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BJT Amplifiers
CHAPTER #6

AC Quantities

DC Q
Quantities: RC,

IC, IE,VCE

AC Quantities: Ie,Vce
Instantaneous Quantities:

ic, ie, vce

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Linear Amplifier

Graphical Analysis

Example 6-1 Do Yourself

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AC Equivalent Circuits
An Equivalent circuit uses various internal transistors
parameters to represent the transistors operation e.g.

r parameters
t
and
d h parameters.
t

AC Equivalent Circuits (continued)

Short (Low)

Open
(High)

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Finding re

e = 25 mV / IE at 20 o C

r is the most important r-r-parameter and is

e

temperature dependent.

Example 6-2 Do Yourself

Comparison of ac and DC

At different points on
the non
non--linear curve, the
ratio will be different.
ac and DC can differ

slightly.

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h Parameters

Relationship between h & r Parameters

Direct Relation:
h-parameters are provided by
manufacturer on data sheets,
sheets
while rest of the parameters
are calculated.

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Common--Emitter Amplifier
Common

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DC Equivalent Circuit

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AC Equivalent Circuit
Without AC Source

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AC Equivalent Circuit
With AC Source

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AC Equivalent Base Circuit

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Input Resistance at the Base

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Voltage Gain
Ratio of ac Output voltage (Vc) to ac Input voltage (Vb)

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Base Circuit
Attenuation and Overall Gain

Overall Gain = Attenuation (Source to Base) x Gain (Base to Collector)

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Effect of Emitter Bypass Capacitor (C2)

on Voltage Gain

It p
provides an effective short to the ac signal
g
around RE keeping the emitter at ac ground
Voltage gain is maximum and equal to Rc/re
C2 should be large
g enough
g so that Xc2
Rule--ofRule
of-Thumb

zero

Example 6-4 Do Yourself

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Some other Effects on Voltage Gain

Voltage gain without bypass capacitor

Av = RC / ((rre+RE) (Gain decrease)
Effect of load RL on voltage gain
Rc = RC RL / (RC+RL)
Av = Rc / re

(If Rc < RC then reduced. If RL>>Rc then

Rc = RC and negligible
g g
effect on ggain))

Stability of voltage gain

re depends on IE and Temperature.
If RE >> re then Av is independent of re and
Av = RC / RE

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Swamping
(Method of minimizing effect of re without
reducing Av to its minimum value)

Av = RC / (r
(re+R
+RE1)
If RE1 >> re (10
10x)
x) then

Av = RC / RE1
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DC Analysis
(Determination of DC Bias Values)

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AC Analysis
(Determination of AC Bias Values)

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Collector Voltage (Peak Values)

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Vrms Riding on VDC

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Current Gain

1. Current Gain: ac = Ic/Ib

2. Overall Gain= Ai = Ic/Is
3 R(tot) = Rs + Rin(tot)
3.
4. Is = Vs/R(tot)
OR
Is = Vs/(Rs + Rin(tot))
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Power Gain
O. Power Gain

= O. Voltage
g Gain x O. Current Gain

Ap = Av' x Ai
Where
Overall Voltage Gain= Av' = Vc/Vs
And
Overall Current Gain= Ai = Ic/Is

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Common Collector Amplifier

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Voltage gain (Av)

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Why EmitterEmitter-Follower?

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Input Resistance

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Output Resistance

(For Derivation, See Appendix B)

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Current Gain

Power Gain

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Numerical

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Darlington Pair

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Application of Darlington Pair

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Application of Darlington Pair (Continued .)

Equation 1

Where
Where,
And,

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Common Base Amplifier

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DC Formulas

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AC Formulas

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Multi--Stage Amplifiers
Multi

Example 6-12 Do Yourself

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Multi--Stage Amplifier Analysis

Multi

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Multi--Stage Amplifiers (continued)

Multi

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Direct Coupled (Multi

Multi--Stage
Amplifiers)
1. In capacitively coupled amplifiers,
increased reactance of capacitors at
lower frequencies produces gain
reduction.
2. Direct-coupled amplifiers, on the other
hand, can be used to amplify low
frequencies all the way down to dc
(0Hz) without loss of voltage gain.
3. However, small changes in DC voltages
from temperature effects or powersupply variation are amplified by the
succeeding stages, which can result in
a significant drift in the dc levels
throughout the circuit.
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