Studymate Solutions to CBSE Board Examination 2014-2015

Code No. 55/1/3

Series : OSR/1

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Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on the title page of the answerbook by the candidate.
Please check that this question paper contains 26 questions.
Please write down the Serial Number of the questions before attempting it.
15 minutes time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will be distributed at 10.15 a.m.
From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the student will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the
answer script during this period.

PHYSICS (Theory)
[Time allowed : 3 hours]

[Maximum marks : 70]

General Instructions:
(i)

All questions are compulsory.

(ii)

There are 26 questions in total. All questions are complusory.

(iii)

This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.

(iv)

Section A contains (question Nos. 1 to 5) are very short answer type questions and carry one mark
each.

(v)

Section B contains (question Nos. 6 to 10) carry two marks each. Section C contains (question Nos.
11 to 22) carry three marks each and Section D contains value based question (question no. 23)
carry four marks each. Section E contains (questin no. 24 to 26) carry five marks each.

(vi)

There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two
marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five marks each weightage. You
have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

(vii)

Use of calculators is not permitted. However, you may use log tables if necessary.

(viii) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary :
8

c = 3 10 m/s
34

h = 6.63 10

19

e = 1.6 10

Js

C
-1

= 4 10 T mA

1
9
2
2
40 = 9 l0 Nm C
DISCLAIMER : All model answers in this Solution to Board paper are written by Studymate Subject Matter Experts.
This is not intended to be the official model solution to the question paper provided by CBSE.
The purpose of this solution is to provide a guidance to students.
55/1/3

P.T.O.

SECTION A
1.

A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a medium of refractive index 1.65. What
is the nature of the lens?

Sol. Since lens < surrounding

2.

It behaves like converging lens.

How are side bands produced?

Sol. Side bands are produced by the method of amplitude modulation.

It produces two new frequencies (fc + fm) and (fc fm) around original frequency (fc), which are
called side band frequencies.
Upper side band frequency = USB = fc + fm
and Lower side band frequency = LSB = fc fm.
3.

Graph showing the variation of current versus voltage for a material GaAs is shown in the
figure. Identify the region of
(a)

negative resistance.

(b)

where Ohms law is obeyed.

C
Current I
B
A
Sol. (a)
4.

Voltage V

DE [ Slope is negative.]

BC [ V I]

(b)

Define capacitor reactance. Write its S.I. units.

Sol. Opposition offered by the capacitor to the flow of a.c. through it is called capacitive reactance. It
is denoted by XC.
1
1

C 2fC
Its S.I. unit is ohm.
XC

5.

What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1 cm which encloses an electric dipole?

Sol. Net flux enclosed = 0

Because net charge enclosed by cube = 0.
SECTION B
6.

Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.

Sol.

1.
2.
3.

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Intrinsic semi-conductors
These are pure semi-conducting
tetravalent crystals.

1.

Their electrical conductivity is low.

2.
There is no permitted energy state 3.
between valence band and conduction
bands

Extrinsic semi-conductors
These are semi-conducting tetravalent
crystals doped with impurity atoms of
group III or V.
Their electrical conductivity is high.
There is permitted energy state of the
impurity atom between valence and
conduction bands.

P.T.O.

7.

Use the mirror equation to show that an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror
produces a real image beyond 2f.
1 1 1

v f u
Now, for a concave mirror, f < 0 and for an object on left, u < 0.

Sol. From mirror formula,

2f < u < f

or

or

1 1
0
2f v

1
1
1

2f
u
f

This implies
implies.

or

1 1 1

2f u f

or

1 1 1 1 1 1

f 2f f u f f

1
is negative or v is negative. So that image is formed on left. Also, the inequality
v

2f > v
or

|2f| < |v|

[ 2f and v are negative]

i.e. the real image is formed beyond 2f.

OR
7.

Find an expression for intensity of transmitted light when a polaroid sheet is rotated between
two crossed polaroids. In which position of the polaroid sheet will the transmitted intensity be
maximum?

Sol. By Malus law, the intensity of light emerging from the middle polaroid C, will be
I1 = I0 cos2 ; where I0 = intensity of light falling on middle polaroid.
Thus, intensity I1 falls on the polaroid at the end (polaroid B) whose polarisation axis makes an
angle of (90 ) with the polarisation axis of the angle of middle polaroid.
Therefore, the intensity of light emerging from the polaroid B will be
I2 = I1 cos2 (90 ) = (I0 cos2 ) cos2(90 )
= I0 cos2 sin2 =

1
I (2 sin cos )2
4 0

I0
sin2 2
A
C
4
Transmitted intensity I2 will be maximum when sin 2 = 1 or 2 = 90 or = 45.
I2

8.

Use Kirchhoffs rule to obtain conditions for the balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge.

Sol. In accordance with Kirchoffs first law, the currents through various branches are as shown in
B
figure.
(I1 Ig)
Applyng Kirchoffs second law to the loop ABDA, we get
P
Q
I1P + IgG I2R = 0
Ig
I1
where G is the resistance of the galvanometer. Again,
applying Kirchoffs second law to the loop BCDB, we get
G
I2
C
A
(I1 Ig)Q (I2 + Ig)S G Ig = 0
R
S
In the balanced condition of the bridge Ig = 0. The above
equations become
I
I
I1P I2R = 0 or I1P = I2R
... (1)
I2 + Ig
D
and I1Q I2S = 0 or I1Q = I2S
... (2)
On dividing equation (1) by (2), we get

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P.T.O.

P R
=
Q S
This proves the conditon for the balanced wheatstone bridge.
9.

A proton and an -particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength. Determine the ratio of (i)
their accelerating potentials (b) their speeds.

Sol. De-Broglie wavelength is given by

h
h

p mv

h
2mqV , where, V = accelerating potential; v = speed of particle

As, Charge on proton = qp

Charge on -particle = q = 2qp
and mass of proton = mp
mass of -particle = m = 4mp
(i)

Given = p

2mq V

mqV = mpqpVp

Vp
V

h
2m p q pV p

mq 4m p

m p q p m p

2q p

qp

8
1
(ii) As, = p

h
h

m v m pv p

vp
v

m 4m p

mp
mp

4
1

10. Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen atom varies as n2, where n is the principal
quantum number of atom.
Sol. According to Bohrs theory, a hydrogen atom consists of a nucleus with a positive charge e and
a single electron of charge e, which revolves around it in circular orbit of radius r.
The electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and the electron is
ke 2
r2
To keep electron in its orbit, the centripetal force on the electron
must be equal to the electrostatic attraction. Therefore,
F

mv 2 ke 2
2
r
r
mv 2

e,m

Nucleus

ke 2
r

ke 2
mv 2
Where, m = mass of electron

+e

...(i)

v = speed in an orbit of radius r.

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P.T.O.

Bohrs quantisation condition for angular momentum is

nh
2

L = mvr =

nh
2mr
On substituting (ii) in (i), we get
v

...(ii)

ke2
nh
m

2mr

ke2
mn2 h2
4 2 m 2 r 2
ke 2
42 m 2 r 2
mn2 h2

n2 h2
42 mke2
r n2
r

where, n = principal quantum number.

SECTION C
11. State the principle of working of a galvanometer.
A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a voltmeter to measure upto V volts by connecting
a resistance R1 in series with the coil. If a resistance R2 is connected in series with it, then it
can measure upto V/2 volts. Find the resistance, in terms of R1 and R2, required to be connected
to convert it into a voltmeter that can read upto 2V. Also find the resistance G of the galvanometer
in terms of R1 and R2.
Sol. Principle:
Moving coil galvanometer is based on the fact that when a current carrying loop or coil is placed
in the uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque.

ig

V = ig (G + R1)

...(i)

R2

V
i g (G R 2 )
2

...(ii)

2V = ig (G + R)

...(iii)

R1
V
ig

G
V
2

ig

G
2V

From (i) and (ii)

2i g (G R 2 ) i g (G R1 )

2G + 2R2 = G + R1

G = R1 2R2

...(iv)

From (i) and (iii)

2i g (G R1 ) i g (G R)

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2G + 2R1 = G + R
...(v)

G = R 2R1
From (iv) and (v)
R1 2R2 = R 2R1
R = 3R1 2R2

...(vi)

Using (vi) in (v)

G = R 2R1
G = 3R1 2R2 2R1
G = R1 2R2
12. With what considerations in view, a photodiode is fabricated? State its working with the help of
a suitable diagram.
Eventhough the current in the forward bias is known to be more than in the reverse bias, yet
the photodiode works in reverse bias. What is the reason?
Sol. A photodiode is used to observe the change in current with change in the light intensity under
reverse bias condition.
In fabrication of photodiode, material chosen should have band gap ~1.5 eV or lower so that
solar conversion efficiency is better. This is the reason to choose Si or GaAs material.
Working: It is a p n junction fabricated with a transparent window to allow light photons to fall
on it. These photons generate electron hole pairs upon absorption. If the juction is reverse
biased using an electrical circuit, these electron hole pair move in opposite directions so as to
produce current in the circuit. This current is very small and is detected by the microammeter
placed in the circuit.
I4>I3>I2>I1
p

I
(m A)

R. B.
A

I1
I2
I3
I4

Fig.13: (a) Photodiode (R.B.),

I ( A)

(b) I-V character of photodiode

for different illumination intensities

A photodiode is preferably operated in reverse bias condition. Consider an n-type semiconductor.

Its majority carrier (electron) density is much larger than the minority hole density i.e., n>>p.
When illuminated with light, both types of carries increase euqally in number
n' = n + n ; p' = p + p
Now n >> p and n = p

n
p

n
p

That is, the fractional increase in majority carries is much less than the fractional increase
in minority carriers. Consequently, the fractional change due to the photo-effects on the minority
carrier dominated reverse bias current is more easily measurable than the fractional change
in the majority carrier dominated forward bias current. Hence, photodiodes are preferable used
in the reverse bias condition for measuring light intensity.
13. Draw a circuit diagram of a transistor amplifer in CE configuration.
Define the terms:
(a)

Input resistance and

(b)

Current amplification factor.

How are these determined using typical input and output characteristics?
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P.T.O.

Sol.

RB
Vi

IB

IC

E
IE

VBB

RC

V0

VCC

Transistor amplifer in CE configuration

(a)

Input resistance =
ri =

Change in base-emitter voltage

Base current

VBE
dynamic resistance
IB

From the input characteristics we can calculate the change in VBE (VBE) and change in IB
(IB).
(b)

Current amplification factor ()

I
ac C
IB
V

I
; dc C ac dc
IB
CE

From the output characteristics we can calculate the change in IC (IC) and change in IB
(IB).
Input characteristics
IB 100
(A) 80
60
40
20

10
IC
8
(mA)
6
4
2

VCE = 10V

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

VBE(V)

Output characteristics
50A
40A
30A
20A
IB = 10A
VCE (Volts)

14. Answer the following questions:

(a)

In a double slit experiment using light of wavelength 600 nm, the angular width of the
fringe formed on a distant screen is 0.1. Find the spacing between the two slits.

(b)

Light of wavelength 5000 propagating in air gets partly reflected from the surface of
water. How will the wavelengths and frequencies of the reflected and refracted light be
affected?

Sol. (a)

= 600 nm = 600 109 m

= 0.1

600 109 m

0.1
180

600 109 180 10

3.14
= 34394.90 108
= 0.343 103 m
= 0.343 103m

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P.T.O.

(b)

= 5000

3 108
3 108

10
5000 10
5 107

3
1015
5

30
1014
5
= 6 1014 Hz.

Frequency of reflected and refracted light is 6 1014Hz

Velocity of light in water

speed of light in air

speed of light in water

4 3 108

3
v
v

3 108 3
4

9
108 2.25 108 m/s
4

2.25 108
0.375 106 m
6 1014
= 0.375 106 m
Wavelength of the refracted light is 0.375 106m
'

15. An inductor L of inductance XL is connected in series with a bulb B and an ac source. How would
brightness of the bulb change when (a) number of turn in the inductor is reduced, (b) an iron
rod is inserted in the inductor and (c) a capacitor of reactance XC = XL is inserted in series in
the circuit. Justify your answer in each case.

N2
A
l
If N is reduced L will decrease
As XL = L
XL will decrease. Current is increased and brightness is increased.
(ii) When iron rod inserted in the inductor L will increase
XL will also increase
current will decrease
so brightness will decrease
(iii) A capacitor of reactance XC = XL in series in the circuit, due to it circuit attains resonance
condition.
Total impedance will decrease, current will increase and brightness will increase.

Sol. (i)

L 0

16. Name the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum which is

(a)

suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navitation.

(b)

used to treat muscular strain.

(c)

used as a diagnostic tool in medicine.

Write in brief, how these waves can be produced.

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P.T.O.

Sol. (a)
(b)
(c)

Microwave
These waves can be produced by klystron valve or magnetron valve.
Infrared
These waves are produced by vibrations of atoms and molecules.
-rays
These waves are produced by the radioactive decay of the nucleus.

17. (a)

A giant refracting telescope has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an eye piece of
focal length 1.0 cm is used, what is the angular magnification of the telescope?

(b)

If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image the moon
formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 106 m and the radius of
lunar orbit is 3.8 108 m.

Sol. (a)
(b)

|m|

f0
15

1500
fe 1 10 2

Objective lens

D = diameter of moon

r = radius of lunar orbit

f0 = focal length of objective
x = diameter of image of moon
tan =

f0

x
3.48 106

15
3.8 108

3.48 106 15
= 13.73 102 m
3.8 108
x = 13.73 cm
x

18. Write Einsteins photoelectric equation and mention which important features in photoelectric
effect can be explained with the help of this equation.
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons gets doubled when the wavelength of light
incident on the surface changes from 1 to 2. Derive the expressions for the threshold wavelength
0 and work function for the metal surface.
Sol. Einsteins photoelectric equation

Photon

h = 0 + Kmax

m2max

h = Energy of the photon

Photoelectron

0 = Work function of the metal

Kmax = Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoectron

or

1
K max mv 2max h 0
2
Kmax = h h0

Metal

whee, 0 = threshold frequency of metal surface.

Explanation of features of photoelectric effect.
(a)

Einstein said that one photoelectron is ejected from a metal surface if one photon of suitable
light radiation falls on it. If the intensity of the light is increased, the number of incident
photon increases, which results in an increase in the number of photo-electrons ejected.
This implies photo current is proportional to intensity and radiation.

(b)

If < 0, than maximum K.E. is negative, which is impossible. Hence photoelectric emission
does not take place for the incident radiation below threshold frequency.

(c)

If > 0, maximum K.E. increases. This means, maximum K.E. of photoelectrons depends
only the frequency of incident light.

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P.T.O.

Einstein equation corresponding to wavelength 1.

K max

hc
0
1

...(i)

Einstein equation corresponding to wavelength 2.

2K max

K max

hc
0
2

hc 0

22 2

...(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we get

hc
hc 0
0

1
22 2

hc hc

0 0
1 2 2
2
1
1 0
hc

1 22 2

1
1
0 2hc

1 2 2

2
1
0 hc

1 2

2
hc
1
hc

2
1

1 22 1

0 12

12
2 2 1

19. In the study of Geiger-Marsden experiment on scattering of -particles by a thin foil of gold,
draw the trajectory of -particles in the coulomb field of target nucleus. Explain briefly how one
gets the information on the size of the nucleus from this study.
From the relation R = R0 A1/3, where R0 is constant and A is the mass number of the nucleus,
show that nuclear matter density is independent of A.
Sol.

Nucleus

r0
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10

P.T.O.

Suppose, an -particle with initial K.E. =

1
mv 2 is directed towards the center of the nuclues
2

of an atom.

On account of Coulombs repulsive force between nucleus and -particle, at the distance of
closest approach (r0) the particle stops and it cannot go closer to the nucleus and its K.E.
gets converted in P.E., i.e.,

1
Ze (2e )
mv 2
2
40r0
r0

Ze (2e )
1

40 mv 2
2

Radius of the nucleus must be approximately equal to the r0.

Nuclear density
Volume of nucleus =

4 3
R
3

4
(R0 A1/3 )3
3
4
R30 A
3

mass of nucleus
Density of nuclear matter = Volume of nucleus
mA
3m

4 3
R 30
4
R 0 A
3
m = average mass of nucleus

m and R0 are constant

3m
4R 30

Density of nuclear matter is same for all elements.

OR

19. Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion. Show how in both these processes energy is
released.
Calculate the energy release in MeV in the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction:
4
2
3
1 H 1 H 2 He

Using the data:

m(12H) = 2.014102 u
m(13H) = 3.016049 u
m( 24He) = 4.002603 u
mn = 1.008665 u
1u = 931.5 MeV/c2

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11

P.T.O.

Sol.

Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
It is the phenomenon of breaking of heavy It is the phenomenon of fusing two or
nucleus to form two or more lighter nuclei.
more lighter nuclei to form a single
heavy nucleus.
2
Ex.
Ex. 11H 11 H 1 H e 0.42MeV
140
235
94
1
1
0n 92 U 54 Xe 38 Sr 2 0n 200.4MeV
In both the processes, a certain mass (m) disappears, which appears in the form of energy as
per Einstein equation : E = (m)c2.

Given equation is
2
1H

13 H 2He n

Total mass of the reactant

mr m ( 12H) m ( 13H)
= (2.014102 + 3.016049)u
= 5.030151u
Total mass of the product
m p m ( 24He) mn

= (4.002603 + 1.008665)u
= 5.011268
m = mr mp
= (5.030151 5.011268)u
m = 0.018883u
Energy Released
E = mc2
= mc2
= 0.018883 931.5 MeV
= 17.589514 MeV
20. Draw a block diagram of a detector for AM signal and show, using necessary processes and the
waveforms, how the original message signal is detected from the input AM waves.
Sol. Block diagram of a deterctor
AM wave

Rectifier

Envelope
detector

Rectified wave
AM input wave

m(t)

Output

Output

Time

Detection is the process of recovering the modutating signal from the modulated carrier wave.
The modulated signal of the form given in (a) is passed through a rectifier to produce the output
as shown in (b). This envelop of signal (b) is the message signal.
To obtain modulating signal m(t) the signal in passed through an envelop detector.
21. A cell of emf and internal resistance r is connected across a variable load resistor R. Draw
the plots of the terminal voltage V versus (i) R and (ii) the current I.

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12

P.T.O.

It is found that when R = 4, the current is 1A and when R is increased to 9, the current
reduces to 0.5A. Find the values of the emf and internal resistance r.
Sol. V

(a)

(b)

Current in circuit is

(R r )

(VA VB) = V = Terminal voltage = IR

R
Ir
(R r )

I
(R r )

I
r 4
4 r

... (1)

0.5r + 4.5 =
9r
r = 1; = 5 volt
0.5

... (2)

22. Two capacitors of unknown capacitances C1 and C2 are connected first in series and then in
parallel across a battery of 100 V. If the energy stored in the two combinations is 0.045 J and
0.25 J respectively, determine the value of C1 and C2. Also calculate the charge on each capacitor
in parallel combination.

C1

C1

C2

C2

Sol.

100V
1 C1C 2

2 C C
1

100V

2
V 0.045

1
(C1 C 2 )V 2 0.25
2

C1C 2
0.9 105 F
C1 C 2

C1 + C2 = 0.5 104F

C1C 2
9F
C1 C 2

C1 + C2 = 50F

C1C2 = 450

450
C2 = C
1
C1

450
50
C1

C12 50 C1 + 450 = 0

C1

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50 2500 1800
2

13

P.T.O.

 25 175 11.8
C1 = 11.8 F, C2 = 38.2 F
SECTION D
23. A group of students while coming from the school noticed a box marked Danger H.T. 2200 V at
a substation in the main street. They did not understand the utility of a such a high voltage,
while they argued, the supply was only 220 V. They asked their teacher this question the next
day. The teacher thought it to be an important question and therefore explained to the whole
class.
Answer the following questions:
(a)

What device is used to bring the high voltage down to low voltage of a.c. current and what
is the principle of its working?

(b)

Is it possible to use this device for bringing down the high dc voltage to the low voltage?
Explain.

(c)

Write the values displayed by the students and the teacher.

Sol. (a)

A step down transformer is used to bring high voltage to low voltage. Its working is based
on mutual indirection.

(b)

No, because its working is based on electromagnetic induction, which is associated with
varying magnetic flux, but in case of dc source, current will be constant, flux will be constant.
This means we can not get output from transformer.
Values displayed by students.
Active. Student has investigative skills.
Values displaced by teacher
Patient, Motivating, ability to make use of subject knowledge of explain practical
application.
Make use of modern technology.

(c)

SECTION E
24. (a)

An electric dipole of dipole moment p consists of point charges +q

and q separated by a
distance 2a apart. Deduce the expression for the electric field E due to the dipole at a

distance x from the centre of the dipole on its axial line in terms of the dipole moment p .

3
Hence show that in the limit x a, E 2 p / 4 0 x .

(b)

Given the electric field in the region E 2 xi, find the net electric flux through the cube
and the charge enclosed by it.
y

x
z

Sol. (a)

Electric Field at a point on the axial line

E q

E q

55/1/3

kq
2

(x a )

+q
p

kq

E q

E q

2a

(x a )2

14

P.T.O.

E E q E q

2k px
2

kq
2

(x a )

kq
(x a )

kq 4ax
(x 2 a 2 )2

(Parallel to p )

2 2

(x a )

If x >> a

(b)

In vector form E

2p
3

2p

40 x
40 x 3
Since, the electric field is parallel to the faces parallel to xy and xz planes, the electric flux
through them is zero.

Electric flux through the left face

L = (EL) (a2) cos 180
= (0) (a2) cos 180 = 0
Electric flux through the right face
R = (ER) (a2) cos 0
= (2a) (a2) 1
= 2a3
Total flux () = 2a3 =

qenclosed
0

qenclosed = 2a3 0
OR

24. (a)

(b)

Sol. (a)

Explain, using suitable diagrams, the difference in the behaviour of a (i) conductor and
(ii) dielectric in the presence of external electric field. Define the terms polariazation of
a dielectric and write its relation with susceptibility.
A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R carries a charge Q on its Q
Q
is placed at its centre C and another charge
surface. A point charge
2
Q
+2Q is placed outside the shell at a distance x from the centre as
2
shown in the figure. Find (i) the force on the charge at the centre of
shell and at the point A, (ii) the electric flux through the shell.
(i)

2Q
C

Conductor
E0 external field
Ein internal field created by the redistribution of
electrons inside the metal
When a conductor like a metal is subjected to external
electric field, the electrons experience a force in the
opposite direction collecting on the left hand side.

Metal
Ein

+
+
+
+
+
E0

A positive charge is therefore induced on the right hand side. This creates on opposite
electric field (Ein) that balances out (E0)
The net electric field inside the conductor becomes zero.
(ii) Dielectric

internal electric field

E0
When external electric field is applied, dipoles are created (in case of non-polar
dielectrics) or dipoles are aligned (in case of polar dielectrics). The placement of dipoles
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is as shown in the given figure. An internal electric field is created which reduces
the external electric field.
Polariazation of a dielectric (P) is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume of the
polarized dielectric.

P e 0 E
Where e = susceptibility
E = Electric field
(b)

(i)

Since, the electric field inside a spherical shell is zero, the force on the charge placed
at the centre of the shell is zero. For the charge at A, the shell will behave as if the
entire charge Q is placed at the centre of the shell. Therefore, the total charge is
Q 3Q
Q
.
2
2
Since, its distance from 2Q is x, the electric field at A is

3Q
K

2
E 2
x

1
3Q2

So, electric force F = (2Q) E =

40
x2
(ii) Since, the total charge enclosed by the shell is q en

Q
, the total flux according to
2

Q/2
Q

0
20
State Amperes circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the magnetic field
inside an air cored toroid of average radius r having n turns per unit length and carrying
a steady current I.
Gausss law is

25. (a)

(b)

Sol. (a)

An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns each of cross section

area A observes that a steady current I in it flows in the clockwise
direction. Depict the magnetic field lines due to the solenoid
specifying its polarity and show that its acts as a bar magnet of
magnetic moment m = NIA.

The line integral of magnetic field B around any closed path in vacuum is 0 times the
total current through the closed path, i.e.

B dl = 0I

Consider a circle of radius r.

Now, B .dl Bdl cos

Angle between B and dl is 0. Hence,

B .dl Bdl cos Bdl B dl
or

= B circumference of the circle of radius r

...(i)
B .dl B 2r

According to Amperes circuital law,

B .dl = 0 net current enclosed by the circle of radius r
= 0 tota number of turns I

= 0 (n 2r) I

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...(ii)

16

P.T.O.

Comparing equation (i) and (ii), we get

B 2r = 0 (n 2r) I
or

B = 0nI

Which is the magnetic field due to a toroid carrying current.

(b)

Solenoid as a magnetic dipole

S N S NS N S N S NS N
d
(b)

(a)
S

(c)
Each turn of the solenoid has been replaced by a dipole. The magnetic moment of each
turn is I A. Since there are N turns the total magnetic moment of the solenoid is m = NIA.
As shown in figure (b), intermediate poles neutralize each other and we are left with the
poles at the ends. Hence, the solenoid behaves like a bar magnet with south pole on the
left and north pole on the right.
OR
25. (a)

Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. units.

(b)

Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solendoids of same
length wound one over the other.

(c)

In an experiment, two coils C1 and C2 are placed close to each other. Find out the
expression for the emf induced in the coil C1 due to a change in the current through the
coil C2.

Sol. (a)

Coefficient of mutual induction (M) or mutual inductance of two coils is equal to the e.m.f.
induced in one coil when rate of change of current through the other coil is unity.
The SI unit of M is henry.

(b)

Mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids

B1 and B2 Magnetic fields created by each solenoid.

I1 and I2 Current through each solenoid.

1 and 2 Flux associated with each solenoid.

N1 and N2 Number of turns in each coil.

l Length of each solenoid.

Pass current through S2, and record flux associated with S1

1 = N1B2A1
1 = (n1l) (0n2I2) (r12)
1 = M12I2
M12 = 0n1n2 r12 l = 0n1n2Al
Similarly pass current through S1 and record the flux associated with S2
2 = N2B1A1
2 = (n2 l) (0n1I1) (r12)
2 = M21I1
M21 = 0n1n2r12 l = 0n1n2Al
M21 = M12 = 0n1n2Al

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(c)

I = strength of current in coil 2

Coil 2 Coil 1

= total amount of magnetic flux linked with all the turns of the
neighbouring coil 1.
It is found that
I or = MI
where M is a constant of proportionality and is called coefficient of
mutual induction or mutual inductance of the two coils.
The e.m.f. induced in the neighbouring coil (1) is given by

26. (a)

d
d
dI
MI = M
=
dt
dt
dt
Using Huygens construction of secondary wavelets explain how a diffraction pattern is
obtained on a screen due to a narrow slit on which a monochromatic beam of light is
incident normally.

(b)

Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half that of the central fringe.

(c)
Sol. (a)

Explain why the maxima at n become weaker and weaker with increasing n.
2a

Diffraction of light at a Single slit

A single narrow slit is illuminated by a monochromatic source of light. The diffraction
pattern is obtained on the screen placed infront of the slits.
There is a central bright region called as central maximum. All the waves reaching this
region are in phase hence the intensity is maximum.
On both side of central maximum, there are alternate dark and bright regions, the intensity
becoming weaker away from the centre.
The intensity at any point P on the screen depends on the path difference between the
waves arsing from different parts of the wavefront at the slit.
P
According to the figure, the path difference (BP AP)
From
between the two edges of the slit can be calculated. Source

Path difference, BP AP = NQ= a sin a

A

At the central point C on the screen, the angle

C
C
a
is zero; therefore all path difference are zero and
N
B
hence all the parts of slit contribute in phase. Due
to this, the intensity at C is maximum.
If this path difference is , (the wavelength of light used), then P will be point of minimum
intensity. This is because the whole wvaefront can be considered to be divided into two
equal halves CA and CB and if the path difference between the secondary waves from A
and B is , then the path difference between the secondary waves from A and C reaching P
will be /2, and path difference between the secondary waves from B and C reaching P will
again be /2. Also, for every point in the upper half AC, there is a corresponing point in the
lower half CB for which the path difference between the secondary waves, reaching P is
/2. Thus, destructive interference takes place at P and therefore, P is a point of first
secondary minimum.

(b)

Central bright lies between

and
a
a

Angular width of central bright = 2 =

first diffraction fringe lies between

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2
a

...(1)

2
and
a
a

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P.T.O.

Angular width of first difraction fringe is

2

a
a a

...(2)

Hence proved from (1) and (2).

(c)

For the first maxima of diffraction pattern 2/3rd of the slit is responsible for destructive
interference. Hence first maxima is weaker than the central maxima.

maxima gets weaker with increasing n.

OR

26. (a)

A point object O is kept in a medium of refractive index n1 in front of a convex spherical

surface of radius of curvature R which separates the second medium of refractive index
n2 from the first one, as shown in the figure.
Draw the ray diagram showing the image formation and deduce the relationship between
the object distance and the image distance in terms of n1, n2 and R.

n1

n2
C

O
u
(b)

Sol. (a)

When the image formed above acts as a virtual object for a concave spherical surface
separating the medium n2 from n1(n2 > n1), draw this ray diagram and write the similar
(similar to (a)) relation. Hence obtain the expression for the lens makers formula.
Refraction at spherical surface
Figure shows the geometry of formation of image I of an object O on the principal axis of a
spherical surface with centre of curvature C, and radius of curvature R.
The rays are incident from a medium of refractive index n1, to another of refractive index
n2.
N
i

n2

n1

Approximation:
(i)

We take the aperture (or the lateral size) of the surface to be small compared to other
distances involved, so that small angle approximation can be made.

(i)

In particular NM will be taken to be nearly equal to the length of the perpenedicular from
the point N on the principal axis.
For small angles, We have
tan NOM

MN
NOM
OM

tan NCM

MN
NCM
MC

MN
NIM
MI
Now, for NOC, i is the exterior angle. Therefore, i =NOM + NCM
tan NIM

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MN MN

OM MC

...(i)
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P.T.O.

Similarly, from NCI

r = NMC NIM
i.e., r

MN MN

MC MI

...(ii)

Now, by Snells law n1 sin i = n2 sin r

Or for small angles n1i = n2r
Substituting i and r from Equations, (i) and (ii), we get :

MN MN
MN MN
n1

n2

OM MC
MC MI
n
n n1
n1
2 2
...(iii)
OM MI
MC
Here, OM, MI and MC represent magnitudes of distances. Applying the Cartesian sign
convention.

OM = u, MI = + v, MC = + R
Substituting these in equation (iii), we get :
(b)

n2 > n1

n2
i

n2 n1 n2 n1

v
u
R

n1
r

N P

R2

I1

v1
n1 n 2 n1 n 2

R2
v
v1

(i)

from equation in part (a)

n 2 n1 n 2 n1

R1
v1
u

(ii)

Adding (i) and (ii)

1
n1 n1
1

(n 2 n1 )

R
R
v
u
2
1
1
1 1 n2
1

1

v u n1
R1 R 2
u = , v = f

1
1 n2
1

f n1
R1 R 2

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