RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete reports of General Biology with title Respiration which made by :

Name
: Suryati Rante Tiku
Reg. Number : 1416441001
Class
: ICP Science of Education
Group
: V (Five)
has been checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator so this report accepted.
Makassar, January
Assistant Coordinator

Muhammad Riswan Ramli, S.Pd

2015

Assistant

Muhammad Riswan Ramli, S.Pd

Knowing by
Lecture of responsibility

Dr. Ir. Muh. Junda, M. Si

ID. 19621108 1991031 002

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
One feature the characteristics of living things is breathing or biological terms is
called respiration. Respiration is done by every living thing be it plants, animals, and
humans. Something that can not perform respiration can not be classified as a living
thing.
Ever think how north we breathe?, how animal and plant breath?. Living
creature said to live if he is breathing. Every human activity, be it eating, drinking,
walking, running, and when he was rested he would still breathing because when people
do not breathe the man is said to be dead. Where breathing in animals and plants is the
inclusion of O2 in the upper and release CO2. And for plants produce O 2 and CO2
breathing with the entry. Living things have different respiratory ranging from to
multicellular creatures.
Respiration aims to produce energy. Energy respiration results that are essential
for life activity. So the respiratory activity and respiration are related because the
breathing process included air from outside to do next respiration results in the form of
CO2 removed from the body through the process respiratory.
Respiration in animals also vary for example the lungs, gills, skin and trachea.
Respiratory system in animals vary according to the level of development of the animal.
On plant respiration process by using different stomatal with animals because plants
need carbon dioxide to remove oxygen which is very influential in animals because
animals need oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. So a mutual relationship between
animals and plants.
Gas making process in living beings there are two kinds of direct and indirect.
Direct process occurs when the living creatures do not have a special breathing
apparatus, such as protozoa, sponges, coelentrata, and partly Vermes, where oxygen
diffuses from the environment through the body cavity. Indirect process occurs when
the living creatures have special breathing apparatus, such as mammals, using lungs,
trachea using a locust, terrestrial arthropods using lungs, being in the water using gills,
terrestrial molluscs using lungs. Pisces using gills, except whales breathe using lungs.
Amphibia larvae using gills, being amphibia skin and breathing with lungs and aves
equipped with air pocket that helps breathing while flying.
Living things need oxygen levels vary depending on the type of organism, type
of activity or type of activity. To find out how the influence of the oxygen needs of
living things based on body weight, then we will conduct experiments on respiration. In
addition to this experiment we will also prove that every living being needs oxygen to
survive.

B. Purpose
1. To evidence if the living organism needed oxygen for respiration.
2. To compared the oxygen requirement of some organism based on the species and
the size of the body weight.
C. Benefit
1. The university student will know if the living organism needed oxygen for
respiration.
2. The university students will know the relation of oxygen requirement and the size
of the body organism.

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATUR

Respiration is the process of reduction, oxidation and decomposition, using

either oxygen or indirectly from complex organic compounds into simpler compounds,
and in the process released some energy. Energy released in respiration comes from the
chemical potential energy in the form of chemical bonds. Respiration requires oxygen is
called aerobic respiration and respiration which does not require oxygen are called
anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration can only be done by a certain group of
microorganisms (bacteria), whereas at higher organisms is unknown ability to perform
anaerobic respiration. Thus when no oxygen, higher organisms will not perform
anaerobic respiration, but will make the process of fermentation (Hikmah, 2009).
According to Jasin (1983), the process of respiration performance distinguished
two kinds, namely as follows:
1. Aerobic respiration
In aerobic respiration occurs solving using oxygen. With this process using
combustion or oxidation. The course of energy in the mitochondria of cells
needed oxygen obtained from the mouth of the leaves or stomata. In general, if
the concentration of oxygen in the air to deviate slightly from 20%, effects on
respiration is not visible. It depends also on the type of creature life. There are
some plant species that respiration activity decreased when the concentration of
oxygen in the air below normal, such as spinach, carrots and some other plants.
2. Anaerobic Respiration
This process does not require oxygen respiration. There is a low level in
plants, such as fungi and bacteria. Dissociation process called fermentation.
Aerobic respiration using certain compounds other than glucose, such as
acetaldehyde piruvat acid, which binds hydrogen to form water. The purpose of
fermentation equal to aerobic respiration, which is getting energy. Only energy
produced in anaerobic respiration is much less than aerobic respiration. In
anaerobic respiration pyruvic acid is converted into alcohol. Anaerobic
respiration can take place freely in the air, but this process does not use the
available O2 in the air. In aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration pyruvic
acid is the substrate results glycolysis.
Respiration in biology is the process of mobilization of energy that carried the
body of life through high-energy fragmentation (SET) to be used in carrying out the
functions of life. In terms of activities of daily life, respiration can be likened to
breathing. However, the term respiration includes the processes that are also not covered
by the terms of breathing. Respiration occurs at all levels of living organisms, ranging
from the individual to the smallest unit, the cell. if breathing alkaline associated with the
use of oxygen as a compound solution, not always involve oxygen respiration.
Basically, respiration which is the oxidation process experienced by high-energy

compounds (SET) as the unit of chemical energy storage in living organisms. SET such
as sugar molecules or fatty acids, can be broken with the help of enzymes and some
simple molecules. Because this process is an exothermic reaction (releasing energy), the
energy released is captured by ADP or NADP to form ATP or NADH. In turn, various
biochemical reactions endothermic (requires energy) supplied energy needs of these last
two groups of compounds. Most of which can be seen human respiration requires
oxygen as the oxidant. Such a reaction is known as aerobic respiration. However, many
processes that do not involve oxygen respiration, which is called anaerobic respiration
In plants, respiration or complete oxidation of glucose is the main energy source for
most cells. At the time of glucose in rupture in a series of enzymatic reactions, some of
the energy released in the form of high-energy phosphate bonds (ATP), and partly
dissipated as heat. The main process of respiration in plants is mobilization and
oxidation of organic compounds such compounds to liberate energy for the maintenance
and development of the plant (Susilowati, 2000).
In animals egg insects, weather funnel (trachea) is a breathing apparatus that
also on other arthroda. Tracheal Tubes boils down to a small hole in the outer skeleton
(exoskeleton). Called spiracles. Spiracles shaped layered cylindrical vessels chitin
substance, and is located in pairs on each body segment. Spiracles have valves that are
controlled by muscles so opening and closing spiracles occur regularly. In general, the
spiracles open for flying insects, and closed when the insect resting. Tracheal system is
a simple respiratory system, because the cells can be in direct contact with the outside
air through the blood vessels. Gas exchange in the tracheal system may only be
diffusion, but in some insects, especially the active insect, in particular part of the
trachea system is thought to have a one-way air pumping system. Advantages of a oneway air flow system is gas exchange can take place better than the pumping system of
two-way (in and out with one hole) (Soewlo, 2000).
This tracheal respiratory system of branching form webbing that carry air to all
parts of the body. The trachea is composed of a layer of cells that berkhitin. Trachea
trachea thickening in the form of a spiral shape to prevent damage to the trachea of the
damage caused by the movement of the animal's body. Main stem of the trachea in
touch with the outside environment through the aperture pairs are arranged spiracles or
segmental stigmata. Known 10 spiracles, 2 pairs l in the area Torax (pro and metathorx)
and one pair in each segment of the eight segmem, ranging from the first segment
abdomen. Every spiracles have a valve that serves to reduce the loss of water from body
fluids, and protect of parasites, particles, and water. Spiracles valve opening in response
to the level of CO_2 in hemolimfe. Trunk large trachea branches into smaller and
smaller branches of the trachea. The resulting pattern of the trachea branch circuit
different species. Very thin trachea branches are tracheolus, and generally have a
diameter of approximately 0.1 lm. Trakeolus directly related to network and contribute
to supply oxygen demand and bring CO 2 result of the body's metabolism. End traceolus
located in the muscles or other organs such as the blind end and filled with liquid. Same
muscles contract around trakeolus body fluids increases. This causes fluid in trakeolus
diffuses outward, thus bringing oxygen to the section requires. After the activity stops,
the result of metabolic changes the osmotic pressure of the cell fluid, as a result of water

back into trakeolus. In grasshoppers and certain insects, trachea extends into thin-walled
air bag. Air out and into the tracheal system as a result of the contraction and expansion
of the abdomen. In the locust 4 pairs spirikel first opened during respiration and close
when eksipirasi (Kastawi, 2003).
In unicellular organisms and small miltiseluleer, gas exchange done fairly easily
through cell membranes. Because gases are in the liquid, then the availability of moist
membranes that have crucial significance for the movement of gases into and out of
cells and organisms. Desiccation (drying) inhibits the movement of gas, and in addition
it also has other harmful effects (Fried, 2003).
In the process of respiration is used oxygen and carbon dioxide produced. All
organisms, both animals and plants perform respiration, but the plant is often rather
difficult to show its respiration, because the chlorophyll of plants also perform
photosynthesis. In photosynthesis occurs opposite, namely CO2 and release O2. To
demonstrate respiration in plants, usually used sprouts are not yet contain chlorophyll,
or if plants contain chlorophyll earlier, should be stored in a dark place (Windarsih,
2012).

CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day / Date
: Monday / December 29th 2014
Time
: 10.00 a.m - 12.00 a.m
Place
: Green House Biology Faculty of Mathematics and Science
State University of Makassar
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a. Two sets of simple respirometer
b. Stopwatch / watches
c. Drop pipette
d. Spoid
e. Balance
2. Materials
a. Cotton
b. Vaseline
c. KOH Crystals
d. Eosin solution
e. 2 tail grasshopper (Dissosteria Carolina) and 2 crawly (Blatta orientalis)
C. Work Procedure
Experiment I
1. Taken 1 tail grasshoppers and 1 crawly with the same size body weight.
2. Inserted a tube into the respirometer locusts and cockroaches A tube into the
tube respirometer.
3. 2 thin cotton wrap with crystal grains KOH, then put it in the neck a
respirometer.
4. Closed the respirometer tube with glass lid related to scale, then put it on the
back.
5. Smeared with vaseline respirometer tube connection with a lid to prevent
leakage.
6. Eosin solution drops at the end of the pipe up the scale to get into the channel.
7. Observed the shift eosin ranging from 0.0 every 1 minute.
8. Observed until eosin arrived on a scale of 1.0 or eosin not move anymore.
Experiment II
1. Cleaned simple respirometer was used.
2. The hierarchy of the same work in the first experiment, experiment II with a
grasshopper with a body weight of different sizes.
Experiment III
1. Cleaned is simple respirometer that has been used.

2. The hierarchy of the same work in the first experiment, experiment III with a

grasshopper with a body weight of different sizes.

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result
Experiment 1: Cockroach Respiration
No

Menit
ke-n

Big cockroach

Skala yang
ditunjukkan
eosin
1

Volume oksigen
yang digunakan
organism (mL)
0.01

Small cockroach

0.04

Big cockroach

0.01

Small cockroach

11

0.07

Big cockroach

0.03

Small cockroach

17

0.06

Big cockroach

0.04

Small cockroach

24

0.07

Big cockroach

11

0.03

Small cockroach

30

0.06

Big grasshopper

Skala yang
ditunjukkan
eosin
0

Volume oksigen
yang digunakan
organism (mL)
0.00

Small grasshopper

0.09

Big grasshopper

0.05

Small grasshopper

21

0.12

Big grasshopper

0.03

Small grasshopper

35

0.14

Big grasshopper

14

0.06

Small grasshopper

42

0.07

Big grasshopper

16

0.02

Small grasshopper

56

0.14

Skala yang
ditunjukkan

Volume oksigen
yang digunakan

Jenis organism

Experiment 2: Grasshopper Respiration

No

Menit
ke-n

Jenis organism

Experiment 3: Sprout Respiration

No

Menit
ke-n

Jenis organism

eosin

organism (mL)

Bean

0.00

Peanut

0.00

Bean

0.05

Peanut

0.01

Bean

0.02

Peanut

0.04

Bean

0.01

Peanut

0.02

Bean

11

0.03

Peanut

0.02

Bean

Skala yang
ditunjukkan
eosin
0

Volume oksigen
yang digunakan
organism (mL)
0.00

Cockroach

0.01

Bean

0.05

Cockroach

0.01

Bean

0.02

Cockroach

0.03

Bean

0.01

Cockroach

0.04

Bean

11

0.03

Cockroach

11

0.02

Experiment 4: Control Variable

No

Menit
ke-n

Jenis organism

B. Data Analysis
To decisive the velocity of respiration is:
V

s
t

1. Big Cockroach
0.01+ 0.02+ 0.05+0.09+0.11

=0.056 scale /minute

5
Saverage

Vrespiration

s 0.056
=
=0.0112 scale /minute
t
5

2. Small Cockroach
0.04 +0.11+ 0.17+0.24+ 0.30

=0.172 scale /minute

5
Saverage

Vrespiration

s 0.172
=
=0,0344 scale/minute
t
5

3. Big Grasshopper
0.00+ 0.05+0.08+0.14 +0.16

=0.102 scale/minute
5
Saverage

Vrespiration

s 0.102
=
=0.0204 scale/minute
t
5

4. Small Grasshopper
0.09+ 0.21+ 0.35+0.42+0.56

=0.326 scale/minute
5
Saverage

Vrespiration
5. Bean

Saverage

Vrespiration
6. Peanut

Saverage

Vrespiration

s 0.326
=
=0,0652 scale/minute
t
5
0.00+ 0.05+0.07+ 0.08+ 0.11
=0.062 scale /minute
5
s 0.062
=
=0.0124 scale/minute
t
5
0.00+ 0.01+0.05+0.07+ 0.09
=0.044 scale /minute
5
s 0.044
=
=0,0088 scale /minut
t
5

C. Graph Analysis
35
30
25
20
Scale (ml) 15
10
5
0
0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Time (minute)

4.5

5.5

Graph 1. Relation between respirometer scale toward time of big cockroach (Blue)
and small cockroach (Red).
60
50
40
Scale(ml)

30
20
10
0
0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

Time (minute)

Graph 2. Relation between respirometer scale toward time of big grasshopper (Blue)
and small grasshopper(Red).
12
10
8
Scale (ml)

6
4
2
0
0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

Time (minute)

Graph 3. Relation between respirometer scale toward time of green beans sprout
(Blue) and peanut sprout (Red).

12
10
8
Scale (ml)

6
4
2
0
0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

Time (minute)

Graph 4. Relation between respirometer scale toward time of control variable

which bean (blue) and big cockroach (red)
D. Discussion
1. Cockroaches
In this experiment, the animals observed were similar but different sizes.
Large cockroach oxygen demand is 0.00001167, whereas small Cockroaches require
oxygen 0.00002. This suggests that the size of an organism can distinguish the
organism needs that require oxygen to breathe. Where the experiments we did a
huge cockroach has the ability to absorb oxygen greater than the small cockroaches
are smaller respiration needs. So it can be concluded that an organism's oxygen
needs of the organisms that depend on where cockroaches are not the same size with
the oxygen requirements of small size cockroaches.
2. Grasshopper
In this experiment, the animals observed were of the same type but different
weights. Large grasshopper 0.0112 oxygen demand while small grasshopper oxygen
demand 0.0344. This suggests that a more severe grasshopper has the ability to
inhale oxygen to its respiration greater. So it can be concluded that the oxygen needs
of an organism is affected by body weight or size of the organism. Based on the
theory states that the more complex animals there is a special structure for the
exchange of O2 and CO2 are not directly between each cell with its environment.
3. Germination
In this experiment we observe the respiration rate of germination. We can
see that the speed is very small respiration means it does not require too much
oxygen in a certain time. This proves that not only animals that require oxygen but
plants also need oxygen, meaning plants also make the process of respiration.
Although the speed of the respiring plants are not too fast when compared to the
speed of respiration in animals.
4. Cockroach with Germination
If we compare the rate of respiration of plants and animals, we will look
at animal respiration rate is greater than in plants. This proves the metabolic

activity in animals more than plants, animals need a lot of oxygen to do a lot of
activities.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Based on observations in the lab that has been done, it can be concluded that:
1. Every living thing has a different respiration rate.
2. Every living things need oxygen to respiration.
3. Speed of respiration of a living being depends on his size and type.
B. Suggestion
Based of the result of practicum and the conclusion, the suggestion as follows:
1. That the place for next practicum practice in a clean state
2. The assistant who was guide for this practice is good. So, for the next practicum the
assistant can guide excellently.
3. For my friend in the next practicum, we can work together again more than in
practicum and working seriously to get a good result to get a good result.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Fried. 2003. Theory and Problem about Biological. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Hikmah. 2009. Definition Respiration. http://hikmat.web.id/pengertian-sistemrespirasi/. Accessed on January 19th 2015

Jasin, Maskeri. 1983. Systematic Animals Invertebrates and Vertebrates. Surabaya:
Sinar Wijaya:
Kastawi. 2003. Zoology Avetebrata. Malay: JICA.
Soewolo. 2000. Introduction to Animal Physiology. Jakarta.
Susilowati. 2000. Animal Physiology Practice Guidelines. Malay: JICA.
Windasrih, Gut. 2012. Biology. Balikpapan.

Pengertian Respi
Pengertian Respirasi
Respirasi adalah proses reduksi, oksidasi, dan dekomposisi, baik menggunakan oksigen
maupun tidak dari senyawa organik kompleks menjadi senyawa lebih sederhana dan

dalam proses tersebut dibebaskan sejumlah energi. Tenaga yang dibebaskan dalam
respirasi berasal dari tenaga potensial kimia yang berupa ikatan kimia.
Respirasi yang memerlukan oksigen disebut respirasi aerob dan respirasi yang tidak
memerlukan oksigen disebut respirasi anaerob. Respirasi anaerob hanya dapat
dilakukan oleh kelompok mikroorganisme tertentu (bakteri), sedangkan pada organisme
tingkat tinggi belum diketahui kemampuannya untuk melakukan respirasi anaerob.
Dengan demikian bila tidak tersedia oksigen, organisme tingkat tinggi tidak akan
melakukan respirasi anaerob melainkan akan melakukan proses fermentasi.
Sementara itu, terdapat respirasi sempurna yang hasil akhirnya berupa CO2 dan H2O
dan respirasi tidak sempurna yang hasil akhirnya berupa senyawa organik.

Pengertian Respirasi
Di manakah reaksi respirasi berlangsung? Sebagian reaksi respirasi berlangsung dalam
mitokondria dan sebagian yang lain terjadi di sitoplasma. Mitokondria mempunyai
membran ganda (luar dan dalam) serta ruangan intermembran (di antara membran luar
dan dalam). Krista merupakan lipatan-lipatan dari membran dalam. Ruangan paling
dalam berisi cairan seperti gel yang disebut matriks. Perhatikan Gambar 2.9. ATP paling
banyak dihasilkan selama respirasi pada mitokondria sehingga mitokondria sering
disebut mesin sel.
Pada awal bab ini telah dijelaskan bahwa berdasarkan kebutuhan oksigen, terdapat dua
jenis respirasi yaitu respirasi aerob dan respirasi anaerob.
Tanaman respirasi adalah kebalikan dari fotosintesis, yang merupakan proses biologis
yang dilakukan oleh tanaman hijau yang menciptakan oksigen dan melepaskan ke
udara. Selama respirasi, tanaman menyerap molekul bebas oksigen (O2) dan
menggunakannya untuk membuat air, karbon dioksida, dan energi,.

APPENDIX

Answer
1. KOH function are wrapped in cotton wool binding absorb CO 2 is released by the
organism in the respirometer.
2. Eosin solution is used to indicate scale respiration of living beings in the
respirometer tube. Eosin solution itself can be replaced with another color
solution in order to facilitate the process of reading scale.
3. Volume eosin were used in the experiment can be seen by looking at the scale
limits indicated by the eosin solution in a glass pipe scale.
4. There is a difference in the amount of oxygen demand by type of organism
because every living thing would have needs different oxygen. The more
complex respiratory systems possessed by an organism, the greater the oxygen
required in the process of respiration.
5. There is a difference in the amount of oxygen needs based on the size of the
organism, because the greater the capacity of the respiratory organs of an
organism, the greater the need for oxygen for respiration process.