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Material Properties
A167
LENS SELECTION
A170
Optical Specifications
Fundamental Optics
Gaussian Beam Optics
Machine Vision Guide
Laser Guide
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A157
E (1) ( x, y ) = e jkp
A158
InputPlane
g nm E nm ( x, y )
InputPlane
K ( x, y, x0 , y0 ) E nm x0, y0 dx0dy0
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(5.2)
Material Properties
3HUFHQW,UUDGLDQFH
4 Z 4 Z
k x2 + y 2
(5.3)
Z
Optical Specifications
I ( x, y ) e
&RQWRXU5DGLXV
HGLDPHWHURISHDN
):+0GLDPHWHURISHDN
Fundamental Optics
GLUHFWLRQ
RISURSDJDWLRQ
pw2 2
R ( z ) = z 1 + 0
lz
(5.4)
and
1/ 2
Laser Guide
lz 2
w ( z ) = w0 1 +
p w02
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A159
pw2 2
R ( z ) = z 1 + 0
lz
and
and
lz 2
w ( z ) = w0 1 +
p w02
v=
1/ 2
w (z)
l
=
.
z
p w0
(5.8)
(5.5)
(5.6)
zR =
where w = w(z) and P is the total power in the beam, is
the same at all cross sections of the beam.
The invariance of the form of the distribution is a special
consequence of the presumed Gaussian distribution
at z = 0. If a uniform irradiance distribution had been
presumed at z = 0, the pattern at z = would have been
the familiar Airy disc pattern given by a Bessel function,
whereas the pattern at intermediate z values would have
been enormously complicated.
pw
(5.9)
l
lz
w (z) =
(5.7)
p w0
where z is presumed to be much larger than w0/ so that
the 1/e2 irradiance contours asymptotically approach a
cone of angular radius
A160
w
w0
w0
e2
irradiance surface
ic co
ptot
asym
ne
z
w0
Figure 5.3 Growth in 1/e2 radius with distance propagated
away from Gaussian waist
1-505-298-2550
lz
w0 (optimum ) =
p
1/ 2
(5.10)
Fundamental Optics
1/ 2
)LQDO%HDP5DGLXVPP
lz 2
w ( z ) = w0 1 +
p w02
Optical Specifications
Material Properties
6WDUWLQJ%HDP5DGLXV w PP
Laser Guide
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A161
w ( z ) = 2 (w0 )
(5.11)
zR =
p w02
l
APPLICATION NOTE
2
with
withz = p w0
R
l 2w .
w ( zR ) =
0
with
w ( zR ) = 2w0 .
If we use beam-expanding optics that allow us to
adjust the position of the beam waist, we can actually
double the distance over which beam divergence is
beam waist
2w0
beam expander
w(zR) = 2w0
w(zR) = 2w0
zR
zR
A162
1-505-298-2550
X The
X There
X A
s df
,PDJH'LVWDQFH
4
SDUDPHWHU
4
zf
5
4
(5.13)
4 4 4 4
4
4
sf
2EMHFW'LVWDQFH
.
.
(5.14)
m=
w0
=
w0
1 ( s / f ) + ( zR / f )
2
dimensionless
form,
form,
or,or,
in in
dimensionless
s / f zR / f / s / f s / f
s / f zR / f / s / f s / f
Fundamental Optics
Optical Specifications
1
1
+
= 1. (5.12)
s / f s / f
s zR / s f s f
f
zR / s f sform,
or, sindimensionless
Material Properties
.
(5.15)
Laser Guide
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A163
1
1
1
+
=
.(5.16)
s s + zR 2 /( s f )
f
All the above formulas are written in terms of the
Rayleigh range of the input beam. Unlike the geometric
case, the formulas are not symmetric with respect to
input and output beam parameters. For back tracing
beams, it is useful to know the Gaussian beam formula in
terms of the Rayleigh range of the output beam:
1
1
1
+
=
.(5.17)
s s + zR 2 /( s f )
f
BEAM CONCENTRATION
The spot size and focal position of a Gaussian beam can
be determined from the previous equations. Two cases
of particular interest occur when s = 0 (the input waist is
at the first principal surface of the lens system) and s = f
(the input waist is at the front focal point of the optical
system). For s = 0, we get
s =
1 + l f / pw02
and
s =
2
and 1 + llf f/ p
ww
/p
00
w=
and
w=
(5.18)
1/ 2
1/ 2
1 + l f / pw 2 2
0
l f / pw0
1 + l f / pw 2 2
0
e2
Dbeam
DEPTH OF FOCUS
(5.19)
For the case of s=f, the equations for image distance and
waist size reduce to the following:
s = f
ands = f
and
and
w = l f / p w0 .
w = l f / p w0 .
A164
2w 0
lz 2
w ( z ) = w0 1 +
p w02
1/ 2
1-505-298-2550
Dz
0.32p w02
.
l
TRUNCATION
d = K l f /#(5.20)
and the
Fundamental Optics
Optical Specifications
Material Properties
LQWHQVLW\
T=
Db
(5.21)
Dt
,QWHQVLW\
LQWHQVLW\
lIQXPEHU
,QWHQVLW\
LQWHQVLW\
LQWHQVLW\
lIQXPEHU
Laser Guide
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A165
K FWHM = . +
.
(T .)
.
(T .)
(5.22)
and
.
.
.
K / e = . + (T .) (T .) (5.23)
VSRWPHDVXUHGDWLQWHQVLW\OHYHO
2
2 D / D
PL = e ( t b )
(5.24)
K )DFWRU
VSRWPHDVXUHGDWLQWHQVLW\OHYHO
SPATIAL FILTERING
Laser light scattered from dust particles residing on
optical surfaces may produce interference patterns
resembling holographic zone planes. Such patterns
can cause difficulties in interferometric and holographic
applications where they form a highly detailed,
contrasting, and confusing background that interferes
with desired information. Spatial filtering is a simple way
of suppressing this interference and maintaining a very
smooth beam irradiance distribution. The scattered light
propagates in different directions from the laser light
A166
TDE DW
dFWHM
d1/e2
dzero
PL(%)
Infinity
1.03
1.64
2.44
100
2.0
1.05
1.69
60
1.0
1.13
1.83
13.5
0.5
1.54
2.51
0.03
focusing lens
pinhole aperture
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Fundamental Optics
Optical Specifications
In the real world, truly Gaussian laser beams are very hard
to find. Low-power beams from helium neon lasers can
be a close approximation, but the higher the power of
the laser is, the more complex the excitation mechanism
(e.g., transverse discharges, flash-lamp pumping), and
the higher the order of the mode is, the more the beam
deviates from the ideal.
TEM00
TEM01
TEM10
TEM11
TEM02
Laser Guide
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A167
TEM00
TEM01*
TEM10
The need for a figure of merit for laser beams that can be
used to determine the propagation characteristics of the
beam has long been recognized. Specifying the mode is
inadequate because, for example, the output of a laser
can contain up to 50% higher-order modes and still be
considered TEM00.
1/ 2
lz 2
w ( z ) = w0 1 +
pw02
and
pw2
R ( z ) = z 1 + 0
lz
M2 =
w0R vR
(5.25)
w0 v
Mv
w5 Mw
HPEHGGHG
*DXVVLDQ
PL[HG
PRGH
v
w
z
Z5R M>wR@
Mwy
z R
A168
1-505-298-2550
1/ 2
zlM 2 2
wR ( z ) = w0 R 1 +
pw0R2
and
EMBEDDED GAUSSIAN
l zM 2
p
w0 (optimum ) =
1/2
(5.29)
zR =
pwR
(5.30)
M l
(5.26)
1/ 2
s + zR / M
andand
and
and
lz 2
w ( z ) = w0 1 +
p w02 2 1 / 2
lz
w ( z ) = w0 1 +
p w02
2 2
/ (s f )
1
1
=
s f
M 2l l
>
p
p
pw2 2
R ( z ) = z 1 + 0
l z2 2
pw
R ( z ) = z 1 + 0
lz
and
w0 v = l / p
Fundamental Optics
w v
M = 0R R
w0 v
2
w0R vR =
where wR(z) and RR(z) are the 1/e2 intensity radius of the
beam and the beam wavefront radius at z, respectively.
The equation for w0(optimum) now becomes
Optical Specifications
(5.28)
Material Properties
pw 2 2
RR ( z ) = z 1 + 0R 2
zlM
(5.31)
2 1/ 2
(5.27)
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( s / f ) + ( zR / M
/ ( s / f 1)
( s / f )
= 1.
(5.32)
Laser Guide
pw 2 2
RR ( z ) = z 1 + 0R 2
zlM
A169
LENS SELECTION
wF =
l fM 2 (5.33)
pwL
zR =
pw
l
1/ 2
zlM 2 2
wR ( z ) = w0 R 1 +
pw0R2 2 1 / 2
zlM 2
andwR ( z ) = w0 R 1 +
pw0R2
and
2
pw 2
andRR ( z ) = z 1 + 0R 2
zlM 2
pw 2
RR ( z ) = z 1 + 0R 2
zlM
l zM 2
p
1/2
8 mm
0.8 mm
45 mm
80 m
A170
Lens Selection
(f /#)3
and
w0 (optimum ) =
0.067 f
1-505-298-2550
l zM 2
p
1/2
Material Properties
w0 (optimum ) =
overall length = f1 + f2
magnification =
1/ 2
( )
= 4.0 mm.
f1 + f2 = 50 mm
and
f2
= 10.
f1
Fundamental Optics
Optical Specifications
w(80 m ) = 0.4 1 +
p 0.42
f2
f1
f1
f2
f1
f2
Laser Guide
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Lens Selection
A171
[
P
[
P
A172
Lens Selection
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