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CAMBRIDGE A LEVEL

PHYSICS

LAWS OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

L E A R N I N G O U TC O M E S
No.

LEARNING OUTCOME

Interpret what is magnetic flux. Apply understanding of


magnetic flux to calculate magnetic flux.

ii

What is magnetic flux linkage?

iii

Apply the knowledge of magnetic flux linkage to


understand the concept of electromagnetic induction.

iv

A p p l y Fa ra d ay s L a w o f E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c I n d u c t i o n t o
calculate the magnitude of induced e.m.f and current in
situations involving electromagnetic induction.

A p p l y L e n z s L a w t o d e t e r m i n e t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e f l o w
induced current in solenoids/coils involving
electromagnetic induction.

MAGNETIC FLUX
To understand the concept of
magnetic flux, we will use water
flowing through the mouth of a
water bottle as an analogy.
How much water flows through
the mouth depends on the
amount of water flowing and the
size of the opening.

MAGNETIC FLUX
If we instead consider the flux of a
magnetic field instead of the flow of
water:
the amount of water flowing can be
taken to be the magnetic flux density,
and
the size of the opening of the bottle
can be considered as the surface area
of the coil.

MAGNETIC FLUX
Magnetic flux is proportional to
these two quantities.
What happens when we tilt the
bottle? Does the amount of water
flowing into the mouth change?

MAGNETIC FLUX
Definition: The magnetic flux,
through a coil is the product of the
component of magnetic flux density,
that is perpendicular to the
surface of the coil with the surface
area, of the coil.
Mathematically,

MAGNETIC FLUX
Mathematically,
where:
o = is the magnetic flux, weber (Wb),
o = magnetic flux density, Tesla (T),
o = cross sectional area of the coil, m2,
o = angle between the normal to the
coil and the magnetic field lines.

MAGNETIC FLUX

Figure 28.12, page 439, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Induction; Cambridge


International AS and A Level Physics Coursebook, Sang, Jones, Chadha and Woodside,
2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

MAGNETIC FLUX
The unit for magnetic flux is the
weber (Wb).
Definition: One weber is equal to
the magnetic flux passing through an

area of
where the magnetic
flux density is equal to
.

EXAMPLES
Questions 2 and 3,
Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 185;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill Book
Company, Sydney
1985.

M A G N E T I C F LU X v s .
M A G N E T I C F LU X L I N K A G E
The magnetic flux is defined for the flux
through one turn of a coil.
What happens if the coil has more than
1 turn?
We then use the magnetic flux linkage.
Definition: The magnetic flux linkage
is the product of the number of turns,

and
the magnetic flux, .

Mathematically, magnetic flux linkage =
   
.


EXAMPLES
Questions 7, 8 and
9, page 441,
Chapter 28:
Electromagnetic
Induction;
Cambridge
International AS
and A Level Physics
Coursebook, Sang,
Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd
edition, Cambridge
University Press,
Cambridge,
UK,2014.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Electromagnetic induction is the
process of generating a potential
difference across then ends of a
conductor by changing the
magnetic flux through it.
We will look at a few examples of
electromagnetic induction in the
next few slides.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

Figure 28.3, page 436, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Induction; Cambridge


International AS and A Level Physics Coursebook, Sang, Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
The diagram above show a
possible situation where an e.m.f
can be induced.
An e.m.f is induced across the
ends of the coil when the needle
of the meter deflects.
When e.m.f is induced, the coil
acts like a battery.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
The solenoid is attached to a
galvanometer and has no power source.
However, the needle of the meter
deflects when the bar magnet is moved
towards or away from the coil.
The magnetic field lines around the bar
magnet will pass through the opening
of the solenoid.
This produces a magnetic flux linkage
between the turnings of the
coil/solenoid.
Diagram 29.1(b), Chapter 29: Electromagnetic Induction, Section 29.1, page 958, Sears
and Zemanskys University Physics, Young and Freedman, 13th edition, Pearson
Education, San Francisco, 2012.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
The movement(s) of the bar magnet
causes a change in the magnetic flux
linkage between the turnings in coil.
What happens to the deflection of the
needle when the following changes
are made?
I. The speed at which the magnet
is moved is changed?
II. We use a stronger bar magnet?
III. We change the cross sectional
area of the solenoid?
IV. We vary the number of turns in
the solenoid?

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

Figure 28.4, page 436, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Induction; Cambridge


International AS and A Level Physics Coursebook, Sang, Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Another way to look at
electromagnetic induction is by
determining whether there are
magnetic field lines being cut
by a conductor.
The horizontal movement of the
conductor cuts magnetic field
lines thus inducing an e.m.f
across the ends of the conductor.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Electromagnetic induction in this
case is due to relative motion
between the magnetic field and
the conductor, either:
the conductor is moved to cut
the magnetic field lines, or
the magnetic field is moved so that
the lines are cut by the
conductor

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
The magnitude of the
motional e.m.f. depends on:
 the speed of the
relative motion of the
conductor,
 the length of conductor,
and
 the magnetic flux
density.
Figure 28.5, page 437, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Induction; Cambridge
International AS and A Level Physics Coursebook, Sang, Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

EXAMPLES
Question 1, page 438, Chapter
28: Electromagnetic Induction;
Cambridge International AS and
A Level Physics Coursebook,
Sang, Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition,
Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK,2014.

FARADAY S LAW
To summarise, the factor that
determines the magnitude of the
induced e.m.f is the rate at which
magnetic flux linkage is changed.
This is stated as Faradays Law of
electromagnetic Induction.

FARADAY S LAW
Definition: Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction states
that the magnitude of the
induced
e.m.f
is
directly
proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linkage.

FARADAY S LAW
Mathematically, Faradays Law is
given as:
The negative sign is due to Lenzs
law. If we need to calculate the
magnitude of the induced e.m.f, we
ignore the negative sign.

FARADAY S LAW
Recall that :
Hence we can get an induced e.m.f,
, by varying
w.r.t time,
by
varying:
o the magnetic flux density, ,
o the cross sectional surface area, ,
o the angle between B field and the
normal to the surface, .


FARADAY S LAW
We can use Faradays Law to find the
e.m.f, across a long straight conductor
that cuts across a magnetic field:
 
where:
  = the speed of the conductor, m s-1


= length of conductor, m
  = magnetic flux density, T

EXAMPLES
Question 4, page 440, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Induction; Cambridge
International AS and A Level Physics Coursebook, Sang, Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

EXAMPLES
Question 5 and Figure 28.14, page
440, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic
Induction; Cambridge International
AS and A Level Physics Coursebook,
Sang, Jones, Chadha and Woodside,
2nd edition, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

EXAMPLES
Questions 10 and 11,
page 442, Chapter 28:
Electromagnetic
Induction; Cambridge
International AS and A
Level Physics
Coursebook, Sang,
Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition,
Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge,
UK,2014.

EXAMPLES
Example; Page
340, Chapter 12:
Electromagnetism
; Section 12.3:
Electromagnetic
Induction,
International
A/AS Level
Physics, by Mee,
Crundle, Arnold
and Brown,
Hodder
Education, United
Kingdom, 2008.

EXAMPLES
Question 15, Set
59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 186;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill
Book Company,
Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
Questions 16 and 17,
Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 186;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill Book
Company, Sydney
1985.

EXAMPLES
Question 3, Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic Waves;
page 186; PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK; McGraw
Hill Book Company,
Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
Question 6, Set 59:
Electromagnetic Induction
and Electromagnetic Waves;
page 186; PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill
Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
Question 6, Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 186;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK; McGraw
Hill Book Company,
Sydney 1985.

FARADAY S LAW

Figure 28.26, page 446, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Induction; Cambridge


International AS and A Level Physics Coursebook, Sang, Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

FARADAY S LAW

Figure 28.27, page 446, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Induction; Cambridge


International AS and A Level Physics Coursebook, Sang, Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

FARADAY S LAW
The two previous slides show the
use of a rotating coil to produce
an e.m.f across the ends of the
coil.
The direction of the B field is
fixed, but the coils rotation will
cause
(in the
equation) to vary sinusoidally.

FARADAY S LAW
This causes the magnetic flux
linkage through the coil to vary
sinusoidally.
Based on Faradays law of
electromagnetic induction,
the

induced e.m.f,
.

The induced e.m.f graph is the
graph of the derivative of the flux
linkage versus time graph.

EXAMPLES
Questions 8 and 9,
Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 186;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill Book
Company, Sydney
1985.

LENZS LAW
When induction occurs, the coil /
solenoid becomes a temporary
battery.
How do we determine which end
of the coil / solenoid becomes
positive, and which end becomes
negative?
We use Lenzs Law.

LENZS LAW
Definition: Lenzs Law states
that the direction of the induced
e.m.f. or current is to produce
effects that oppose the change
causing it.

LENZS LAW
In other words, the polarity will
be such that if an induced
current flows, the induced
current will produce a magnetic
flux that opposes the changing
external magnetic flux.
We will look at a few situations to
understand this better.

LENZS LAW
Figure 28.9, page
438, Chapter 28:
Electromagnetic
Induction;
Cambridge
International AS and
A Level Physics
Coursebook, Sang,
Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd
edition, Cambridge
University Press,
Cambridge, UK,2014.

LENZS LAW
In the example in the previous slide,
the movement of the conductor
downwards will generate an e.m.f
across the ends of the conductor.
This is because the conductor will
cut the magnetic field lines.
No current flows as the circuit is
incomplete!

LENZS LAW
How do we determine which end
becomes positive?
Answer: Use Flemings right hand rule.
Figure 28.8, page 438,
Chapter 28:
Electromagnetic
Induction; Cambridge
International AS and A
Level Physics
Coursebook, Sang,
Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition,
Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge,
UK,2014.

LENZS LAW
The middle finger also points
towards the positive end of the
conductor.
The conductor acts as a source of
e.m.f (like a battery), and current
flows out through the conductor
from the end that is positive.

EXAMPLES

Questions 2, 3 and Figure 28.11, page 439, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Induction;
Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics Coursebook, Sang, Jones, Chadha
and Woodside, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Figure 28.22, page
443, Chapter 28:
Electromagnetic
Induction;
Cambridge
International AS
and A Level
Physics
Coursebook,
Sang, Jones,
Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd
edition,
Cambridge
University Press,
Cambridge,
UK,2014.

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Figure 28.23, page 444,
Chapter 28:
Electromagnetic
Induction; Cambridge
International AS and A
Level Physics
Coursebook, Sang,
Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition,
Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge,
UK,2014.

EXAMPLES
Question 15 and Figure
28.24, page 445,
Chapter 28:
Electromagnetic
Induction; Cambridge
International AS and A
Level Physics
Coursebook, Sang,
Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition,
Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge,
UK,2014.

EXAMPLES

Question 15 (contd), page 445, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic


Induction; Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics
Coursebook, Sang, Jones, Chadha and Woodside, 2nd edition,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

EXAMPLES

Question 16, page 445, Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Induction; Cambridge


International AS and A Level Physics Coursebook, Sang, Jones, Chadha and
Woodside, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2014.

EXAMPLES
Question 19, Set 59:
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Electromagnetic
Waves; page 186;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill Book
Company, Sydney
1985.

EXAMPLES
Question 20, Set 59:
Electromagnetic Induction
and Electromagnetic Waves;
page 186; PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER,
B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw
Hill Book Company, Sydney
1985.

EXAMPLES

Question 24, Set 59: Electromagnetic


Induction and Electromagnetic Waves;
page 186; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill
Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
Figure 12.39;
Page 339,
Chapter 12:
Electromagnetis
m; Section 12.3:
Electromagnetic
Induction,
International
A/AS Level
Physics, by
Mee, Crundle,
Arnold and
Brown, Hodder
Education,
United
Kingdom, 2008.

EXAMPLES

Figure 12.39; Page 339, Chapter 12: Electromagnetism; Section 12.3:


Electromagnetic Induction, International A/AS Level Physics, by Mee, Crundle,
Arnold and Brown, Hodder Education, United Kingdom, 2008.

EXAMPLES
Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008.

EXAMPLES
Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd).

EXAMPLES
Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd).

EXAMPLES
Question 6, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd).

HOMEWORK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Question 7, Paper 4, Summer 2009.


Question 5, Paper 43, Winter 2010.
Question 3, Paper 41, Winter 2011.
Question 7, Paper 42, Winter 2012.
Question 5, Paper 43, Winter 2012.

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