3393

3333

Learning
g Goals
C
Classifica
ations

Airspaace Strucctures
FIR

Flight infformation reg

gion

A Flight In
nformation Region
R
is an
n airspace of
o defined
dimensions
s in which Flight Inform
mation Serv
vice (FIS)
and Alerting Service are provide
ed. In this airspace,
Countries are respons
sible for the
e provision of
o the Air
Traffic Services (ATS
S). Very oftten they match
m
the
National boundaries.
b
For practica
al reasons, countries
can delega
ate part of th
heir airspace
e to their neighbours.

CTR

Controle Zone
(Tower)

A CTR is controlled airspace th

hat starts from
f
the
surface of
o the earth
h upwards to
o a specifie
ed upper
limit. Only
y controlled aerodromes have a CTR
R.

CTA

Control Area
A
(Center)

A CTA is a Controlle
ed airspace extending upwards
from a sp
pecified lim
mit above the surface of the
earth. It is
i a box of airspace
a
tha
at does not touch
t
the
surface of the earth.

TMA

Terminal Control Are

ea
ch)
(Approac

A TMA is a Control Area

A
normallly establishe
ed where
airways and/or de
eparture a
and arrival routes
meet in th
he vicinity off one or morre major aerodromes.

AWY

Airway

ATS

Specific route
r

An AWY is a Control Area

A
or a pa
art of it. It is shaped
in the form
m of a corrido
or. They hav
ve defined upper and
lower limitts, are usually 10nm wid
de and are eq
quipped
with VORs and NDBs for navigation. The airwa
ay name
usually sta
arts with a le
etter followed
d by number(s). If
the route name
n
is prec
ceded by a U
U, it indicate
es an
Upper Airw
way.
an airway
y, a conttrolled or uncontrolled route,
an arrival route, a dep
parture route
e, etc.

SID

Standard
d Instrumentt Departure

An Instru
ument Fligh
ht Rule (IFR) departure route
that links an aerodro
ome or a s
specified ru
unway of
ant point
the aerodrome with a specified significa
(normally
y) on an ATS
A
route. This is mostly
m
the
airway at which
w
the en
n-route phas
se of a flight begins.

STAR

Standard
d Instrumentt Arrival

RNAV
V

Area Nav
vigation Routte

Danger Areas
A

An Instru
ument Fligh
ht Rule (IFR
R) arrival ro
oute that
links a siignificant point, (norrmally) on an ATS
route, with
w
a po
oint from which a published
instrumen
nt
appro
oach
pro
ocedure
can
c
be
commence
ed.
An ATS ro
oute (airway
y, departure
e route, arriv
val route,
...) for aircraft that are
a
RNAV e
equipped to
o navigate
directly from waypo
oint to way
ypoint. These routes
are main
nly defined
d by interrsections, but can
also contaiin VORs & NDBs.
An airspa
ace of defined dimen
nsions within which
activities dangerous
d
to the flightt of aircraft may
m
exist
at specifie
ed times.

Restricted Areas

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An airspac
ce of define
ed dimensio
ons, above the land
areas or te
erritorial waters of a State, within which
w
the
flight of aircraft is
s restricted in accorda
ance with
certain spe
ecified cond
ditions.

Paage 1 of 9

Prohibite
ed areas

An airspa
ace of deffined dime
ensions, ab
bove the
land area
as or territo
orial waters
s of a State
e, within
which the
e flight of aircraft is prrohibited

Airspaace Classsification
ns
Class Altitude
e

Type
of
flight

Separa
ation

Contact
C
ATC

Requires A
R
ATC
clearanc
ce

Speed lim
mit

IFR
only

separation from all

aircra
aft

yes

yes

no

IFR

separation from all

aircra
aft

yes

yes

no

VFR

separation from all

aft
aircra

yes

yes

no

IFR

separation from all

aircra
aft

yes

yes

no

VFR

separation
n from
IFR but only traffic
info abou
ut VFR

yes

yes

250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100

IFR

separation
n from
IFR but only traffic
ut VFR
info abou

yes

yes

250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100

VFR

traffic info
o only

yes

yes

250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100

IFR

separation
n from
IFR only - traffic
info abou
ut VFR

yes

yes

250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100

VFR

traffic info
o only

no

no

250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100

IFR

separation
n from
IFR on
nly

yes

no

250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100

VFR

no

no

no

250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100

IFR

no

yes

no

250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100

VFR

no

no

no

250 kt IAS
belo
ow 10.000ft / FL100

1)

Fl 600
Fl 200

Fl 100
GND

4000 ft
above apt.
elev.
GND
2500 ft
above apt.
elev.
GND

Everything
g
outside
Class
ABCDFG

3000ft AGL
GND

3000ft AGL
GND

1) Maxiimum flightt level VFR FL200

NOTE: Above mentioned

m
ral indicattions and v
vary from
Altitudes are gener
country to counttry!!!!
for insttance check:

http:///www.euro
ocontrol.in
nt/airspace
e/gallery/c
content/pu
ublic/Class
sification%
%20mid
%20ap
pril%202007.pdf

Egyptt uses Airspace Class

C
A, B and D only
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Paage 2 of 9

VMC (Visual
(
M
Meteorol
logical Condition
ns)
VMC VFR
R

Flightt
visibilitty

Horizont
H
tal
fr
rom clou
uds

V
Vertical from
clouds
s 1)

Min
nimum ICA
AO
S
Standard
1)

5 km

1500 m

1000 ft
f

8 km

1500 m

1000 ft
f

5 km

1500 m

1000 ft
f

5 km

1500 m

1000 ft
f

5 km

Clea
ar of clouds during
flight

Cllear of clouds during

flight
Surface in sight
(terrain or water)
w

At and
d above 10
0.000ft
AMSL
Abo
ove 3000ft and
below
w 10.000ft AMSL
A
Below 3000ft
AMSL
Airsp
pace B-C
C-D-E
Below 3000ft
AMSL
Airrspace F-G
F

1) BKN and
a
OVC are
e considered ceilings. FEW and SCT not

VMC SVFR
S
(Sp
pecial VFR) 1)
Flightt
visibilitty

V
VMC
SVFR
R
Min
nimum ICA
AO
S
Standard
2
2)
1) Upon Pilots reque
est ONLY

Horizont
H
tal
fr
rom clou
uds

V
Vertical from
cloud
ds

Cllear of clouds during

flight
Clouds NOT below
Clea
ar of clouds during
3 km
600ft
flight
Surface in sight
(terrain or water)
w
2 Countries may deviate
2)
e from ICAO
O standard !

VFR/S
SVFR allo
owed du
uring UDP
( unive
ersal daylight period: sunrise+1hr / sunset -1hr)

VMC NVFR (Night VFR

R)
V
VMC
NVFR
R
Min
nimum ICA
AO
S
Standard
2
2)

Flightt
visibilitty

5 km

Horizont
H
tal
fr
rom clou
uds
Clea
ar of clouds during
flight

V
Vertical from
cloud
ds
Cllear of clouds during
flight
Clouds NOT below
1500fft
Surface in sight
(terrain or water)
w

NVFR
R allowed
d during sunrise-3
30min / sunset+30
0min
extra co
onsiderations: Require
es NVFR rating and ex
xtra METEO
O care / exttra insuranc
ce /
airfield with lightin
ng / aircraftt with NAV lights and strobes, X--ponder and COMM. / extra

caution with
w precipittation... rain on windshieeld will multiply lights on ground and
d apporach which
w
makes visual navigattion very diffficult. / Clearr nights with moonlight adds
a
to visibiility on groun
nd...no
moonlight prevents seeing riverss/ above FL050 between 22h00LT and 04h59LT / Clear visual
flightplan in case NA
AVaids or insstruments fail. p.s. there is no such th
hing as SNVFFR ( special night VFR)
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Paage 3 of 9

VFR Commun
C
ication
Sta
artup

Entter FIS

Cro
oss CTR

E
Enter CT
TR

Ca
allsign
Aircrraft type
Po
osition

Ca
allsign
Aircrraft type
Po
osition
altitude
Rules (IFR/VFR))
Depa
arture +
Destiination or
inttention
-

Callsign
Airc
craft type
Po
osition
Rules (IFR/VFR)

Callsign
A
Aircraft typ
pe
Position
altitude
Rules (IFR/V
VFR)

Request
e)
crossing (route
altitude

ATIS lette
er
Request
Full sttop/touch and go

Rules (IFR/VFR)
Destination or
intention
ATIS
S letter
Re
equest
sttartup

ETA

Aircraft Classific
cation
Aiircraft
cate
egories
L

MTOW
W (kg)

Example
es

7000 or less

C172 - C182 - TB2

20 - C208

7001 - 136000

B737 - A
A320 - B717
7 - FA50 B757 - CRJ7 - C12
20 - LR45

more than 13600

B 747 - MD11 - B777 - A225 30 - L101

A340 - DC10 - A33

Aiircraft
cate
egories

Vref
(KI
IAS)

Initia
al App
spe
eed
(KI
IAS)

less than
t
90

90--150

All helico
opters - DHC
C6 - PA28 C172 - C182 - TB2
20 - C208

90--120

120
0-170

B190 - E120 - AT42

2 - SF34 AT72 - B350 - M20T - DHC8

121
1-140

160
0-220

B737 - A
A320 - B717
7 - FA50 B757 - CRJ7 - C12
20 - LR45

141
1-165

182
2-220

B 747 - MD11 - B777 - A225 A340 - DC10 - A33

30 - L101

166
6-210

185-220

CON

Vref = Vat = 1.3 * Vsso

Example
es

(Vso is the Stalling speed

s
with gear
g
and flaps out)

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Paage 4 of 9

Aircraft Sp
peeds
They are
e mainly indicated airspe
eeds (IAS) used
u
in a spe
ecific relation
ns.
a) TAKE
E-OFF :
V1 = tak
ke-off decisio
on speed (orr critical spe
eed). Before V1, the pilott can abort ttake-off. Afte
er V1,
the pilott MUST take off.
VR = tak
ke-off rotatio
on speed at which the pilot gently pulls the fligh
ht controls to
o rise the no
ose and
take off..
V2 = tak
ke-off safety
y speed to be
e reached be
efore passing
g 35 ft above runway alttitude.
b) CRUI
ISE :
Va = Ma
aneuvering speed,
s
max speed
s
at which flight con
ntrols can be
e fully maneuvered.
Vno = Normal
N
Opera
ation speed, max cruise speed.
Vne = Never
N
Exceed
d speed.
Vmo = Maximum
M
Op
perating spe
eed (KIAS).
Mmo = Maximum
M
Operating Spe
eed (Mach).
c) APPR
ROACH AND
D LANDING
G:
Vfe = Ma
aximum spe
eed with Flap
ps Extended..
Vlo = Ma
aximum speed for Landing gear Ope
erations (retraction and extension).
Vle = Ma
aximum speed when Lan
nding gear Extended.
E
Vs = Sta
alling speed (at max weiight).
Vso = Sttalling speed
d with gear and
a
flaps Ou
ut (at max weight).
w
Vref = Reference
R
speed (or land
ding speed) = 1.3 x Vso (Vref also known as Vatt).
d) APPR
ROACH REG
GULATION :
Minimum
m clean spee
ed = minimu
um speed witth gear/flaps
s/slats up an
nd airbrakes in, usually about
a
1.5 x Vs
so.
Minimum
m approach speed
s
= Vre
ef (see above
e), 1.3 x Vso
o.

Apprroach Classifficatio
on
Appro
oach Seg
gments:
12345-

STAR
R
Initia
al Approach
h (IAF)
Interrmediate Approach (IF
F)
Finall Approach (FAF)
Misse
ed Approac
ch

Precis
sion App
proach:
ILS with
h DH/DA an
nd RVR

Cate
egory

DH (ftt)

R
RVR
(m)

Ca
at I

200 or mo
ore

5
550
or more

Ca
at II

100 - 19
99

300-549 cat: A, B, C
350
0-549 cat D 1)

Catt IIIa

less than 100

200-399

Catt IIIb

less than 50

le
ess than 200
0

Catt IIIc

no spec va
alue

no spec value
e

1)

Appen
ndix 1 to JAR
R-OPS 1.430
0, Table 6, pe
ermits the us
se of an RVR
R of 300m forr Category D aircraft
conductiing an autola
and

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Paage 5 of 9

Non-P
Precision
n Approa
ach:

VOR, VO
ORTAC, ND
DB, LLZ, ILS
S with GS out.
o
a
w be review
will
wed to show CDFA (Conttinuous Desccent Final Ap
pproach)
a. All non-precision approaches
profile an
nd minimumss.
b. In casse of CDFA only,
o
a DA(H) is shown in
nstead of the previously published
p
MD
DA(H). The missed
m
approach point is stilll shown acco
ording to sta
ate source bu
ut the missed
d approach in
nitiation arrow
w is
moved to
o the point where
w
the DA
A(H) is reache
ed.

Visual Reference: (at least 1 element)

e
)

Below DA / DH

Elem
ments of the
approac
ch light sys
stem
The
e threshold
d
The
e threshold
d
m
markings
The th
hreshold lights
The
e threshold
d
identification ligh
hts
The vis
sual glide slope
i
indicator
The touchdown zone
or tou
uchdown zo
one
m
markings
The touchdown zone
lights
Runwa
ay edge lights
Othe
er reference
es
acce
epted by the
A
Authority
at leasst 3 consecuttive
lights being
b
the cen
ntre
line of the approach
lights
Runway centre line
lights
Laterral referenc
ce
No DH needed
d
R
RVR
75m
No refe
erence needed

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Below
MDA / MDH
H
NON
prec.APP
p

CAT
TI

CAT II
I

CAT II
IIA

CAT IIIB

CAT
T IIIC

Paage 6 of 9

Hold
ding Classific
cation (ICAO
O)

Lev
vels

(1)

Helico
opters up to
o
60
000 FT
(1830m
m) inclusive
e
Up to 14.000 FT
T
ve
(4.250 m) inclusiv
Above 14.000 FT (
425
50 m) to
20.000 FT (6.100
0
m) inclusive
Above 20.000 FT (
610
00 m) to
34.000
0 FT (10.350
0
m) inclusive
Above 34.000 FT (
6100 m)

Timing

Norma
al
conditio
ons

Turbu
ulence
cond
ditions

1 min.
m

100 KT
T
(185 km//h)

1 min.
m

220-230 KT
2
T (2)
(426 km//h)
170 KT (4)
(
(315 km//h)

280 KT (3)
(520 km/h)
170 KT
(315 km/h)

1 min.
m

240 KT (5)
(
(445 km//h)

280 KT (3)
(520 km/h)
orr 0.8 Mach w
whichever is less

1 min.
m

265 KT (5)
(
(490 km//h)

280 KT (3)
(520 km/h)
orr 0.8 Mach w
whichever is less

1 min.
m

0.83 Mach

0.83
3 Mach

(1) - Tabu
ulated levels represent
r
"altittude" or corressponding "fligh
ht levels" depe
ending upon th
he altimeter setting in
use.
(2) - Whe
en the holding procedure is followed
f
by th
he initial segme
ent of on instrrument approa
ach procedure
e
promulga
ated at a highe
er speed than 230 KT (425 KM/H
K
), the ho
olding should also be promu
ulgated at this
s higher
speed wh
herever possib
ble.
(3) - The speed of 280 KT (520 KM//H) (0.8 Mach)) reserved for turbulence co
onditions shall be used for holding
h
u
the rele
evant publicattions indicate that
t
the holdin
ng area can
only afterr prior clearancce with ATC, unless
accommo
odate aircraft flying
f
at this high holding sp
peeds.
(4) - For holding
h
limited
d to CAT A and B aircraft on
nly and CAT H above 6000F
FT (1830M).
(5) - Whe
erever possible
e, 280 KT (520
0 KM/H) shou
uld be used fo
or holding proccedures assocciated with airw
way route
structuress.

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Paage 7 of 9

Hold
ding Classific
cation (FAA)
Timing

Norma
al
conditio
ons

Up to
o 6000 FT
(1830m
m) inclusive
e

1 min.
m

200 KT
T
(370 km//h)

Above
e 6000 FT
(1830 m) to
14.000 FT
ve
(4.250 m) inclusiv

1 min.
m

230 KT (2)
(
(426 km//h)

Lev
vels

(1)

14
4.001 FT
(4251 m)
m and abov
ve

1 min.
m

Turbu
ulence
cond
ditions

280 KT (3)
(520 km/h)

265 KT (5)
(
(490 km//h)

280 KT (3)
(520 km/h)
orr 0.8 Mach w
whichever is less

Proc
cedure
e turn Classif
C
fication
n
The an
ngle betwe
een you cu
urrent head
ding and the
t
course
e guidance
e
Max 10
0

on a FAF

Max 90
0

on a IAF prec
cision apprroach

Max 12
20

on a IAF non--precision approach

Circlling Ra
adii

1)

Aiircraft
cate
egories

Vref
(KI
IAS)

Radius

less than 90

1.65
1
Nm

90--120

2.66
2
Nm

121-140

4.20
4
Nm

141-165

5.28
5
Nm

166
6-210

6.94
6
NM

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Paage 8 of 9

1) The radius defin

nes the visual manoeu
uvring area
a

Q-CO
ODES
QNH:
QNE:
QFE:
QFF:

Atmospheric pressure at mean

m
sea
a level (m
may be eitther a loc
cal,
measured pressu
ure or a regional
r
fo
orecast pressure)
e altitude
e in the In
nternation
nal Stand
dard Atmo
osphere
Pressure
(1013.2
25 mbar at
a sea lev
vel)
Atmospheric pressure at airfield
a
elevation
Barome
etric press
sure at a place, reduced to MSL (Me
ean Sea Le
evel)
using th
he actual temperatture at th
he time off observation as th
he
mean te
emperatu
ure

QDM: Magnetic bearing

g to a sta
ation
QDR: Magnetic bearing
g from a station
QFU:

Magnetic bearing
g of the runway in use

QUJ:

True be
earing to a station

QTE:

True be
earing fro
om a statiion

---- :

Relativ
ve bearing
g to a sta
ation

---- :

Relativ
ve bearing
g from a station

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Paage 9 of 9