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Krash (Sample)
Krash - Sample
Electrical Machines
(Transformers)
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Krash (Sample)
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Krash (Sample)
Transformers
MMF and Flux
C
Ni
C
AC
lC
l
Ni C C
A C
F R
lc
Reluctance of transformer core
A c
Flux in core
F=MMF
Construction
In a Transformer the primary and secondary windings are wound around the core of a
transformer. Core is a magnetic material which allows the flow of magnetic flux lines to link
both primary and secondary windings.
1. Core should have low reluctance and high permeability to the flow of magnetic flux.
2. Core is generally made of Silicon steel
3. Generally, this steel is cold rolled grain oriented CRGO steel, to increase permeability
along the direction of magnetization and reduce core losses.
4. KVA Rating (Core Dimension)4
(Core Dimension)2
Current Rating (Core Dimension)2
No-Load Current Core Dimension
Core Loss Core Volume
5. Voltage Rating
6.
7.
8.
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Krash (Sample)
The instantaneous values of induced emf in primary and secondary are given by,
d
dt
d
e2 N2
dt
e1 N1
E1 (rms) 4.44fN1m
E2 (rms) 4.44fN2m
Where E1 and E2 are emf in primary and secondary windings of Transformer respectively.
is the flux in the transformer and m is maximum value of flux.
m Bm An where Bm is the maximum value of magnetic flux density and An is the cross
sectional area of the core.
The polarity of emf is decided on basis of Lenz Law as currents in primary and secondary
should be such that primary and secondary flux should oppose each other.
Also, primary current enters the positive terminal of primary winding as primary absorbs
power and secondary current leaves the positive terminal of secondary winding as secondary
delivers power and this way we can mark emf polarities.
Induced emf always lags the flux by 900.
If the frequency of operation of a transformer is reduced then KVA rating of transformer
reduces proportionately as induced emf varies linearly with frequency.
For a given KVA rating and for given maximum value of B of core, more the designed
frequency lesser is size and weight of transformers.
Exact equivalent circuit
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Krash (Sample)
N
N
N
R2 = R2 1 ; X2 = X2 1 ; ZL = ZL 1 ;
N2
N2
N2
Approximately Equivalent Circuit
R01 = R1 R 2
X01 = X1 X2
In this approximation, we are neglecting the no-load copper losses and we are
overestimating the core losses.
The phasor diagram for the exact equivalent circuit is shown below,
I : Magnetizing Current
Iw : Core-loss Component of No-Load Current
I0 : No-Load Current
o 70 to 75
cos 0 0.2lag (No-Load pf)
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Krash (Sample)
V12
-------- (i)
Rc
P
V1 I0
o Calculate sin 0 =
1 - cos2 0
o Q = V1 I0 sin 0 =
V12
------- (ii)
Xm
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Krash (Sample)
o R 01 & X01 are equivalent winding resistance & equivalent leakage reactor referred to HV
side.
o Wattmeter reading = P = Isc R 01 from this equation, we can calculate R 01
2
Vsc
Isc
o Z 01 =
& X01 =
Z012 R 012
o We obtain R 01 , X01 & full load copper losses from this test.
Deviations if SC test is conducted at rated voltage but less than rated frequency,
o Since, reactance is proportional to frequency so X 01 decreases but R 01 remains same.
o Short-circuit Impedance decreases so Short Circuit Current increases.
o So, Full Load Copper Loss increases.
R
o Short Circuit Power Factor, c os sc 01 increases as Short Circuit Impedance decreases.
Z 01
Losses on Transformers
Copper Loss
Where
I2 = secondary current
R1 = primary winding resistance
R 01
N
N
= R1 1 R 2 ; R 02 = R 2 2 R1
N2
N1
Core Loss
(i) Hysteresis Loss
x
Ph = KhBm
f
x = 1.6
Ph = KhBm1.6f
Bm
V
f
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Krash (Sample)
V = applied voltage
f = frequency
1.6
V
Ph = Kh f = K hV1.6f 0.6
f
V
= constant then Bmax = constant; then Ph f
f
Pe = K eBm2 f 2
Bm
If
V
f
V
const Bm const
f
Pe f 2
V 2
2
Otherwise, Pe = K e f = K e V
f
Core loss = Pc = Pe Ph
To further reduce We , we use laminations
2
k.Bmax
f 2t2
We
t= thickness of lamination
= Resistivity of the core
High frequency Transformer should have thinner laminations to reduce We
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Krash (Sample)
Wi Af Bf 2
Wi
A Bf
f
The constants A and B can thus be determined
by the slope and intercept of the curve whose
equation is given above.
Frequency can be changed by Cyclo-converters.
Efficiency
=
x
x KVA cos
100%
=% loading of Transformer
x=
Pi
PCu,FL
If loading is kept fixed then maximum efficiency occurs at unity power factor.
VNL VFL
100
VNL
V VFL
Regulation up
NL
100
VFL
N2
K = Transformation Ratio
N1
Regulation down
No-load voltage V2
Full-load voltage V2
10
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Krash (Sample)
VR =
I2 R 02 cos 2 X 02 sin 2
V2
Zbase
Then,
V2
I2
R 02
X
R 02 pu and 02 X02 pu
Zbase
Zbase
Leading pf load, VR = R pu cos X pu sin 100%
02
R
2 = tan-1 02
X02
The power factor is leading, Voltage Regulation can never be zero for lagging pf load.
Condition for maximum voltage regulation
X
2 = tan-1 02
R02
The power factor is leading, Voltage Regulation can never be negative for lagging pf loads
Non-Linear Core
If applied voltage is sinusoidal then flux is also sinusoidal but magnetizing current is
peaky wave due to 3rd harmonic.
For sinusoidal magnetizing current, flux is flap topped and emf is peaky wave containing a
strong 3rd harmonic.
11
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Krash (Sample)
Phasor
o If you observe carefully, we traverse from A2 to A1(or B2) in primary and same way we
traverse in secondary. So, both phasors are parallel.
o Then, we draw reference phasors from neutral to terminal and mark it with phase with
same name as terminal it is pointed to.
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12
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Krash (Sample)
Then we plot it on clock & we observe it is like 12 0 clock so name is Dd12 connection.
Another example
Phasor
o Here, primary phasor is drawn from A2 to A1 but secondary phasor is drawn from a1 or n
to a2. So, secondary phasor is anti-parallel to primary phasor.
Important Points
Delta-Star connection has the highest transformation ratio so it is used as Step-up
Transformer but Star-Delta connection has least Transformation Ratio so it is used as StepDown Transformer.
Star-Star connection has triplen harmonics in the phase voltages but they are absent in
line voltages so single phase load must not be driven by Star-Star Transformer. To remove
this, we can ground the neutral of Star on both sides or we can use a delta connected
Tertiary winding.
Star-Star Connection has higher voltage rating than delta-delta connection but lesser
current rating.
For same rating, Star-Star connection requires lesser insulation as compared to Delta
Delta Connection but has higher cross-sectional area of the conductor.
If one-unit of delta-delta connection is open-circuited then it operates at reduced
capacity of 57.7% of original capacity. If it supplies same power as Delta-Delta connection
then each phase is 73.2% over-loaded.
13
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Krash (Sample)
SA = SL
ZB
ZB
; SB = SL
Z A ZB
Z A ZB
ZB
SA = SL
Z A ZB
ZB
; SB = SL
Z A ZB
Auto Transformer
LV
HV
1
(KVA rating of 2- winding Transformer)
1 - K
If copper & core losses are not given separately, then we consider losses as constant,
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Krash (Sample)
2 times.
Im2 2 .5 .707A
Core Loss becomes 2
2 times
P2 2 2 55 155.6 W
Problems:
01. Two transformers of the same type, using the same grade of iron and conductor
materials, are designed to work at the same flux and current densities, but the linear
dimensions of one are three times those of the other in all respects. The ratio of KVA of the
two transformers closely equals
(A) 9
(B) 81
(C) 27
(D) 3
02. A 11000V, 50 Hz transformer has a flux density of 1.2T and a core loss of 3000 watts at
rated voltage and frequency. Now all the linear dimensions of the core are doubled, primarily
and secondary turns are halved and the new transformer is energized from 22000 V, 50 Hz
supply. Both the transformers have the same core material and the same lamination
thickness. Core losses of the transformer are
(A) 6000 W
(B) 9000 W
(C) 12,000 W
(D) 24,000 W
15
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Krash (Sample)
(B) 800 V
(D) 800/ V
di
m (slope of I-t)
dt
10 800
400
V
10 3
5 10
V m
16
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Krash (Sample)
Problems:
01. The core of a two winding transformer is subjected to a magnetic flux variation as shown
in the figure
The induced emf (Epq) in the primary winding will be the form
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
17
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Krash (Sample)
02. In previous question the induced emf (Ers) in the secondary winding will be of the form
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
03. An Ideal transformer has Linear B H curve with finite slope and a turns ratio of 1:1.The
primary of transformer is energized with an ideal current source, producing the signal i as
shown in the figure. Then shape of the secondary terminal voltage v2(t) is
i
3
0 1
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
18
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Krash (Sample)
I2p
2
1 2 amp
1
19
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Krash (Sample)
If the ideal source supplies 1000W, half of which is delivered to the 100 load, then the
value of b is____
(A) 1.5
(C) 0.56
(B) 0.89
(D) 0.67
03. A 1200/300, turns transformer when loaded, current on the secondary is 100A at 0.8
power factor lagging and primary current is 50A at 0.707 power factor lagging. Determine
the no-load current of the transformer with respect to the voltage?
(A) 25.5A
(C) 27.5A
(B) 26.5A
(D) 28.5A
20
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Krash (Sample)
Solutions
Type 1: Dimensions of a Transformer
01. Ans: (B)
Solution:
Also V
V B.A
So V A................. 1
And I= J.A
I A.................... 2
A l2 ................. 4
From equation (3) & (4)
KVA l4
4
So KVA of other transformer is KVA l
KVA 3l
KVA l
KVA 81 KVA
21
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Krash (Sample)
V 2fN
Where V=Voltage
f=Supply frequency
Flux
N= No. of turns
11KV 2f1N1
11KV 2fB1A1N1 ............... 1
Also 22KV 2fB2 A2N2 ................. 2
N2
N1
and l2 2l1 => A2 4A1
2
Solving this
2fB2N1 A1 11KV................ 3
Core
volume
New
22
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Krash (Sample)
d
dt
From 0 to 0.06
Epq 200
.009 0 30Volts
.06 0
d
0
dt
Epq 0Volts
From 0.1 to 0.12
Epq 200
0 0.009 90Volts
0.12 0.1
d
dt
From 0 to 0.06
Ers 500
0.009 0 75Volts
0.06 0
0 0.009 225Volts
0.12 0.1
23
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Krash (Sample)
d
dt
So V2 ve
From t=3 to t=5 slope is positive
So V2 ve
And so on ..
Type 3: Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
01. Ans: (B)
Solution: Z 2 32 j24
aT
400
2
200
Z2
a2T
8 j6
200
20 36.860
8 j6
24
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Krash (Sample)
I2 2A
Since
I2 b
I3 1
I2
2
0.89433
I3
5
aT
1200
4
300
I2 100 36.860
25 36.860 A
a
4
25
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