Diketahui bejana bertekanan dengan tutup atas dan

bawah hemispherical, dimana :

a. OD vessel

= 2.75 m

b. OD base ring

= 3.5 m

c. tinggi skirt support dari base ring = 2 m

d. kecepatan angin
15 m e. tekanan dalam

= 140 mph
= 120 psi

f. berat kosong

= 20000 lb

g. berat operasi

= 40000 lb

h. efisiensi sambugnan las di vessel = 85 % (butt

weld)
Material bejana; skirt support = carbon steel SA 105, 500 oF. Material baud SA325. zona gempa 2, safe bearing load 500 psi.
1. Thickness of Vessel Based Upon Wind Load.
a. Shear (V).

2.75 m

h1

hT

3.5 m

Pw 0.0025.(140) 2 lb / ft 2
Pw 49lb / ft 2

V Pw.D.H
lb
x3.5mx15m
ft 2
lb
V 49 2 x11.483 ftx 49.213 ft
ft
V 27690.531lb
V 49

b. Moment
H
15m

7.5m
2
2
h1 24.6 ft
h1

M Pw.D, H .h1
M V .h1
M 27690.531lbx 24.606 ft
M 681353.2075.lb. ft

M T M hT .(V 0.5.Pw.D.hT )
lb
.3.5m.2.m)
ft 2
lb
681353.2075.lbft 6.562. ft .(27690.531.lb 0.5.49 2 .11.483 ft.6.562 ft )
ft
681353.2075.lb. ft 6.562 ft .(27690.531.lb 1846.1104 .lb)

M T 681353.2075.lb. ft 2.m.(27690.531.lb 0.5.49

MT
MT

M T 681353.2075.lb. ft 169591.088.lb. ft
M T 511762 .12.lb. ft

Requirement thickness of shell can be stated with the following

formula :

12.M T
R 2 .S .E

we know that the type of material used for the vessel is carbon steel
SA 105, 500oF. The value of S (see page 149) is 17500 psi. Where R
= 0.5 x OD shell and E = 85%.

Thus, the requirement thickness of vessel is :

12.511762 .12.lb.in
1.375m. 2 .17500 lb2 .0.85
in
6141145 .44.lb.in
t
lb
(54.134.in) 2 .17500 2 .0.85
in
t 0.04487.in
t

Use in, thick of vessel.

2. Thickness of Vessel Based Upon weight of the vessel.
t

W (operating )
S .c

c .ODshell
c .108.268in
c 339.962.in

40000.lb
lb
17500 2 .339.962.in
in
t 6.7234 x10 3.in
t

3. Vibration
As a result of wind tall towers develop vibration. The period of the vibration
should be limited, for large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue
failure. The allowable period has been computed from the maximum
permissible deflection.
a. Determine the actual period of vibration
H
T 0.0000265.

w.D
.
t

Where w is weight of tower (operating weight) per foot of height

(lb). t is thickness of skirt at base (in), and D is out side diameter of
shell (in).

12.M T
W (operating )

2
.D.S .E
R . .S .E
12.511762 .12.lbin
40000.lb
t

2
(54.134.in ) .17500.0.6 .108.268.in.17500 lb .0.6
in 2
t 0.06356.in 0.011206 .in
t 0.074766.in
t

Use in, thick of skirt at the base.

w

W
40000.lb
40000.lb
lb

67.733
H
15.m
590.551.in
in

H
T 0.0000265.

15.m
T 0.0000265.

2.75.m
T 0.13503.s

w.D
t
2.

67.733

lb
.108.2677.in
in
0.25.in

we are in the second seismic zone, thus the seismic coefficient (C)
will become 0.1 for T less than 0.4 s.
b. The maximum allowable period of vibration
From the calculation above, we got 0.1 for the seismic coefficient, so
the value of shell will be : V C.W = 0.1. 40000 lb = 4000 lb
Ta 0.8

W .H
V .g

40000.lb.49.213. ft
ft
4000.lb.32.2 2
s
Ta 3.12753.s
Ta 0.8.

The actual vibration doesnt exceed the allowable vibration.

4. Deflection

Towers should be designed to deflect no more than 6 in per 100 feet of

height. the maximum deflection (at the top M) can be stated as the following
equation :
M

Pw.D.H .(12.H ) 3
8.E.I

Where D is width of tower with insulation (OD base ring (in)), I is moment of
inertia ( R 3 . .t ) and E is modulus elasticity, psi. Based on the table ( see
page 148 ) the value of E at temperature 500 oF is 26.8 x 106 psi.
I 54.134 .in. .0.25.in
3

I 124531.73.in 4

Pw.D.H .(12.H ) 3
8.E.I
lb
49 2 11.483. ft.49.213. ft.(12.49.213.in) 3
ft
M
lb
8. 26.810 6 2 124531.73.in 4
in
M 0.2136.in
M

The maximum allowable deflection 6 in per 100 ft of height :

For H = 49.213 ft =

49.213. ft .6.in
2.953.in
100. ft

The actual deflection is less than the maximum deflection, thus the design
for the thickness of shell is satisfactory already.
5. determine the number and size of anchor bolt
Vertical vessel and towers must be fastened to the concentrate foundation,
skid or other structural frame by means of anchor bolts and ring. The
number of anchor bolts must be in multiple of four and for tall towers, it is
preferred to use minimum eight bolts.
These are the following specification of anchor bolts we have :

material of anchor bolt

= SA-325

Diameter of bolt circle

= 3 m (118.11 in)

The number of anchor bolts (N) are about 18. The area within bolt circle is :
1
. .D 2
4
1
2
AB . .118 .11 .in
4
AB 10950.7281.in 2
AB

The circumference of bolt circle :

C B .D
C B .(118 .11 .in )
C B 370.8654.in

From the previous calculation we got already the value of M (moment) is

about 681353.2075 lb ft.
The required area of bolts shall be calculated for empty condition. The
maximum tension of anchor bolts can be stated by the following equation :
T

12.M
W

AB
CB

12.681353.2075lb.in
20000.lb

2
370.8654.in
10950.7281.in
lb
T 692.71
in
T

The required Area of one bolt :

BA

T .C B
S B .N

Where SB is the maximum allowable stress value of bolt material , the value
is 15000 psi.

lb
692.71 .370.8654.in
in
BA
lb
15000 2 18
in
B A 0.9515.in 2

Use 1 3/8 in2 bolt root area (see page 69 table A). adding 0.125 in for
corrosion, thus the size of anchor bolt which should be use is (1 3/8 + 2x
0.125) in2 equal to 1.625 in2
Evaluate the stress at anchor bolt (SB).

SB

T .C B
B A .N

lb
692.71 .370.8654.in
in
SB
1.625.in 2 .18
S B 8782.98. psi
SB doesnt exceed the maximum allowable stress (15000 psi), thus the
number and size of anchor bolt used are already satisfactory.
6. The thick and width of base ring.
The bearing surface of the base ring shall be large enough to distribute the
load uniformly on the concentrate foundation and thus not to exceed the
allowable bearing load of the foundation. The thickness of the base ring shall
resist the bending stress induced by wind of earthquake.
From the previous calculation we already have the value of M (moment
based upon the wind load) is approximately 681353.2075 lb.ft.

The area within the area within the skirt :

1
. .OD 2 skirt
4
1
2
As . 2.765 m
4
1
As . .(108.268.in) 2
4
As 9201.7385.in 2
As

Circumference on OD of skirt :
Cs .ODskirt
Cs .2.75.m
Cs .108.268.in
Cs 339.96.in

The maximum compression.

12.M Woperating

As
Cs
12.681353.2075.lb.in
40000.lb
Pc

2
339
.96.in
9201.7385in
lb
Pc (888.554 117 .661)
in
lb
Pc 1006.215
in
Pc

Approximate thickness of base ring.

l

Pc
fb

Where fb is safe bearing load on concentrate, the value is 500 psi.

l

1006.215

lb
in

lb
in 2
l 2.01243.in
500

We have the size of anchor bolt is 1.625 in 2. The minimum dimension for l2
is 2 1/8 in and for l3 is 1 5/8 in (see table B page 69).

Approximate thickness of base ring.

t B 0.32.(l1 l 2 )
t B 0.32.3.75in
t B 1.2.in

Use 1 in for thickness of base ring.

l2

= 2.125 in

l3

= 1.625

= 0.25 in

toleration = 1 in
l

= 5 in

thus, the width of base ring will be 5 in.