Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
4.
(political
Economy
5.
*3*
0.
&*
Character)
1-
jo'gaw
fasbo
o
CRfo
(Plot)
rfrfw
less
oa^dS5 *t*{5-
MANUAL
OF
Physiography
In ZCelugiu
BY
M.
NARASIMHAM
Demonstrator
B. A.,
of Physics,
Madras Christian
College.
1911
Copy Right.
-i
&
^fc
^
^ p^
LX
*^
OO
1
fj
^.x
oJ,
tS
a
C*J
r
^
Ow
L70*
oS
1911
.
X-8-0.
<?>
eo.
S3.
PREFACE.
The first difficulty that meets any one, who attempts to write a book on a scientific subject is the
want
This
Physics and Chemistry in Telugu, published by this
Mandali. So far as these sciences are concerned, I
have followed the terms used already; only in two or
three cases I coined words, which to me appear more
For example, the word
simple, clear and suggestive.
"# "has been used to denote both Force and Energy,
two terms, which have distinct meanings in English;
I have preferred to use "wasfc>" for Energy, retaining
the word Cc rj" to stand for Force. And similarly the
Telugu Physics above referred
and
to, for Temperature, I have changed to "<r|xe$
have used it in that sense, throughout the book.
word "^^x3"used
in
Rao Bahadur K.Viresalingam VJyotissastra Sangraha" has also supplied me with some suitable
terms in the portion of the book dealing with Astronomy, though here also I had to use one or two words
not used by him.
Regarding
Geology
VI
*.
4.
Jl
In a
few instances
of this book
am mainly inand
preparation
Thornton's "Elementary Physiography
rjni
Besides
"Physiography for Beginners."
S;r.::::or/s"
atudjr
Viresalingam's
knA\n
fnr making
rallv
o this
*
arc
useful.
improvement
of this
book
\\trlconie-
3911.
J-
M. Narasimham.
rt>
>
CONTENTS.
Sir
73*
&
bo.
xxix
(Introduction)
1300
(Physics)
"
i
qoiacRSS^JtXJW^^TT^O^^WO
><
>*.
jj
2.
^3^K^
3.
*&n&3tf?c&>ex!
4.
^5*e
ii.
v.
...
...
..*
...
...
(Properties)
c
g5S^Mo (General
sse-&c3fe^
Properties)
(Extension)
...
(Weight)
$6c&g
(Divisibility)
v%8$$* (Inertia)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
e^isge^ (Inpenetrability)
^rtfa
iv
..
(Matter)
dr^n'S
i.
...
X
o*
^'
""
I:
(Solids,
.
^^&*>c
!j$Dtftf ^ce>o
^^"^
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
^*Sj^3^3655^B5yx>
855j*rot3tf;&>
...
(Change
of
Size)
...
Sd^SS'gjjsfc* (Elasticity)
j^s5^ s5oDoo(Liquids
|^55^exD,
...
...
...
-^r-c^^vo (Gases)
...
...
12
(Space,
12.
&>yc~2o;6
13.
r)^e;# (Measurement
*e)etx>
...
-tfestftfi^ad
15.
^rfr*a0 (Measurement of
16.
^k&^*;&
..
of
Length)
Measure^j
14.
("Square
\
Volume)
17.
-TT'^'^ejip'^exj
(Measuring glasses)
19.
T^ej^Ss^^^ (Measurement of
Time)
20.
(^$s5g-o^S;
21.
-zr>io^ej^
|jv-^ (The
(Mass and
Gramme)
its
...
13
...
13
.,
14
...
16
...
17!
...
19
...
20
measurement)
...
...
21
28
XI
o
(Density and Specific Gravity)
...
ir*o\x$ (Density)
23.
er-tfeSsfcoxeifc
(Specific Gravity)
tf#sfcg?cBofc
...
24
...
26
of a
...
28
...
29
...
31
...
33
i^
-tfvX&z
26.
...
(Motion)
j5b
Motion)
27.
tf
...
- (Force)/
...
,..
'
^8.
^gio^b^o^xi'e;^
of
.29.
5a
l.
^on.^doo
Motion)
...
(Newton's Second
...
C9^a
(Gravitation)
of
36
Law
..,
37
...
88
...
39
Gravitation) 41
Xll
*
3"
32. K8so
83.
34.
35.
...
(Weight)
of Forces)
*_So2#tf (Resultant
tfed&X'&a^ (Circular Motion)
5S5^2gs5tfui5
sScrgksfc
Law
of
s5^3x>
(Newton's
...
42
*..
44
...
45
Third
--
Motion)
45
lo
& (Work)
87.
Do^sstol?*^'*
38.
we)^ (Energy)
--
Different Kinds of
of
39.
Z3we3r-^>i5ex)
40.
41.
O<5fcgs^w5fc>
(Forms
(Electrical
42.
Tr'T^xfiBg'aejiSM
48.
W^SM^SO -sr-^^M^^
Work)
...
...
49-
50-
Energy)
...
Energy)
(Chemical Energy)
(Energy
is
...
51
...
51
...
5^
Indestructible)
54-
44.
fr^rf-Sao? (What
45.
i&sS&o,
&&&
is
...
Heat)
and
(Heat
Temperature)
...
55"
...
55
t
46.
47.
48.
x e^s5cr>o6^oo (Effects of
...
Heat)
A-^ssEosSorf Ke>oK-)wgr*-c5aw (Expansion by Heat)
..
^S^sy^gi^sSoo (Expansion of Solids)
&||;&o3fo;5
5T
5T
ST
Xlll
49.
50.
.51.
^sSsfr'Jsr-gS^-tfsfc)
*pdfe>e)
of
(Expansion
^g^-tf^ (Expansion
&&<r~?2$s&>ex)5
...
60
of
...
61
Gases)
cTs"e^(D inferences
and Their
2.
Liquids)
of
Temperature
...
Measurement)
^^tTsSj'^cj&o^aboex) (Thermometers)
(Their Construction)
^?5bfT
^bfc3
gg
...
64
Determination
of the Freezing
Point)
ibtD
,.
...
65
(Determination of the
...
Boiling Point)
...
66
..
Thermometers)
66
.x
csL
..
4.
__
...
Thermometer)
ii
etsfc&-|Scsfo "^oo^)^-^u^5ir"^'2>x)
&\^sfr3>g3x>
a
56.
^bs3^r*^odbri$^
70
...
(Minimum
...
...
Thermometer)
55.
...
(Method
...
...
71
TPtrrftfnabDcSaog'i.
U^ ^tS.^^b^'rfb^'^b
...
72
**
Thermometer)
p,,
*'0
5ft.
70
...
of using
^ns^^g^ccosSb^^go ft^rdB&sS^r*ab
Exception to the General
59. ,drfcfce>
7ft
u
"9?&
ortS&a
&S^ffafcw,
(Water
Rule)
X
9odX^&
is
an
...
(Changes
78
xv
*o.
of State produced by
Kcxj^sfr-^e
60.
<fr&
61.
dr*Tn*;
89
.76
of Heat; Spceific
(Quantity
'"
Heat)
62.
wcg* (Latent
63.
A^T^^^sfo^T^o^sSB
64.
&3S530&dS&*fc>
65.
^-|Sc3^C3D^^ex)
TT
77
81
heat)
74
6*9
(Evaporation
of
...
Water)
84
(Conduction)
-sr>*>
i^xT-6^
ii.
86
(Convection^
(Radiation
...
87
lo
(Light.)
r^=urt555b3
67.
lla
TOti'oJCAaej
axx3^35_S^s5bo
Waves
(Light
...
^cxfr;
"Suofoa& iiGos5)ejDT'^"
o *-*
70.
^S-o-'sS
71.
CJ^SSM
(j6&ow"3o
Sj<2^ij>? 3sSb?<ii^b?
oJ
...
(Reflection)
i^b;6 (How
the
Image
89
90
...
69.
88
Travel
...
in Straight Lines)
68.
...
...
(Radiation)
92
92
is
Formed)
94
"
72.
73.
74.
^Is^eu&i (Refraction)
...
...
-sSi^aba
...
...
(Prism)
StfwtfN^g'fp.tfrtaw
...
(Synthesis)
...
96
99
101
...
102
XV
76.
tfbV&ocS
^S^rX^we)ie;^ ^^^^^^sSbS3S\cS5oaj5x;
(Colours of
104-
77.
sStfojgejtfortowo
78.
ec&^k-odakex) (Magnets)
79.
Bodies)
...
(Magnetism)
80.
81.
...
s%<
t Qg
s
82.
a
83.
84.
85.
huge Magnet)
...
87.
88.
llft
_,
117
...
32O
s5
(Electricity)
86.
\3'$$3X (Introduction)
...
>
$wo<g&;
2xx)r9^^c^D (Positive
Electricity)
& Negative
..,
89.
Nonconductors
of
Electricity^
ny
xv
9a ,*^Sr.tfn<*g* (Current Electricity)
**:>> (Changes produced by
91.
c
tD
*****
Electricity)
(Magnetic Changes)
(Chemical Changes)
II.
iii.
Thermal Changes
...
130
131
131
(Chemistry)
andMechanical
(Elements, Chemical Compounds
Mixtures)
^^^s^^^rPhysicai and
92.
cal
Chemj.
...
Changes)
(Elements and
93.
-
94.
95.
Compounds)
e5^^^w;e^"l3-?l^^w(Metalsand Non-metals)
TT"^^^
^^
136
(Mechanica
SDO^ADCXJ.
137
...
Mixtures and Chemical Compounds)
^>ssjo^ws6aa,
CO
CO
188
wfcsS
C*J
'
\
Oxygen)
...
...
xvn
(I
Cu
ts
98.
fi^rasbaex)
99.
v$&$X&> lS^&>
(Its
Preparation)
Properties)
3x>
ctfbo#>
egpaatfsfcaw
of
101.
...
(Salts)
142
...
144
...
146
^oi&llrt'uo
oxides)
esfosfc-jo
(How
...
...
Formed)
100.
...
...
..
...
147
...
...
...
149
(Hydrogen)
102.
103.
^2SaR)jzyT6jrtfn^( Hydrogen;
e;^o
105.
e/<io$jb;i5>&>
wv
Preparation)152
(Properties of Hydrogen)
62SsiOj^s&e
104.
its
(Water)
154
...
...
157
Water)
...
159
Atmosphere)
...
161
...
...
162
...
...
163
...
...
163
...
(Composition
-*
of
,/
o
(Nitrogen)
^zrrsStf5So3 (The
106.
-TpBj
107.
^^ (Nitrogen)
308.
6atf
109.
<S$ao(fe:xMt>o
i.
sfcoua
...
(Its Properties)
(Its
rf|dTg)5S
Compounds')
(Nitric Acid)
XVI 11
(Ammonia)
...
165
(Chlorine)
110.
sfr8Siaw
(Chlorine)
111.
fi^d
112.
^8;&toMfrasfce>o
i
ij
^5aex>
(Its Properties)
(Chlorine
&>$;^8?-*&>3
;5-o8tf;&>>G
...
...
169
...
...
170
...
171
Compounds)
(Hydrochloric Acid)
(Chlorides)
172
...
(Carbon)
113.
"^^3
(Carbon)
...
114.
5'^#po2o$#3 (Carbon
115.
...
dioxide)
Properties)
...
...
174
...
176
...
178
i^
117.
$)&';&>
(Calcium)
5p43'ao^r3s&>e>o
...
...
...
179
...
179
(Calcium Compounds)
(Lime)
,..
XIX
ii
iii
yftSgYz^a&fia
tfotf^Tg&tf
118.
we>T*g^ci&tf
119.
st&3
120.
-n>tf<>3x>
121.
2fejtf
...
180
...
...
181
...
...
182
...
...
182
...
...
183
...
...
183
(Calcium Carbonate)
(Lime
Wat'e^r)
(Aluminium)
...
(Iron)
(Mercury)
...
(Silicon)
(Geology)
125.
^-SttSaD
SPJOO;
...
(Introduction)
^^23^300
(Rocks &
^^ex)
Minerals)...
...
si^g^?5
$r3ocxDl) ^re)o3
; ^S)^Bs5cr>^aaD
(^Elements
^tiwoo
of the Earth & Their
...
189
Proportion)
127.
^eT-d-^efcoa
(The Felspars)
128.
S^ars&o
(Quartz)
...
129.
181.
...
126.
ISO.
^^
Salt)
...
...
190
...
192
...
19 4
...
194
mtt
195
XX
<$
o
(Rocks
132.
sirtfexift'e;
Their Classification
rex>i5
3e;e>c:
Unstratified
&
Description)
^yoo^Stratified
and
...
...
195
(Aqueous Rocks)
...
...
197
Rocks)
...
...
197
Rocks)
133.
ae;#
134.
wft^e 9we3c(Igneous
135.
-&r5c(&>
136.
137-
wexj
of the
138.
139.
Chalk)
ii.
sj,\'^dx
Hi.
"^e^XS (Coal)
tr^cssoag'
n.
e;exj
wj^ttSaex)
...
199
...
...
199
,.,
..
199
-t
200
...
...
...
202
Rocks)
...
...
204
205
SX^^TT^OO (Lime-stones)
2^^^^
...
...
(Coral)...
s^vSvuc (Inorganic
i.
141.
laforfo^aw
199
(The Sub-divisions
Aqueous Rocks)
140.
ceS^rrAXs3cex
5ejoccio25e)
<y
...
(Igneous Rocks)
...
...
206
..,
...
207
...
...
2 09
XXI
(Volcanoes; Earthquakes
Movements
of the
Earth's Crustj
42.
43.
sr'sfretfSowo;
o
Q
Internal Forces) ...
wTUtftfc&fcoo
OL
(Volcanoes)
^
...
...
'
oJ
44.
'SfcotaSs
45.
^tgsxti^&iKv
an
...
^jj^o
ssr-cj#ex5
ej^raiiwexs
(Signs of an Eruption)2ig
(Phenomena accompanying
...
Eruption)
._
_.
218
...
4S.
^r'g'osjs^exj
At
220
47.
221
(Earthquakes)
Regions)
8.
.9.
$cp'5''o^^)ej
o^.^^w
^s&gas^rtf^
-cSej^^vc
Earth's Crust
Aa^
0.
Land
i.
in
(Movements
...
^^fe
...
9"^.^
places)
...
some places
j
^a)jfeb^
in some
of the
^sSo-ftb
...
**
222
of
**
(Sinking of Land
...
...
224
o
o
Geog aphy)
i
(The Atmosphere)
162.
isS^iiw (Introduction)
258.
-7r"Sci^ofiO
3c3$T-e
(Water-vapour
in
the
226
...
Atmosphere)
164.
^-*rtfraia3M^^>&( Height of theAtmosphere)227
166.
7v->^tf3x>Kej<3o (Air
156.
-sr*cJ^^;$&?Cat>;6# i
167.
158.
^t53o&csbo^3
o^e>
7V>i
(Pressure of Air)
(The Barometer)
\3 ~$&svc&o&
f
has Weight)
Heate<3)
161.
162.
168.
Same
...
229
i!^
(Isothermals)
...
333
(How
...
-6^00 (Isobars)
-30-ar-g^
228
-^n-o^^C&o
Place)
...
w^c^^ej^bugl^g^s^^S^o^RSb
Temperature with Latitude)
tfsfc^r-tf
...
Higher Altitudes)231
-syc&x^r$&)3o& sfraft^ex) (Changes of
&X9;fc sTo^S^doo
rrc5i^j
227
of Air at
X"J ^2f^s5:^b
...
...
285
(Variation of
...
237
...
...
288
...
,,,
239
XXI
11
(Winds)
...
zr-cS5bo$e>o
165.
^3^&g5S;tf^^^&^(Land andSea
166.
(Winds)
zp3agw*d5bogex>
161.
^i-^&^c^^
168.
^^e
240
...
...
164.
breezes)24l
...
242
.,.
244
,,.
...
246
.-*
...
247
(The Monsoons)
(The Sea)
169.
170.
-;Cj^
(The Seas)
^erK^e>o
23wa^o250
6s6a^^-5^fo
171.
^o&^e^^&&
172.
tfjao^tfote (Colour
17S.
174.
T05S)^5S:i)er*fotfS6?Sb3
Tossis^sswaaa^^.^
^aotfi&^&^ejtf
Land by action
...
of the
ITd^^bg^o
...
Sea)
251
252
252
$<yfc;6& (Disintegration of
of the
Sea)
. ,
(Ocean Currents)
175.
250
*s&^53p^soaex> (The
Ocean Currents)
,,
fc
254
XXIV
176.
ej-o8F
177.
178.
f^o^r^^
ioj^r5ro;5ooex>
...
Currents)
(Currents
...
...
258
in
...
259
iS
180.
^jfcsfcs^tfsfr^sfc)
ice)
181.
S-^b^n'^^oo
182.
SnsSbsS>5c^saoex)
(The
260
...
'ooT'5oo-u
..261
Ice-
...
foot)
...
263
...
Bergs)
(The Antarctic ocean)
(Ice-
263
...
266
185.
186.
|j6-gs&>
(Introduction)
^s5aSodi)^e>o
^PX'sSaoiab
(Dew)
^
TFosfl
'
187.
"
"
"
. * .
-^O^D^OO (Clouds^
y
27i
272
188.
*
289.
...
SK^S (The
Rainguage)
'
190.
^ B ^
2^2
'"979
...
^ id
*
^Ml P
1^
RaTnfall) 274
XXV
191.
&otf>
192.
SrJSrfv
193,
s*S*o> (Hail)
(Snow)
27*7
(The snow-hne)
194.
195.
(**&> (Introduction)
w?r^n5S (The Atmosphere)
196.
ttisto
*^
197.
s&w
...
(Rain)
...
-
280
'
28
...
281
.-.
288
...
290
(Rivers);
iii.
198.
199.
200.
Stfaogoa
(Springs)
S Sasar^r"$-jo
-<>^^i5oo^o^>
...
..,
sfoo-o&Begex>
in the Sea)
,..
(Freshwater Springs
...
...
291
...
...
292
201.
sfco-c&rf&ex)
202.
s$5o-ab^dSie)^o(2
203.
$$$&>
(Glaciers)
eSaD
[Result)
...
...
296
297
XXVI
coo tf
55
(Astronomy)
204.
&
its Effects)
^-Stf^a (Introduction)
...
298
205.
207.
208.
209.
s^vtts$F>n*aa&
^r.z5gc&o(^ssa>
v^<ip
Heavens)
J211.
...
"SSSr'j&^Measurement
(The Sundial)
^^a3rjr.TOjS&-s356;sSB53cr-ntf2o
...
210.
...
...
of
309
Tim e )3l2
...
318
...
315
Parallels of
of the
...
Earth)
...
820
326
327
^rf*\^ejX'd(Motion of the
Stars at Different
Latitudes)..,
...
328
^^^6a-cfcoo
round the SunN
514,
515.
$3-5)0^^^^
216.
*&^a*sfc;
.
day)
...
..
(^The
tr*^^^^^ (The
333
335
...
Earth's Orbit)
Sidereal day & the Solar
___
. ,
Effects)
Motion
(The Earth's
08**e&jfc>
ST<M^<>
its
...
(The Zodiac)
...
337
339
...
517.
o-*rffi&>
518.
520.
^ ^oa^555cr^?<<iSco.
^p^sSg^
521.
$7*30 tfT*O3ga-c5aoo
of the
Earth's
dOS^^
(The Seasons)
522.
ewo&^oa
228.
?6a-Joc^8s5b-or3S3oo
...
sfo*6gB
#?>*
347
...
(^Size
of the
354
...
365
...
369
...
870
Eclipses)
Sun)
xxv
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
2bO,
231.
...
...
37!
...
372
...
373
Moon's motion)
...
375
...
...
37e
...
...
371
...
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