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THEORY :
Evaporation deals with concentration of a non-volatile solute from a solution by removal
of required amount of volatile solvent. Usually the solvent is water. By vaporizing a part of the
solvent, the concentrated solution is produced and vapour is discarded. The heat supplied to the
solution is used the increase the temp. of the solution to its boiling point and to evaporate the
solvent from the solution. Heat capacity of evaporator can be defined as Kg of water evaporated
per hour whereas steam economy is defined as Kg of water evaporated per Kg of steam used.
Over all heat transfer coefficient can be obtained from steady sy=tae balance by using the
relation
Q = Ws.s.= U A (Ts T)
Material balance around an evaporator is given by the relation
Ws.s +Wr.hr= Wv. H + W h
Water Vapour, Wv
Concentrated Liquid Feed W, X
Feed
Wf
, Xf
W,X
The set up consists of two evaporators fitted in series. Each is made up of stainless steel tubes
surrounded by steel jacket and fitted with accumulator. Dilute solution is fed to the first
evaporator tubes . Steam from boiler is supplied to the shell to concentrate the dilute solution to
a desired level. The jacket is fitted with a steam trap and condensate is collected at the end of the
tube. The vapours of the volatile solvent produced in first evaporator are supplied to the second
evaporator. The vapours of the volatile solvent produced in second evaporator are condensed in
a shell and tube type condenser and balance non- volatile solute collected in the accumulator is
recycled through the evaporator.
PROCEDURE:
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2
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9
OBSERVATIONS:
At steady state conditions, record the following.
1. Condensate rate, Ws
= .. Kg/ s
2. Thin liquor flow rate, Wr
= .. Kg/ s
3. Thin liquor temperature, t
= ..0C
4. Thick liquor flow rate, W
= .. Kg/ s
5. Thick liquor temperature, t
= ..0C
6. Steam condensing temp. ts
= .0C
7. Cooling water flow rate, M
= .. Kg/ s
8. Cooling water inlet temp.
= .0C
9. Cooling water outlet temp.
= .0C
10. Thin liquor concentration mass fraction, xf =
11. Thick liquor conc.. mass fraction, x
=
12. Evaporation rate
= . Kg/ s
13. Steam Pressure
= .
14. Evaporaors : Shell Dia : 100 mm, shell length :500 mm ,
= .. J / Kg
hf
hp
Vf
= ml (Volume of feed )
Mf
PRECAUTIONS:
1
Never switch main power supply before ensuring that all the switches given on the panel
are at OFF position.