperm. These
sperm will go to Archegonium that will do perleburan the ovum cell that produces a zygote. This zygote will
perform meiosis which would then form a new plant.
2.

Equisetum palustre

Classification

Species
Regnum

: Plantae

Division

: Pteridophyta

Class

: Sphenopsida

Ordo

: Equisetales

Family

: Equisetaceae

Genus

: Equisetum

Species

: Equisetum palustre

Source

http://khyieki.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/tumbuhanpaku-beserta-manfaatnya.html
Source :
http://www.plantidentification.co.uk/images/equisetaceae/equisetum-palustre6.jpg

A. Morphology
The stem of this plant is green, jointed, hollow, acting as replacing leaf photosynthetic organs. The trunk
can be branched. Branch sat around the main stem. This rod contains a lot of silica. No group has branched
stems in position branched rocky and there were single. The leaves on all the members of these plants are not
growing well, just to resemble scales sitting rocky cover segment. Spores stored in mace-shaped structure called
Strobilus (plural strobili) located at the end of the stem (apical). In many species (eg E. arvense), stalks buffer
Strobilus unbranched and not photosynthesize (not green) and only appear as soon as winter ends. Other types
do not have this difference (similar to a sterile rod supporting rod Strobilus).
B. Anatomy
Weight branched, her flat but like a wet ponytail. The trunk is monomorphic. Its cavity is small, typically only
1 / 6-1 / 3 the diameter of the rod. Vallekular channel (channel side) is almost as large hollow center. Sterile stems
with long tapered tip and thin branches rise above the flat top. Trunk 2-3 fertile segment extending above the
topmost branches, topped with cone. Leaf sheath elongated, 4-9 mm x 2-5 mm, green with a length (2-5 mm)
narrow, jagged black, with white lines. The first branch of the segment is much shorter than the next segment;
bergergi with narrow sheath.
C. Physiology
These horsetails are commonly found in wet or swampy forest, open woodlands, and meadow areas. The
species name palustre is Yunani for "of the forests", emphasizing that the Wood Horsetail is most commonly
found in forested habitats. The plant is an indicator of boreal and cool-temperate climates, and very moist to
wet, nitrogen-poor soils. Horsetail like wet soil, either sandy or argillaceous, some even grow in the water (the
hollow stem assist adaptation in this environment
D. Benefit
1. As an ornamental plant
2. The function of the type of horsetail in the landscape is to give the impression of exotic or shades of dry land
E. Life Cycle
Spores produced Horsetail is generally only one kind (homospor) despite the smaller spores in E. arvense
growing into protalium male. Spores out of the sporangium arranged at Strobilus. Spores different from the spores
of ferns because it has four "hairs" called elater. Elater serves as a spring to aid dispersal of spores.
Gametophyte ponytail is thalloid (similar thallus) and has no chlorophyll, so that his life depends on his
association with the soil in the form mycorrhizal fungi. The size is small so it is usually observed with a
microscope. The form does not resemble a sheet like in a real nail it resembles an elongated stem, produce
Antheridium and Archegonium.

3.

Selaginella sp.

Classification

Species
Regnum

: Plantae

Division

: Pteridophyta

Class

: Lycopsida

Ordo

: Selaginellales

Family

: Selaginellaceae

Genus

: Selaginella

Species

: Selaginella sp.

Source

http://ayrinz-keea-selaginella.blogspot.co.id/
Source :
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Starr_
080117-1870_Selaginella_sp..jpg

A. Morphology
The leaves are small, single, the side branches are arranged in four rows, namely two rows side consists of
large leaves are often easy to fall off, 2 front row of leafy small seat attached (On the trunk of the lower two
kinds of leaves hampr or at all there similar to one another.
Sporangia in axillary fertile (sporofil), stand-alone, bear one, berkatup two, two kinds: a row - succession with
1- 4 large spores (megasporangium) or with small spores (mikrosporangium).
Sporofil greater than sporangia, collected into a grain terminal, rectangular sometimes - sometimes slightly
flattened.
B. Anatomy
Such as wire and rod-shaped mace-shaped structure
The tip of the rod is composed sporofil
Rod contains sporangium.
Have roots, stems and leaves of true
Growing tropical areas, the ground, and epiphytes in the bark of trees that are not parasitical
The leaves are shaped like hair or scales arranged on the stem

Sporophyte contains chlorophyll

Produce one type of spore (homospora) and two types of spores (heterospora).
Gametophyte is small and not berkrolofil.
Gametophyte produces two types of genitals (bisexual), and one kind of genitals

C. Physiology
Selaginella sp. find in damp, clinging to the rocks.
D. Benefit
Selaginella sp. serves as a medicinal plant that is as a sedative and postpartum care, anti-cancer,
antimutagenic, anti petoksida lipid, anti-cardiovascular, cancer of the nose, throat, drug fever, diarrhea and
dysentery.
E. Life Cycle
Generation sporophyte (2n) which is composed of cells that contain chlorophyll and have leaf-like hair or scales
are compact in its trunk. The trunk has a shape such as a wire, at the ends of stems branching and there
sporofil with a mace-shaped structure (Strobilus) containing sporangium. Sporangium that produces spores.
Lycopsida there that produce a type of spore (homospora) as Lycopodium sp. and there is also a produce two
types of spores (heterospora) as Selaginella sp. Gametophyte (n) has a smaller body size and not berkrolofil so
that organic matter derived from the way in symbiosis with a fungus. Gameofit which produces a type of
genitalia such as Selaginella sp.

4.

Lycopodium sp.

Classification

Species
Regnum

: Plantae

Division

: Pteridophyta

Class

: Lycopsida

Ordo

: Lycopodiales

Family

: Lycopodineae

Genus

: Lycopodium

Species

: Lycopodium sp.

Source

http://ayrinz-keea-selaginella.blogspot.co.id/
Source :

http://vivahealthystore.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/12/Lycopodium-clavatum-plant.jpg

A. Morphology
This plant is called nail wire because the wire-like structure. The characteristics of this plant are hairy
leaves, shaped by a series of lines or needle-shaped sporofil equilateral triangle. Because of the unique shape,
one of these plant species are Lycopodium sp. used as ornamental plants and used in making wreaths.
Whereas other species, namely Lycopodium sp. used as raw material in the manufacture of this pil. This plant
also used in experiments to measure the wavelength of the sound.
B. Anatomy
1) Root
Branched roots such as forks, located along the bottom of the rhizome.
2) Stems
Rod in the form of rhizomes
Grow upright or lying with branches towering upwards
The branches covered by leaves
Having former carrier is still modest
3) Leaves
Small (isofil)
Shaped line and a surface or an injection needle
Sessile (bertulaang one) or unbranched mikrofil
Arranged in a spiral ataua dense essay (irregular)
Only 2-10 mm in length, there are some that can reach 2-3 cm
C. Physiology
Lycopodium sp. is usually found in forests that are between 10 and 30 years old because this is when they
can receive the best lighting and soil moisture.
D. Benefit
Lycopodium sp. benefits as traditional medicine, eg for drug bruises, sprains, swelling and organophosphate
poisoning. This plant contains alkaloids with ring system is unique and has a biogenetic aspects and biological
interest. Lycopodium alkaloids of the genus known as alkaloids likopodium an alkaloid with type kuinolizin,
pyridine, and a-piridon. In addition Lycopodium sp. also widely used in making wreaths.
E. Life Cycle
Sporofil formed on the top (Strobilus), equilateral triangular have sporangium somewhat flattened, kidneyshaped. Sporangium is located on the upper side of the leaves close to the base. Sporangium wall consists of
several layers, the inner layer cells are tapetum, which because it is used up in the formation of spores and
wrinkles. Eksosporiumreserve the ridges shaped thickening of the retina. Spores are isospora. Spores
germinate within 6 or 7 years and produce body consisting of 5 cells that receive food from the reserve in the
spores.

5.

Adiantum cuneatum

Classification

Species
Regnum

: Plantae

Division

: Pteridophyta

Class

: Lycopsida

Ordo

: Lycopodiales

Family

: Adiantaceae

Genus

: Adiantum

Species

: Adiantum cuneatum

Source

http://iyutbiobio.blogspot.co.id/2013/06/adiantumcuneatum.html
Source :
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Adiant
um_cuneatum_Panji_DSC_1243.JPG

A. Morphology
Suplir ferns are popular to decorate a room or garden included in the genus Adiantum, belonging to the
child Vittarioideae tribe, tribal pteridaceae. Suplir reproduce themselves generative with spores located on the
edge of the bottom side of the leaves mature.
Suplir has a distinctive appearance, which makes it easily distinguishable from other types of ferns. The
leaves are not elongated, but tend to be rounded. Spores are protected by sporangium protected by indusium.
Set indusia (sorus) located on the underside of leaves on the edge of a somewhat sheltered by the folds of the
leaves. Entalnya stalk typical for black and shiny, sometimes scaly smooth when mature. As other ferns, leaves
grow from rhizomes in a circular shape into (Javanese: mlungker) such as violin stalk (called circinate vernation)
and slowly opened. Fibrous roots and grow from rhizomes.
B. Anatomy

1. Leaves
Adiantum cuneatum ferns jagged and bumpy and has veins irregularly shaped, leaves grow from
rhizomes. Ental stalk shiny black leaves and sometimes delicate flaky when mature. Leaves folded inward
as indisium protect sorus (collection sporangium). Sporus is a collection of sporangium or spores box.
Collection of sorus called sori. Sorus of ferns Moringa lies neatly on the edge of the lower surface of leaves
of plants grown.
2. Root
Adiantum cuneatum nail shape having root fibers erect rhizomes, roots actually getting ascending or
climbing. Kaliptra protected root tip or hood roots. Behind kaliptra grow in the form of a cell that forms the
cells kaliptra outwards, while severe towards the inside, forming the root cells.
3. Trunk
Adiantum cuneatum fern trunks black, shiny, barbed erect or semi-erect and found the scales are soft or
hard. Branched stems and rhizomes form. There rod tip meristematic tissues that form the roots and stems.
The structure of the rod
a. Epidermis: there is a reinforcing network
b. Cortex: contains a lot of space between cells
c. Cylinder center: consists of xylem and phloem that form concentric carrier beam.
C. Physiology
Habitat ferns Moringa on the ground, very like the soil is fertile and rich in organic matter (humus).
D.

Benefit
Used as an ornamental plant that can be grown indoors or outdoors. This plant is very happy with the
loose soil and rich in organic matter (humus). Fertilizing with higher nitrogen levels in sukainya. Spore formation
require additional phosphorus and potassium.
Leaves Adiantum cuneatum efficacious for facilitating urine and nutritious roots as an anthelmintic.
Adiantum cuneatum leaves contain saponins, flavonoids and tannins, while the roots contain saponins.

E. Life Cycle
Moringa spikes lifecycle starting from plants grown is marked by the fall of the spores mature, or release of
spores from the sporangium. When spores fall in a suitable place, the spores will grow into an agency or a
green sheet called protalium. Protalium usually chlorophyll that can be assimilated.
To take food from the soil protalium will use rhizoidnya. From protalium will form gametes, namely in the
form Antheridium that produces spermatozoon and Archegonium that produce eggs. Furthermore, the existing
air media around protalium, spermatozoon will move towards Archegonium.
The meeting of two sex cells will produce a zygote. Then the zygote will continue to grow and eventually
divide and eventually formed the young sporophyte. The young sporophyte is what will grow steadily into a fern.

6.

Marsilea sp.

Classification

Species
Regnum

: Plantae

Division

: Pteridophyta

Class

: Pteridopsida

Ordo

: Salviniales

Family

: Marsileaceae

Genus

: Marsilea

Species

: Marsilea sp.

Source

http://www.mjumani.net/2013/05/marsilea-crenatasemanggi.html
Source :
http://www.aquariumdomain.com/images/plant_freshwater/m
arsilea3.jpg

A. Morphology
Clover is a group salviniales (Salviniales) of the genus Marsilea which in Indonesia are easily found in the
rice field irrigation channels or edges. Typical morphology of this genus of plants, because the shape of which
resembles an umbrella entalnya composed of four leaflets opposite. Due to the shape of the leaves, the name
"clover" is used for some dicotyledonous plant species that acquire a structure similar leaves, like Klover. All
members heterospor: having two different types of spores sex.
B. Anatomy
Marsilea sp. or clover is a plant that belongs to the family Marsiliaceae. Description according to the book
of flora (Steenis, et al., 2005) (translation)) is a plant with leaves stand alone or in a file, menjari berbilang 4,

petiole length and erect, 2-30 cm long, the child leaves crosswise, opposite, wedge-shaped round eggs, bald or
nearly bald, with 3-22 cm long and 2-18 cm wide, fan-shaped leaf veins meeting, the water does not rise above
the water. Usually found in fields, ditches and shallow bodies of water.
C. Physiology
Usually found in the rice fields, ditches and shallow bodies of water.
D. Benefit
Leaves Marsilea sp. usually used as food ingredients known as pecel clover, typical of the area of
Surabaya. Spore-storage organs (called sporokarp) Marsilea sp. also used by indigenous Australians (Aboriginal)
as a food ingredient. Clover Marsilea crenata known to contain phytoestrogens (plant estrogens) that could
potentially prevent osteoporosis. This plant also has potential as bioremediation plant, because it can absorb
heavy metals Cd and Pb. Clover consume danger is if the plant is grown in the area that has been polluted mainly
heavy metals such as Cd and PB. Because Marsilea sp. able to absorb heavy metals. Very dangerous if we eat
clover that contain heavy metals because it will accumulate in the body.
Four Leaves Clover is a plant which is also called clover, this plant is actually included in the group dikotil,
so it's not like Marsilea sp. a class of ferns. Four Leaf Clover leaf is believed to be good luck for whoever found it,
but it is very difficult to find, because these plants are generally only has 3 leaf blade.
E. Life Cycle
Ferns experienced rotation descent or so-called metagenesis. At gametofitnya commonly called protalium
derived from the germination of haploid spores. The protaliumnya shape similar to a heart and has a green color,
he always attaches on the substrate by using Rhizoid. Protalium will produce spores that have different shapes
and sizes - different. When subjected to rotation sporophyte generation descendants are ferns. In protalium will
produce Archegonium (producing ova) and Antheridium (producer spermatozoon). When the ovum and
spermatozoon met then it will grow into a zygote and then will become the sporophyte fern.
Meanwhile fertile leaves are formed sporangium (box spores), in the sporangium will produce spores stem
cells he will undergo meiosis into haploid spores. If sporangium broken then all spores will go out and fly to the
place in accordance with the conditions to germinate and form a sporangium, then the reproductive cycle of ferns
will happen again.

7.

Azolla sp.

Classification

Species
Regnum

: Plantae

Division

: Pteridophyta

Class

: Pteridopsida

Ordo

: Salviniales

Source :
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-abTyljIPE-U/TXgXXLquBI/AAAAAAAAAC0/JBlhQeQo57U/s1600/Azolla_caroliniana0.j
pg

Family

: Salviniaceae

Genus

: Azolla

Species

: Azolla sp.

Source

http://www.mjumani.net/2013/05/marsilea-crenatasemanggi.html

A. Morphology
Azolla sp. is the only genus of salviniales Azollaceae floating rate. There are seven species included in this
genus. Azollaceae tribe now recommended to be incorporated into the tribe salviniaceae, based on
morphological and molecular studies of Smith. Azolla sp. is known to symbiosis with blue-green bacterium
Anabaena azollae and binding nitrogen directly from the air. This makes the potential of Azolla sp. well as green
manure in the paddy field and dry land. Azolla sp. in optimal conditions to grow well with 35% growth rate each
day nutritional value of Azolla contains a high protein content between 24-30%. Essensial amino acids,
especially lysine 0.42% higher than the concentrations of corn, bran, and broken rice
B. Anatomy
Azolla sp. is a type of floating water fern are common in stagnant waters, especially in the fields and in the
pool, have a soft leaf surface is expanding rapidly and the living bersimbosis with Anabaena azollae that can fix
nitrogen (N2) from the air. Azolla pinnata is a small plant that floats on the water, looks triangular or rectangular.
Azolla sp. measuring 2-4 cm x 1 cm, with branches, roots and leaves floating rhizome. Roots solitary, hanging in
the water, hairy, 1-5 cm long, with 3-6 group forming root hairs. Small leaves, forming two rows vary, sitting cling,
cling dorsal lobe to lobe above the surface of the water and float ventral lobe.
C. Physiology
Azolla sp. can be adapted to local climatic conditions long. Azolla sp. main requirement for survival is
habitat of water, is very sensitive to drought. Azolla sp. will die within a few hours if it is in dry conditions. Azolla
sp. widely spread in the region is (temperate), are generally very affected by the high temperatures in the tropics.
To live well Azolla sp. requires a temperature between 20-25 C. To be able to grow and fixate nitrogen Azolla
sp. requires a temperature of 20-30 C, will cause death if it is below 5 C and above 45 C.
D. Benefit
Azolla sp. very useful as organic fertilizer in producing rice in the lowland tropics of Southeast Asia.
Salviniales Azolla sp. Anabaena symbiosis with azollae. This causes the symbiotic Azolla sp. can tie up nitrogen
from the atmosphere, and can then be used as organic fertilizer.
E. Life Cycle
1. The first stage

This stage is a stage appearance at the age sprout 7-10 days after the plants began to germinate. Sprouts
grow rather slowly and have 1-8 leaflets with an average growth rate of 0.6-0.7 children per day leaves no
side shoots.
2. The second stage
This phase is also called the young stage between the ages of 25-35 days after germination. This stape
sprouts have had 2-11 buds that each child leaves grow 4-7 per day.
3. The third stage
This stage is the stage expands with age above 35 days after germination. Usually at this stage sporophyte
each have more than 11 shoots and multiply rapidly. The average growth rate of 15-18 leaflets per day.
Sporophytes formed after going through the stage of the zygote as a result of the fertilization of an egg by a
sperm.