Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Notes
Edexcel IGCSE
Contents:
Atoms
o States of Matter
o Structure of an Atom
o Elements and Compounds
Structure and Bonding
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volume
Moles in solids, liquids and gases
Percentage Yields
Titration
Waters of Crystallisation
Oils
o Hydrocarbons
o The Homologous Series
o Alkanes/Alkenes
o Halogenation/Substitution Reaction
o Test for hydrocarbons/Addition Reaction
o Fractional Distillation
o Cracking
o Isomers
o Harmful Fuels
o Polymerisation Reactions
Rates of Reactions
o Factors affecting the rate of a reaction
o Experiments + Graphs
o Enthalpy - Catalysts
Moles
o Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
o Avogadros Constant
o Empirical Formulae
o Percentage by Mass
o Relationship between moles, mass and Mr
o Relationship between concentration, moles and
Metals
Atoms
States of Matter
In a
solid, the
particles are
closely and
regularly packed. The only form of movement the particles have is vibrating in the
same position. The particles in a solid have strong forces of attraction between
them and hence require a lot of energy to break the bonds. This is why solids
usually have a high melting and boiling point. Solids keep a definite shape and
volume which means that they cannot flow. The particles in solids have the least
energy.
In a liquid, particles are still mainly touching, but some gaps have appeared and
therefore the particles can slide past each other and hence liquids are less dense
than solids. The particles in a liquid still have relatively strong forces of attraction
but they are weaker than that of a solid. Liquids do not have a definite shape but
have a definite volume. The melting and boiling points in a
This diagram shows the
liquid are lower than in a solid, as the energy required to break
transition between the
the bonds between the particles are less. The particles in
different states of
liquids have more energy than those in solids.
matter, and their
In gases, the particles are much further apart (approximately
scientific name:
10 molecular diameters away) and the forces of attraction are
almost inexistent, which means they have the most energy to
move around. Gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite
volume. The melting and boiling point of gases are low.
Overview:
PARTICLE