Asset liability management:

ALM: ALM is the management of Assets & Liabilities in the balance sheet in
such a way that the net earning from the interest is maximized and Liquidity
Risk and Interest rate risk are minimized. It is mandatory now for banks
since 1st April 1999.
RBI has issued guidelines on ALM to banks. Banks have to use the Flow
Approach and construct maturity ladders to identify and manage the
mismatch and gaps.
Maturity Buckets: There are two different maturity ladders constructed for
the purpose of Liquidity and interest rate management.
Liquidity Buckets: 1) Next day 2) 2-7 days 3) 8-14 days 4) 15-28 days 5)
29-90 days 6) 91-180 days 7) 181-365 days 8) 1-3 years 9) 3-5 years 10)
above 5 years.
Interest rate sensitivity: 8 time buckets 1) 1-28 days 2) 8-14 days 3) 2990 days 4) 91-180 days 5) 181-365 days 6) 1-3 years 7) 3-5 years 8) above
5 years and 9) Non-sensitive.
Mismatch Position: When a particular maturity bucket, the amount of
maturity liabilities or assets does not match, such position is called
mismatched position, which create surplus or liquidity crunch position and
depending upon the interest rate movement, such situation may turnout to
be risky for the bank.
Ceiling on Mismatch position (RBI Guidelines):
For liquidity,
mismatches for cash flows for the first four buckets not to exceed 5%, 10%,
15% and 20% respectively of cash outflows for those buckets. For Interest
Sensitivity mismatches for cash flows for 1-14 days and 15-28 days buckets
to be kept to minimum (not exceed 20% each of cash outflows for those
buckets.
ADR, GDR and IDR:
American and global depository receipts: American Depository Receipts
(ADR) and Global Depository Receipts (GDR) are instruments in the nature of
depository receipt or certificate. These are negotiable and issued by non-US
Company, representing publicly traded, local currency equity shares. For
Indian corporates, it is preferred source of raising capital in foreign markets.
Non-resident Indians (NRIs) prefer to invest in these instruments. ADR are
listed on American Stock Exchange whereas GDRs are listed in a Stock
Exchange other than American Stock Exchange say Luxemburg or London.
Indian Depository Receipts: Companies incorporated outside the country
raise resources from the Indian capital market with issue of Indian Depository
receipts (IDRs). IDR means any instrument in the form of depository receipt

created by the domestic depository in India against the underlying equity

shares of the issuing company.
Annual information returns: AIR is annual return to be furnished by Banks
to Commissioner of income tax (Central Information Bureau) in form number
65 on before 31st August each year. Not furnishing AIR will attract penalty at
Rs. 100/- per day.
Financial transaction to be reported in AIR includes:
a) Cash Deposits of Rs. 10 lacs or more in a year.
b) Aggregate credit payments in excess of Rs. 2 lacs or more in year.
c) Cash deposits aggregating to 10 lacs rupees or more in a year in SB
with the bank.
d) Payments made by any person against bills raised in respect of a credit
card issued to that person, aggregating to 2 lacs rupees or more in the
year.
e) Receipt from any person of an amount of 5 lacs rupees or more for
acquiring bonds or debentures issued by the bank. Receipt from any
person of an amount of 1 lac rupee or more for acquiring shares issued
by the bank.
f) Receipt from any person of an amount aggregating to 5 lacs rupees or
more in a year for RBIs saving bonds issued by authorized branches.
Summary of penalties:
a) If person fails to ensure payment of FDR of Rs. 20,000/- or above, not
in cash: penalty equals to sum of the payment (Sec. 271E of IT Act.)
b) If a bank fails to furnish Annual Information Return: Penalty of Rs. 100/for each day during which the failure continues (Sec. 271FA of IT Act.)
c) If a person fails to furnish return of income: Penalty of Rs. 5000/(Sec.271F, IT Act.)
d) Penalty for Non-Deduction of tax at source on interest on deposit, by a
bank is simple interest at 12 % pa on amount of tax. Imprisonment
under section 276-B: 3 months to 7 years.
Benchmark PLR: To enhance transparency in banks pricing of the loan
product and also to ensure that the PLR truly reflects the actual costs, RBI
has advised banks to announce a benchmark PLR with the approval of their
boards, taking into consideration:
a) Actual cost of funds, b) Operating Expenses
c) A minimum margin to
cover regulatory requirements of provisioning and capital charge, and profit
margin.
CAMELS Rating for Banks:
As per the recommendation of Shri S. Padmanabhan Committee, that bank
were placed in the following two categories for the purpose of examination,
depending on the known and reported condition of the banks in financial,

operational, management and compliance terms. For evaluation and ratings

of Indian banks, the committee has suggested CAMELS ratings model on
lines of rating model (CAMEL) employed by the supervisory authorities in the
USA.
Six key parameters rating criteria
C - Capital adequacy.
A - Asset quality.
M Management.
E Earning Performance.
L Liquidity.
S Systems & Controls.
Capital Fund:
Tier I Capital:
1)
Paid up capital
2)
Statutory reserves.
3)
Capital reserves representing surplus arising out of
proceeds of assets.
4)
Investment fluctuation reserve.
5)
Innovative perpetual debt instruments.
Less: equity investment in subsidiaries and intangible assets.

sale

Tier II capital:
1) Un-disclosed reserves and cumulative perpetual preference shares.
2) Revaluation Reserves ( at a discount of 55% while determining their
value for inclusion in Tier II Capital)
3) General Provisions & Loss Reserves (Up to maxi. 1.25% of weighted
risk assets)
4) Hybrid debt capital instruments.
5) Subordinated Debt (Long term unsecured loans)
6) Redeemable Cumulative Preference Shares.
Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR):
Capital adequacy ratio reflects the adequacy of the capital funds (that is
Share capital, free reserves and other capital funds) in relation to the riskweighted assets. It is calculated as
CAR = Capital funds / Risk Weighted Assets * 100 = 9%
Capital Funds: RBI Guidelines envisaged (decided in near future) a two Tier
capital structure namely Tier I and Tier II.

a) Tier I capital is also known as Core Capital. It provides the most

permanent and readily available support to a bank against unexpected
losses.
b) Tier II capital contains elements that are less permanent in nature or
are less readily available.
Important Risk weights:
Cash balance with RBI.
Balance with other banks.
Govt./Approved Securities.
Secured loans to staff members.
Housing finance to individuals secured by mortgage upto 20 lacs.
Housing finance to individuals secured by mortgage over 20 lacs.
Mortgage deed securitization of assets.
Forex and gold open position.
Loans upto Rs. 1 lac against gold and sliver ornaments.
Central / State Govt. guaranteed advances.
Loans to public sector units.
Other loans.
Loans guaranteed by DICGC/ECGC.
SSI Advances upto CGFT Guarantee.
Advances against Term Deposits, LIC Policies, NSCs with adequate
margin.
Consumer credit/ Credit cards.
Venture capital funds, SEZ Developers, Commercial Real Estates, and
Capital market.

0%
20%
2.5%
20%
50%
75%
77.5
%
100
%
50%
0%
100
%
100
%
50%
0%
0%
125
%
150
%

Revised guidelines:
Educational loans will be hence forth be classified as Non-consumer credit for
capital adequacy norms.
The risk weight applicable to educational loans
would be as:
a) Under Basel I: the risk weight would be 100% as against 125% at
present.
b) Under Basel II : the Educational loans, now no longer being a part of
Consumer Credit would be treated as a component of the regulatory
retail portfolio and attract a risk weight of 75% as against 125% at
present.

CIBIL:
CIBIL is the Indias first credit information bureau, which is a repository of
factual information on the credit history and repayment records of
commercial and consumer borrowers.
CIBIL will provide this specific
information to its members in the form of credit information reports. CIBIL is
promoted by several market players including SBI and has a corpus of Rs.
25 crores. To start with, CIBIL is maintaining a database on suit-filed
accounts of Rs. 1 crore and above and suit-filed accounts [willful defaulters]
of Rs. 25 lacs and above. This information is based on a application
developed to enable the users to access date through a parameterized
search process across banks and companies at various geographical
locations. Suit-filed accounts of lower value are proposed to be covered in a
phased manner.

Capital market exposure:

1) Aggregate capital market exposure: Restricted to 40% (Both
direct and indirect) of net worth of the bank as on 31 st march of
previous year both on solo and consolidated basis. Within the
overall limit of 40%, direct exposure by investment in shares,
debentures/ bonds not to exceed 20% of net worth.
2) Advance against shares: To individuals limited to Rs. 10 lacs
against shares held in physical for and Rs. 20 lacs in demat
accounts from Banking Sector. Margin 50% including cash
margin with at least 25% margin as cash margin (within 50%).
3) IPO finance: Restricted to Rs. 10 lacs/ individual from the banking
sector with 50% margin with at least 25% margin as cash margin
(With in 50%).
4) Statutory Restriction: Banks cannot allow loan to their
employees/ others for purchase of their own shares. This is as
per sec. 20 of banking regulation act.
5) Statutory ceiling: As per sec. 19 of Banking regulation act, the
banks can not hold more than 30% of their own paid up capital +
reserves or 30% of paid up capital of the company (Which ever is
lower), as pledge, mortgage or absolute owner.