Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ENGINEERING
Academic Year 2014-15
Staff In-Charge
Head-Mechanical
i) Cylinder ii) Piston iii) Connecting rod iv) Crank and crank shaft
9. What is the Stroke?
It is the maximum displacement of piston during the movement between
TDC and BDC or vice versa
10. What is the Stroke or Swept volume?
It is the theoretical volume of charge will be inducted for the movement of
piston from TDC to BDC during the suction stroke
11. What is the Clearance volume?
It is volume exist between engine head and TDC (Top Dead Centre).
12. Define Compression ratio.
It is ratio between volume of the cylinder before starting of compression
and volume of the cylinder at the end of compression.
Volume of the cylinder before starting of compression
V
R C Compression Ratio =
= 1
Volume of the cylinder at the end of compression
V2
13. Express the compression ratio in terms of clearance and stroke
volumes .
V1 = Total volume of the cylinder = VS + VC = Stroke volume + Clearance
volume
V VC
V
R C Compression Ratio = S
= 1+ S
VC
VC
V = V = Clearance volume
2
P'
Pressure at the end of constant volume heat supplied process
= 2
Pressure at the starting of constant volume heat supplied process
P2 =
16. Sketch the Diesel cycle in p-v and T-s diagram .
Explosion ratio =
17. Which cycle is more efficient for the same compression ratio and
heat input, Otto cycle or
Diesel cycle?
For the same compression ratio and heat input, Otto cycle is having more
efficiency than
Diesel cycle
18. Write the expression for efficiency of the otto cycle?
1
Otto cycle 1 -1
RC
; RC = Compression ratio
19. What is the compression ratio for Petrol engine?
Compression ratio for petrol engine is 6 to 10
20. What is the cut-off ratio? and write its significance.
Cut-off ratio is the ratio between volume of the cylinder at the end of fuel
injection and volume of the cylinder at the starting of fuel injection during
constant pressure heat supplied.
V
Volume of the cylinder at the end of fuel injection
= Cut off ratio =
= 3
Volume of the cylinder at the starting of fuel injection
V2
When cut off ratio increases efficiency of Diesel cycle decreases
21. Express the cut-off ratio of a Diesel cycle in terms of temperatures.
V
T
= Cut off ratio = 3 3
V2
T2 As cut off period takes place during constant
pressure process, volume is directly proportional to temperature.
22. What is the range of compression ratio for SI and diesel engine?
For petrol of SI engine (petrol engine) RC is 6 to 10
For diesel engine 12 to 18
23. Write any four differences between Otto and Diesel cycle?
Sl,.No
1
Otto Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Otto cycle consist of Two Diesel cycle consist of two
4
2
3
4
isentropic
and
two
constant
volume
processes
Heat addition takes place
in
constant
volume
process
Efficiency is more than
diesel cycle for the same
compression ratio
Compression ratio is equal
to expansion ratio
adiabatic,
one
constant
volume and one constant
pressure processes
Heat addition takes place in
constant pressure process
Efficiency is less than Otto
cycle
for
the
same
compression ratio
Compression
ration
is
greater than expansion ratio
32. Discuss the compression ratio of an Otto , Diesel and Dual cycles.
RC for Otto cycle is between 6 to 10
5
From P V diagram work output from Otto cycle is greater than Dual Cycle which
work output is greater than Diesel cycle.
Hence
34. What is the efficiency of an Otto cycle which is having compression
ratio is 10?
35. What is the effect of air standard efficiency of Diesel cycle with
compression ratio and cut off ratio?
Efficiency increases with the increase in compression ratio and vice-versa.
The efficiency decreases with the increase in cut off ratio and vice-versa.
36. Define Mean effective pressure of an I.C. engine.
Mean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the
piston during
the working stroke. It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the
stroke volume or piston
displacement volume.
37. What is the other name given to otto cycle?
Constant volume cycle.
38. Define the following terms in the Air Standard cycle- i. Air standard
efficiency, ii. Specific work transfer, iii. Specific air consumption and iv.
work ratio.
Air standard efficiency is defined as the ratio of network transfer during
the cycle to the net heat transfer to the cycle
Specific work transfer is the work transfer per unit mass of working
substance
Specific air consumption is the quantity of working substance required
for doing work transfer or the flow ratio of working substance for unit
power.
6
Brayton cycle
1. It consist of two isentropic,
one constant pressure processes
2. Heat is rejected at constant
pressure
3. Used in gas turbines
PART B
1. A Six-cylinder petrol engine has a compression ratio of 5:1. The clearance
volume of each cylinder is 110CC. It operates on the four-stroke constant
volume cycle and the indicated efficiency ratio referred to air standard
efficiency is 0.56. At the speed of 2400rpm, it consumes 10kg if fuel per hour.
The calorific value of fuel is 44000KJ/kg. Determine the average indicated mean
effective pressure. [APR95]
2. An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and compression
begins at 1bar and 500C. The maximum pressure is 70bar. The heat transferred
to air at constant pressure is equal to heat transferred at constant volume. Find
the temperature at all cardinal points, cycle efficiency and mean effective
pressure. Take Cp = 1.005kJ/kgK; Cv = 0.718kJ/kgK. [MAY03]
3. In an oil engine working on dual cycle, the heat supplied at constant pressure
is twice that of heat supplied at constant volume. The compression and
expansion ratios are 8 and 5.3. The pressure and temperature at the beginning
of cycle are 0.93 bar and 270C. Find the efficiency of the cycle and mean
8
17. [a] The mean effective pressure of an ideal diesel cycle is 8 bar. The initial
pressure is 1 bar and compression ratio is 12. Determine the cut off ratio and air
standard efficiency of the cycle.
[b] Discuss the effects of operating variables on cycle analysis. [8] [AU.,
Nov./Dec. 2010]
18. The minimum pressure and temperature in an Otto cycle are 100 Kpa and
27C. The amount of heat added to the air per cycle is 1500 KJ/kg.
[a] Determine the pressure and temperature at all points of the air standard
Otto cycle.
[b] Also calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency of the cycle for a
compression ratio
of 8:1. Take for air: Cv = 0.72 KJ/kg K and = 1.4. [AU.,
May/June 2011]
19. An IC engine operating on the dual cycle the temperature of the working
fluid [air] at the beginning of compression is 27C. The ratio of the maximum
and minimum pressure of the cycle is 70 and compression ratio is 15. The
amounts of heat added at constant volume and constant pressure are equal.
Compute the air standard thermal efficiency of cycle. State three main reasons
why the actual thermal efficiency is different from the theoretical value. [AU.,
May/June 2011]
20. an air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18. The pressure at
the beginning of compression stroke is 1 bar and the temperature is 30C. the
heat supplied is 1800 KJ/kg.
(1) The Efficiency
(2) Pressure and temperature at all salient points
(3) Heat rejected
(4) mean effective pressure
[AU., Nov/Dec 2013]
(b) an air standard otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7. The pressure at the
beginning of
compression stroke is 1 bar and the temperature is 40C. the
heat supplied is 2510 KJ/kg.
(1) The Efficiency
(2) Max Pressure and temperature
(3) Work done per of air
(4) Mean effective pressure
[AU., Nov/Dec 2013]
21. An engine works on a otto cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of the
air is 1 bar and 400C. 825KJ of heat is supplied per kg of air at the end of
compression. Find the temp and pressure at all salient points if the compression
ratio is 6. Also find the efficiency and mean effective pressure for the cycle.
Assume air is used as working fluid and take all idle conditions
(b)An gas turbine works on air standard brayton cycle. The pressure at the
beginning of
compression stroke is 1 bar and the temperature is 40C. the
amx temperature and pressure is limited to 3bar and 6500C. determine
(1) The Efficiency
(2) Exhaust temperature
(3) Work output
10
(4) Heat supplied and rejected per kg of air. [AU., Nov/Dec 2014]
22. An engine works on a otto cycle has an air standerd efficiency of 56% and
rejects 544KJ/Kg of air. The pressure and temperature of the air is 0.1 Mpa and
600C.
(1) Compression ratio of the engine
(2) Pressure and temperature at the end of compression
(3) Work done per of air
(4) Max pressure in the cycle
(b) Draw the actual and theortical PV diagrams of a four stroke diesel engine
and compare them. [AU., Apr/May 2015]
UNIT 2- I C ENGINES
1. What is engine?
11
12.
What is the relation between stroke length and crank
radius?
Stroke length L = 2crank radius r
13.
Define stroke or swept volume of an IC Engine.
Stroke or Swept volume is the theoretical volume of the fresh
charge inducted into the cylinder during suction stroke.
n
m3
Stroke or Swept volume = D 2 L k
4
60
s
D- Bore of the cylinder or Piston dismeter in m
L - Stroke length in m;
n = no. of power stroke = N for 2 stroke engine
N
n=
for 4 stroke engines; N - speed in rpm
2
k - no. of cylinder
14.
What is the type of fuel used in SI engine?
In SI engine, fuel with low viscosity and low density fuels with low
firing can be used.
15.
used.
16.
17.
18.
Why compression ratio of a SI engine should be kept low
compared to CI engine?
If compression ratio of a SI engines is high then fresh charge which
contains air and fuel mixture will gets ignited on its own called preignition due to high temperature due to high compression ratio. Hence
compression ratio fir SI engines are kept low 8 to 10.
19.
20.
What are the components in the SI engine for the
combustion of fuel?
Components for the combustion of fuel in the SI engines are
carburetor and spark plug.
21.
What are the components used for the combustion of fuel in
the CI engine?
13
In the CI engines, for the combustion fuel, fuel pump and fuel
injector are used.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
What are two types of delay period during combustion of
fuel in the CI engine?
physical delay and chemical delay are the two delay period during
combustion in CI engine.
29.
30.
Write any four major differences between two stroke and
four stroke IC engine.
Two
stroke
cycle
Four Stroke cycle engine
engine
One cycle is completed in
One cycle is completed in four
two stroke of the piston or
stroke of the piston or two revolution
one revolution of the crank
of the crank shaft.
shaft.
14
33.
34.
35.
15
40.
For the load test conducted on I C engine, the torque of 500
Nm and speed of 3000 rpm, Calculate the Brake power.
41.
Explain the Mean Effective Pressure.
It is the average pressure acting on the piston with same work
output as in the air standard cycle with same stroke volume. It is the ratio
between work output and stroke volume.
42.
43.
Mass flow rate of air and mass flow rate of fuel consumption is the input to the engine. As per the
Mass conservation mass of input equals to mass of output. Hence mass flow rate of exhaust gas is the
sum Of Mass flow rate of air and mass flow rate of fuel consumption.
me = m f + m a
PART B
1. A simple jet carburetor is required to supply 5.5 kg of air per minute and 0.6
kg of fuel per minute. The density of fuel is 750kg/m3. The air is initially at 1 bar
and 300C. Calculate the throat diameter of the choke for a flow velocity of
95m/s. The velocity coefficient is taken as 0.78. If the pressure drop across the
fuel metering orifice is 0.76 of that at the choke, calculate orifice diameter
assuming Cdf = 0.62.
2. The throat diameter of a carburetor is 80mm and nozzle diameter is 6mm.
The Cda = 0.85 and Cdf = 0.7. The nozzle lip is 6mm. The pressure difference
causing the flow is 0.1bar. Find [a] Air-fuel ratio supplied by the carburetor
neglecting nozzle lip. [b] Air-fuel ratio considering nozzle lip and [c] The
minimum velocity of air required to start the fuel flow. Neglect aircompressibility. Take a = 1.2kg/m3 and f = 750kg/m3
3. Air fuel ratio of a mixture supplied to an engine by a carburetor is 13. The
fuel consumption of the engine is 7.5kg/hr. The diameter of the venture is
20mm. Find the diameter of fuel nozzle if the lip of the nozzle is 4mm. Take the
following data: f = 750kg/m3, Cda = 0.80, Cdf = 0.7 and atmospheric pressure
= 1.013bar and temperature = 270C.
16
4. The venture of a simple carburetor has a throat diameter of 20mm and the
coefficient of flow is 0.8. The fuel orifice has a diameter of 1.14mm and
coefficient of fuel flow is 0.65. The gasoline surface is 5mm below the throat,
calculate [i] The air-fuel ratio for a pressure drop of 0.08bar when the nozzle lip
is neglected. [ii] The air fuel ratio when the nozzle lip is taken into account. [iii]
The minimum velocity of air or critical air velocity required to start the fuel flow
when the nozzle lip is provided. Assume the density of air and fuel to be
1.2kg/m3 and 750kg/m3 respectively. [Anna Univ. Nov.03]
5. A single cylinder four stroke diesel engine, having a swept volume of 750cm3
is tested at 300rpm. When a braking torque of 65N-m is applied, the mean
effective pressure is 1100 kN/m2. Calculate the brake power and mechanical
efficiency of the engine.
6. In a laboratory experiment, the following observations were noted during the
test of a four stroke S.I. engine.
Area of Indicator diagram = 510mm2
Length of indicator diagram = 55mm
Spring index = 1.25bar/mm
Diameter of the piston = 120mm
Length of the stroke = 180mm
Engine rpm = 480rpm
Effective brake load =25kg
Effective brake radius = 0.45m
Determine [i] Indicated m.e.p. [ii] Indicated power, [iii] Brake power and [iv]
Mechanical efficiency.
7. A rope brake has a brake wheel diameter of 750mm and the diameter of the
rope is 8mm. The dead load on the brake is 275N and spring balance reads 35N.
If the engine rpm is 480, find the brake power developed.
8. A six-cylinder petrol engine has a compression ratio of 5 to 1. The clearance
volume for each cylinder is 110CC. It operates on the four-stroke constant
volume cycle and the indicated thermal efficiency ratio referred to the air
standard cycle is 0.56. At a speed 2400rev/min it consumed 10kg of fuel per
hour, the energy of combustion being 44MJ/kg. Determine the average indicated
mean effective pressure in the cylinder. [MU, April 95]
9. A four cylinder diesel engine works on four-stroke cycle has a cylinder bore of
90mm and a stroke of 150mm. The crank speed is 370rpm, and fuel
consumption is 15kg/hr, having a calorific value of 39000kJ/kg. The indicated
mean effective pressure is 5bar. If the compression ratio is 14 and cut off ratio
is 2.3. Calculate the relative efficiency. Taking = 1.4.
10. The following observations were taken during a test on a single cylinder four
stroke cycle engine having a bore of 300 mm and stroke of 450mm. Ambient
air temperature = 220C Fuel Consumption = 11kg/hr, CV of fuel = 42000kJ/kg
Engine speed = 300rpm Mean effective pressure = 6 bar Net brake load = 1.0
kN. Brake drum diameter = 2 m Quantity of Jacket cooling water = 590kg/hr
Temperature of entering cooling water = 220C Temperature of leaving cooling
water = 700C Quantity of air as measured = 225kg/hr Specific heat of exhaust
17
assume the pressure and temperature of the air at the inlet are 1bar and 40 0C
respectively. [AU., Nov/Dec 2014]
20. With a neat sketch explain the working principle of simple carburetor.
(b) Explain the working of Battery ignition system. [AU., Apr/May 2015]
Isentropic flow
Entropy is constant
No reduce in enthalpy drop
We can use Mollier diagram to
solve problems
11. The critical pressure ratio initially dry saturated steam is.
P2 /P 1=0.57
12. Define stagnation enthalpy
The stagnation enthalpy represents the enthalpy of fluid when it is
brought rest
adiabatically.
13.What are the reasons for the drop in velocity of the steam
for a given pressure
drop in steam nozzle?
Friction between the surface of the nozzle and steam
Due to internal fluid friction in the steam
Due to shock losses
14.What are the effects of super saturation in nozzles?
i. The dryness fraction of the steam is increased
ii. Entropy and specific volume of the steam are increased
iii. Exit velocity of the steam is reduced
iv. Mass of the steam discharged is increased.
21
18 .What are the factors those change the fluid properties while a
fluid flows through a nozzle with no work or heat transfer?
Change in flow area
Frictional forces.
19. What is a steam turbine?
Steam turbine is a device which is used to convert kinetic energy of
steam into
mechanical energy.
20. What is the fundamental difference between the operation of
impulse and reaction steam turbines?
Impulse Turbine
1. It consists of nozzles and moving
blades.
Reaction turbine
It consists of fixed blades and
moving
blades
2. Pressure drop occurs only in Pressure drop occurs in fixed as well
nozzles
as
not in moving blades
moving blades.
3. Steam strikes the blades with Steam passes over the moving
kinetic
blades
energy.
with pressure and kinetic energy.
4. It has constant blade channels It has varying blade channels area
area.
5. Due to more pressure drop per
Number of stages required is more
blade, number of stages required is due to
les.
more pressure drop.
21. Explain the need of compounding in steam turbines.
(Or)
Explain the purpose of compounding in steam turbines.
In simple impulse turbine, the expansion of steam from the boiler
pressure to condenser presure takes place in a single stage turbine. The velocity
of steam at the exit of turbine is very high. Hence, there is a considerable los of
kinetic energy (i.e. about 10to 12%). Also the sped of the rotor is very high (i.e.
up to 300rpm). There are several methods of reducing this sped to lower value.
Compounding is a method of
absorbing the jet velocity in stages when the steam flows over moving blades.
22. What are the different methods of compounding?
Velocity compounding
Pressure compounding
Pressure-velocity compounding.
23. What is meant by carry over loss?
The velocity of steam at exit is sufficiently high thereby resulting in
a kinetic energy los called "Cary over loss" or "Leading velocity loss"
24. Define degree of reaction.
22
PART B
23
Assume the inlet and outlet angles to be equal. [AU. May/June 2011]
21. [i] What are the effects of friction in a nozzle? Explain. [8]
[ii] A convergent divergent nozzle is required to discharge 2kg of steam per
second.
The nozzle is supplied with steam at 7 bar and 1800C and discharge takes place
against a back pressure of 1 bar. The expansion up to throat is isentropic and
the frictional resistance between the throat and exit is equivalent to 63kJ/kg of
steam. Taking approach velocity of 75m/s and throat pressure of 4 bar, estimate
[1] Suitable areas for the throat and exit and [2] Overall efficiency of nozzle
based on the enthalpy drop between the actual inlet pressure and temperature
and the exit pressure. [8] [Anna. Univ. May/June 2013]
22. [i] The velocity of steam, leaving the nozzle of an impulse turbine is 1000
m/s and the nozzle angle is 200. The blade velocity is 350 m/s and the blade
velocity of coefficient is 0.85. Assuming no losses due to shock at inlet,
calculate for a mass flow of 1.5kg/s and symmetrical blading.
[1] Blade inlet angle [3]
[2] Driving force on the wheel [3]
[3] Axial thrust on the wheel and [3]
[4] Power developed by the turbine [3]
[ii] Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine? [4] [Anna Univ.
May/June 2013]
23. steam expands isentropically in a nozzle from 1Mpa to,250 0C to 10Kpa .the
flow rate is 1kg/s find the following
[1] Quality of steam
[2] Velocity of steam
[3] Exit area of the steam
(b) Explain the pressure and velocity compounding diagram of an multi stage
turbine with sketch.
[Anna Univ. Nov/Dec 2013]
24. Steam at a pressure of 10.5 bar and 0.95 dry is expanded through a
convergent divergent nozzle. The pressure of steam leaving the nozzle is 0.85
bar. Find the velocity of steam at throat for maximum discharge. Take n=1.135.
also find the area at the exit and steam discharge if throat area is 1.3cm 2 .
assume the flow is isentropic and there is no friction losses.
(b) Explain the pressure and velocity compounding of multi stage turbine with
neat sketch. [Anna Univ. Nov/Dec 2014]
25. The inlet condition to a steam nozzle are 10 bar and 250 0C. the exit
pressure is 2 bar. Assuming isentropic expansion and negligible inlet velocity
determine
[1] The throat area
[2] Velocity of steam
[3] Exit area of the nozzle
(b) What is velocity compounding ? list the advantages and limitations. [AU.,
Apr/May 2015]
26
compressors
in
Pneumatic jakes.
Pneumatic drills.
Pneumatic lifts.
Spray painting.
Shop cleaning.
Injecting fuel in diesel engines.
Supercharging internal combustion engines.
Refrigeration, and air conditioning systems.
(6) What are the advantages of multi stage compression with
internal cooling over
single stage compression for the same
pressure ratio?
It improves the volumetric efficiency for the given pressure ratio.
It reduces the leakage los considerably.
It gives more uniform torque and hence a smaller size flywheel is
required.
It reduces the cost of the compressor.
(7) Define the terms as applied to air compressors: Volumetric
efficiency and isothermal compression efficiency.
(or)
Define the mechanical efficiency and isothermal efficiency of a
reciprocating air compressor.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of volume of free air
sucked into the compressor per cycle to the stroke volume of the cylinder.
Volumetric efficiency: Volume of free air taken per cycle/Stroke volume of
the cylinder.
Isothermal compression efficiency: Isothermal efficiency is
defined as the ratio between isothermal work to the actual work of the
compressor.
Isothermal efficiency = brake power/ Indicated power
(8) Define clearance ratio?
Clearance ratio is defined as the ratio of clearance volume to swept
volume (or) stroke volume.
C= Vc/Vs
Vc=Clearance volume
Vs=Swept volume
(9) Discus the effect of clearance upon the performance of an air
compressor.
The volumetric efficiency of air compressor increases with decrease
in clearance
of the compressor.
(10) Give two merits of rotary compressor over reciprocating
compressor.
Rotary compressor gives uniform delivery of air where compared to
reciprocating compressor.
Rotary compressors are small in size for the same discharge as
compared with reciprocating compressors.
Lubricating system is more complicated in reciprocating compressor
where as
it is very simple in rotary compressor.
28
300C after each stage of compression. The delivery pressure of the compressor
is 150bar. The R.P.M. of the compressor is 300. The clearance of L.P., I.P., and
H.P. cylinders are 5% of the respective strokes. The index of compression and
re-expansion in all stages is 1.35. Neglecting pressure losses, find the B.P. of the
motor required to run the compressor if the mechanical efficiency is 80%. [Anna
Univ. Nov.04]
7. Consider a single-acting 2 stage reciprocating air compressor running at
300rpm. Air is compressed at a rate of 4.5kg/min from 1.013bar and 288K
through a pressure ratio of 9 to 1. Both the stages have the same pressure ratio
and the index of compression and expansion in both stages is 1.3. Assume a
complete inter cooling, find the indicated power and the cylinder swept volumes
required. Assume that the clearance volumes of both stages are 5% of their
respective swept volumes. [Anna Univ. Apr.05]
8. Explain with the help of a neat sketch the principle of operation of a
reciprocating air compressor. [Anna Univ. Apr.04]
9. With the help of a neat sketch explain the principles of operation of a
centrifugal compressor. [Anna Univ. Apr.04 & Nov.04]
10. Compare reciprocating and rotary air compressors. [Anna Univ. Apr.04]
11. Discuss the merits and demerits of rotary and reciprocating compressors.
[Anna Univ. Dec.03 & Nov.04]
12. With the help of schematic and p-V diagrams, explain the working of a vane
type compressor. [Anna Univ. Apr.05]
13. [a] Show that in a reciprocating air compressor, with perfect inter cooling,
the work done for compressing air is rejected to cooling medium.
[b] With the aid of P-V diagrams discuss the reasons for the use of multi stage
compressors. [AU. Nov/Dec.2010]
14. [a] Compare reciprocating and rotary compressors and discuss.
[b] What are the advantages of multi stage compressors over single stage
compressors? Derive the condition of minimum work with complete inter cooling
in a two stage compressor. [AU. May/June 2011] [May 2014]
15. A two stage single acting compressor takes in air at the rate of 0.2 m3/s the
intake pressure and temperature are 0.1 MPa and 16C. The air is pressed to a
final pressure of 0.7 MPa. The intermediate pressure is ideal and inter cooling is
perfect. The compression index in both the stages is 1.25 and the compressor
runs at 600 r.p.m. Neglecting clearance, determine:
[a] The intermediate pressure
[b] The total volume of each cylinder
[c] The power required to drive the compressor and
[d] The rate of heat rejection in the inter cooler.
Take Cp = 1.005 KJ/kg K and R = 0.287 KJ/Kg K. [AU. May/June 2011]
33
16. [a] Explain the working of a single stage single acting reciprocating
compressor with a neat sketch and p-v diagram.
[b] A single stage double acting reciprocating air compressor is required to
deliver 14 m3 of air minute measured at 1.013 bar and 15C. The delivery
pressure is 7 bar and the seed 300 r.p.m. Take the clearance volume as 5% of
the swept volume with the compression and expansion index of n= 1.3.
Calculate
[i] Swept volume of the cylinder
[ii] The delivery temperature
[iii] Indicated power. [AU. May/June 2011]
17. A single acting reciprocating air compressor has a piston diameter of
200mm and a stroke of 300mm and runs at 350rpm. Air is drawn at 1.1 bar
pressure and is delivered at 8 bar pressure. The law of compression is pV 1.35 =
constant and clearance volume is 6% of the stroke volume. Determine the mean
effective pressure and the power required to drive the compressor. [Anna Univ.
May/June 2013]
18. Derive the work done by a two stage reciprocating air compressor with inter
cooler and derive the condition for minimum work input and the expression for
minimum work required for two stage reciprocating compressor? [Anna Univ.
May/June 2013]
19 In a two stage compressor in which intercooling is perfect prove that work
done in the compressor is minimum when the pressure in the intercooler
geometric mean between the initial and final pressure. Draw the PV&TS
diagram for two stage compression
(b) Explain the construction and working principle of multi stage compressor
and discuss the perfect and imperfect intercooling with neat sketch. [Anna Univ.
Nov/Dec 2013]
20. Derive an expression for volumetric efficiency of a air compressor. [May
2014]
21. Derive an expression for volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating air
compressor.
(b) (b) Explain the construction and working principle of multi stage compressor
and discuss the perfect and imperfect intercooling with neat sketch. [Anna Univ.
Nov/Dec 2014]
22. A single stage single acting reciprocating air compressor delivers 15m 3 of
free air per min from 1.1 to 8 bar pressure. Assuming that compression and
expansion follow pV1.35 = constant and clearance volume is 1/6 th of the swept
volume. Find the diameter and stroke of the compressor. Take L/D =1.5. the
temperature and pressure of air at the suction are 200C and 1 bar respectively.
34
36. Differentiate
compression system.
vapour
absorption
system
and
vapour
Part B
1. A 5tonne refrigeration plant uses R12 as refrigerant. It enters the compressor
at -50C as saturated vapour. Condensation takes place at 320C and there is no
under cooling of refrigerant liquid. Assuming isentropic compression, determine
COP of the plant, Mass flow of refrigerant, power required to rum the
compressor in kW. The properties of R-12 are given in table. [Anna Univ.
Nov.02]
T0C
32
-5
P[bar]
7.85
2.61
Enthalpy kJ/kg
hf
hg
130.5
264.5
---249.3
Entropy
kJ/kgK sg
1.542
1.557
2.A refrigerator works between -70C and 270C. The vapour is dry at the end of
adiabatic compression. Assuming there is no under cooling determine [i] The
C.O.P [ii] Power of the compressor to remove a heat load of 12140kJ/hr. the
properties of refrigerant are given table. [Anna Univ. May 03]
T0C
Sensible
heat,
[hf]
[kJ/kgK
Latent heat
[hfg] kJ/kg
40
Entropy of
Liquid [sf]
kJ/kgK
Entropy of
Vapour [sg]
kJ/kgK
-7
27
-29.3
117.23
1297.9
1172.3
-0.109
0.427
4.748
4.333
Pressure
[bar]
12.199
hf [kJ/kg]
84.868
hg
[kJ/kg]
206.298
[sf]
kJ/kgK
0.3034
sg
[kJ/kgK]
0.6792
0.086
36.022
187.397
0.1418
0.6960
Temperature
25
-15
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
Liquid
Vapour
100.4
1319.22
-54.56
1304.99
Entropy [kJ/kgK]
Liquid
Vapour
0.3473
4.4852
-2.1338
5.0585
41
43