Pernos Tornillos y Tuercas

Fasteners and Hardware
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LIST OF FIGURES
CONTENTS
Reid Supply Resource Guides
Figure 1: Sample Bolt Head Markings
Disclaimer
Figure 2: Shear vs. Tension Forces in Bolted Joint
Terminology
Purpose of This Resource Guide
LIST OF TABLES
Design Considerations
Fasteners
Inch Bolt & Screw Nomenclature
Metric Bolt & Screw Nomenclature
Stress
Tensile Force
Shear Forces for Bolts, Screws, Pins or Rivets
Hardware
Environment
Sanitation
Security
Space
Vibration
Aesthetics
Production Requirements
Automation
Quality
Human Factors
Safety
2
2
2
5
9
17
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
Selecting the Correct Component

Style
Screw Styles
Materials
Standards
23
23
23
26
29
Fasteners
Screw vs. Bolt
Fastener Diameter
Vibration Proof Fasteners
30
31
31
32
Fastener Tools
32
Hardware
33
LIST OF EQUATIONS
Custom Products
34
Eq. 1A: Cross-sectional Area of Non-threaded Fastener
17
Summary
For More Information
35
35
Eq. 1B: Cross-sectional Area of Threaded Fastener - Inch
17
Glossary
37
References
37
800.253.0421
Table 1: Recommended Hole and Drill Sizes for U.S. Screws
Table 2: Recommended Hole and Drill Sizes for Metric Screws
Table 3: Mechanical Properties of Various Materials
10
Table 4: ASTM, SAE and ISO Grade Markings and Mechanical

Properties for Steel Fasteners
11
Table 5: Mechanical Specications for Carbon Steel Metric Fasteners

with External Threads
16
Table 6: Torque Coefcients (K) for Typical Fastener Materials
18
Table 7: ASA Screw Thread Types
24
Table 8: Screw Head Styles
25
Table 9: Materials Used to Manufacture Fasteners and Hardware
27
Table 10: Material Specications - Metals
28
Table 11: Material Specications - Nylon
29
Table 12: Standards
29
Table 13: Types of Fasteners
30
Table 14: Vibration Proof Fasteners
32
Table 15: Special Tools for Installing Fasteners
32
Table 16: Special Tools for Removing or Repairing Fasteners
32
33
Table 18: Recommended Documentation and Reference Manuals
35
Table 19: Reference Manual Content Relative to This Guide.
36
Eq. 1C: Cross-sectional Area of Threaded Fastener - Metric
17
Eq. 2A: Determining Fastener Preload, Method 1
18
Eq. 2B: Estimating Fastener Preload, Method 2
18
Eq. 3: Estimating Fastener Torque
19
Eq. 4: Estimating Shear Stress Within a Bolt, Screw
20
Eq. 5: Estimating Shear Stress on a Rivet
20
Eq. 6: Estimating Minimum Fastener Diameter
31
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Quick Release Pins
Fasteners
Thread Inserts

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REID SUPPLY
RESOURCE GUIDES
In our continuous effort to improve our offerings and meet customer needs, simplify effort and provide
solutions, Reid Supply has separated our products into 12 easy-to-identify categories:
Manual Controls
Blue
Clamps and Workholding
Red
Tooling Components
Gold
Blue Green
Leveling Devices and Vibration Control
Orange
Material Handling
Purple
Bearings and Power Transmission
Blue Gray
Metalworking
Brown
Maintenance, Repair and Operations
Aqua
Pneumatics and Hydraulics
Dark Red
Structural Systems
Yellow Green
Safety
Orange Yellow
Fasteners and Hardware is the fourth of a series of Resource Guides relative to each of the 12
categories. Each Resource Guide will include detailed application information, data and references to
help our customers select the best product for their intended application.
Reid Supply welcomes your feedback and comments on any aspect of these Resource Guides. Please
contact Customer Service at the number listed below or email us at mail@ReidSupply.com.
DISCLAIMER
It should be noted that this Resource Guide is for reference only. The information provided is
intended to assist in the selection of products sold by Reid Supply and its vendors. As Reid Supply and
its vendors are not typically aware of or possess any expertise in the systems or processes for which
products are being applied, we cannot accept any responsibility or liability for the outcome thereof.
Furthermore, with new and old technologies continually expanding and changing, it is impossible
to address all systems, processes and applications for which Reid Supply products are purchased.
Reid Supply also has little control over materials and processes from which our products are produced.
In addition, due to the nature of some materials; colors, textures, shapes and sizes may lack
consistency.
Reid Supply reserves the right to modify, update and otherwise maintain this document and its content.
TERMINOLOGY
Terms used to dene products are typically determined by the vendor. However, fasteners and related
hardware have been around for many years and many reference and how-to manuals have been written.
Information is also available online. To avoid confusion, a glossary of terms used in this document has
been included at the end of the manual.
As Reid Supply purchases its products from several vendors, it is sometimes difcult to sort and
categorize these differences. If you nd yourself confused by terminology in the catalog or this
document, try shopping online using the web site listed below.
PURPOSE OF THIS
RESOURCE GUIDE
If a product consists of assembled parts, there is a very good chance Fasteners and Hardware are used
to hold the parts together. The purpose of this manual is to aid customers in the proper selection of the
Fasteners and Hardware of Reid Supply product offerings. The information included extends beyond the
catalog to provide details, tables, charts and other information to further assist the customer in selecting
the best Fasteners and Hardware for an application.
Much of the information presented and more, including this guide, can be found online. More detailed
information can be found in the references manuals listed in Table 18 at the end of the guide.
NOTE: References used are listed at the end of this manual and referred to by number, e.g. [1,2], in the
text. References to text books and other documentation sold by Reid Supply are also referred
to by number, e.g. {5} and listed in Table 18 at the end of this manual.
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DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
Although considerations for every and all applications is beyond the scope of this manual, some basic
design considerations can be presented. The type of Fasteners and Hardware used in an application
are based on what needs to be fastened to what and how. Hardware considerations are based on how
things come together, even if they are not fastened. The remainder of this section discusses some basic
considerations which should be understood when applying fasteners and related hardware.
Fasteners
The most common fasteners are bolts and screws. Other fastener types are listed in Table 13 later
in this Resource Guide. There are two groups of fasteners shown Figure 1, inch and metric. Inch
is primarily used in the U.S. while metric fasteners are used in Europe, Asia and the rest of the
world. Because of globalization in world markets, the U.S. is slowly converting to the metric system.
Reid Supply offers an increasing selection of metric fasteners.
Figure 1 shows sample markings for inch and metric systems. A more detailed list of markings and
specications can be found in Table 4.
Figure 1: Sample Bolt Head Markings
10.9
Inch
Inch Bolt & Screw

Nomenclature
Metric
U.S. bolts and screws are generally identied by diameter and threads per inch as shown below.
DxNxL
Where: D
N
L
= Nominal diameter of fastener

= Thread per inch
= Length, this is a secondary value that is not always specied. The reference
for measuring a bolt or screw length is the surface plane for which the bolt or
screw is inserted. For bolts, it is measured from the underside of the head
and for screws, it depends on the screw type as shown in Table 7 later in this
Resource Guide.
Table 1 includes a list of U.S. standard bolt and screw sizes along with recommended drill sizes for tap
or pass through holes.
Table 1: Recommended Hole and Drill Sizes for U.S. Screws
Tap Drill
Machine Screw
Size
No. or
Dia.
Major
Dia.
Number
of
Threads
Per Inch
0.06
80
0.0447
0.073
64
72
0.086
0.099
Clearance Hole Drill
Aluminum, Brass
& Plastics
Stainless Steel,
Steels Iron
75% Thread
50% Thread
Minor
Decimal
Diameter Drill Size Equiv.
Close Fit
Free Fit
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
Drill Size
Decimal
Equiv.
52
0.0635
50
0.07
48
0.076
46
0.081
43
0.089
41
0.096
37
0.104
35
0.11
23437
0.0469
55
0.052
0.0538
53
0.0595
1/16
0.0625
0.056
53
0.0595
52
0.0635
56
0.0641
50
0.07
49
0.073
64
0.0668
50
0.07
48
0.076
48
0.0734
47
0.0785
44
0.086
56
0.0771
45
0.082
43
0.089
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All Materials
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Fasteners
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Tap Drill
Machine Screw
Size
No. or
Dia.
Major
Dia.
0.112
0.125
0.138
0.164
10
0.19
12
0.216
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
11/16
0.25
0.3125
0.375
0.4375
0.5
0.5625
0.625
0.6875
Number
of
Threads
Per Inch
Aluminum, Brass
& Plastics
75% Thread
Minor
Decimal
Stainless Steel,
Steels Iron
50% Thread
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
40
0.0813
43
0.089
41
0.096
48
0.0864
42
0.0935
40
0.098
40
0.0943
38
0.1015
23559
0.1094
44
0.0971
37
0.104
35
0.11
32
0.0997
36
0.1065
32
0.116
40
0.1073
33
0.113
31
0.12
32
0.1257
29
0.136
27
0.144
36
0.1299
29
0.136
26
0.147
24
0.1389
25
0.1495
20
0.161
32
0.1517
21
0.159
18
0.1695
24
0.1649
16
0.177
12
0.189
28
0.1722
14
0.182
10
0.1935
32
0.1777
13
0.185
0.196
20
0.1887
0.201
11871
0.2188
28
0.2062
0.213
0.228
32
0.2117
7/32
0.2188
0.228
18
0.2443
0.257
0.277
24
0.2614
0.272
9/32
0.2812
32
0.2742
9/32
0.2812
0.29
16
0.2983
5/16
0.3125
0.332
24
0.3239
0.332
0.348
32
0.3367
11/32
0.3438
0.358
14
0.3499
0.368
25/64
0.3906
20
0.3762
25/64
0.3906
13/32
0.4062
28
0.3937
0.404
0.413
13
0.4056
27/64
0.4219
29/64
0.4531
20
0.4387
29/64
0.4531
15/32
0.4688
28
0.4562
15/32
0.4688
15/32
0.4688
12
0.4603
31/64
0.4844
33/64
0.5156
18
0.4943
33/64
0.5156
17/32
0.5312
24
0.5114
33/64
0.5156
17/32
0.5312
11
0.5135
17/32
0.5312
9/16
0.5625
18
0.5568
37/64
0.5781
19/32
0.5938
24
0.5739
37/64
0.5781
19/32
0.5938
24
0.6364
41/64
0.6406
21/32
0.6562
800.253.0421
All Materials
Close Fit
Free Fit
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
Drill Size
Decimal
Equiv.
32
0.116
30
0.1285
30
0.1285
29
0.136
27
0.144
25
0.1495
18
0.1695
16
0.177
0.196
0.201
0.221
0.228
0.257
0.266
0.323
0.332
0.386
0.397
29/64
0.4531
15/32
0.4687
33/64
0.5156
17/32
0.5312
37/64
0.5781
19/32
0.5938
41/64
0.6406
21/32
0.6562
45/64
0.7031
23/32
0.6562
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Tap Drill
Machine Screw
Size
No. or
Dia.
3/4
13/16
0.75
0.8125
75% Thread
Minor
Decimal
Stainless Steel,
Steels Iron
50% Thread
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
10
0.6273
21/32
0.6562
11/16
0.6875
16
0.6733
11/16
0.6875
45/64
0.7031
20
0.6887
45/64
0.7031
23/32
0.7188
20
0.7512
49/64
0.7656
25/32
0.7812
0.7387
49/64
0.7656
51/64
0.7969
14
0.7874
13/16
0.8125
53/64
0.8281
7/8
0.875
20
0.8137
53/64
0.8281
27/32
0.8438
15/16
0.9375
20
0.8762
57/64
0.8906
29/32
0.9062
0.8466
7/8
0.875
59/64
0.9219
12
0.8978
15/16
0.9375
61/64
0.9531
20
0.9387
61/64
0.9531
31/32
0.9688
1-1/16
1.0625
18
0.9943
1.000
1.000
1-1/64
1.0156
0.9497
63/64
0.9844
1-1/32
1.0313
1-1/8
1.125
12
1.0228
1-3/64
1.0469
1-5/64
1.0781
18
1.0568
1-1/16
1.0625
1-5/64
1.0781
1-3/16
1-1/4
1-5/16
1-3/8
1-7/16
Major
Dia.
Number
of
Threads
Per Inch
Aluminum, Brass
& Plastics
1.1875
1.25
1.3125
1.375
1.4375
18
1.1193
1-1/8
1.125
1-9/64
1.1406
1.0747
1-7/64
1.1094
1-5/8
1.1562
12
1.1478
1-11/64
1.1719
1-13/64
1.2031
18
1.1818
1-3/16
1.1875
1-13/64
1.2031
18
1.2443
1-1/4
1.25
1-17/64
1.2656
1.1705
1-7/32
1.2187
1-17/64
1.2656
12
1.2728
1-19/64
1.2969
1-21/64
1.3281
18
1.3068
1-5/16
1.3125
1-21/64
1.3281
18
1.3693
1-3/8
1.375
1-25/64
1.3906
1.2955
1-11/32
1.3437
1-25/64
1.3906
12
1.3978
1-27/64
1.4219
1-7/16
1.4375
All Materials
Close Fit
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
Free Fit
Drill Size
Decimal
Equiv.
0.7812
49/64
0.7656
25/32
53/64
0.8281
27/32
0.8438
57/64
0.8906
29/32
0.9062
61/64
0.9531
31/32
0.9688
1-1/64
1.0156
1-1/32
1.0313
1-5/64
1.0781
1-3/32
1.0938
1-9/64
1.1406
1-5/32
1.1562
1-13/64
1.2031
1-7/32
1.2188
1-17/64
1.2656
1-9/32
1.2812
1-21/64
1.3281
1-11/32
1.3438
1-25/64
1.3906
1-13/32
1.4062
1-29/64
1.4531
1-15/32
1.4688
1-33/64
1.5156
1-17/32
1.5312
1-1/2
1.5
18
1.4318
1-7/16
1.4375
1-29/64
1.4531
1-9/16
1.5625
18
1.4943
1-1/2
1.5
1-33/64
1.5156
1-37/64
1.5781
1-19/32
1.5938
1-5/8
1.625
18
1.5568
1-9/16
1.5625
1-37/64
1.5781
1-41/64
1.6406
1-21/32
1.6562
1-11/16
1.6875
18
1.6193
1-5/8
1.625
1-41/64
1.6406
1-45/64
1.7031
1-23/32
1.7188
1-3/4
1.75
1.5046
1-9/16
1.5625
1-5/8
1.625
1-49/64
1.7659
1-25/32
1.7812
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Metric Bolt & Screw

Nomenclature
The identication for ISO threads are similar to U.S. sizes and species diameter. The threads are
identied by pitch as shown below.
M# x P - TPgTCg
Where: M
#
P
TPg
T Cg
=
=
=
=
=
Symbol for SI fastener

Diameter in millimeters
Thread pitch in millimeters, P = 1/n (n = # threads per inch) for U.S. sizes
Tolerance grade of thread pitch diameter (Typically not used)
Tolerance grade of thread crest diameter (Typically not used)
Table 2 includes metric sizes from 1 mm to 56 mm along with recommended drill sizes for tap or pass
through holes.
Table 2: Recommended Hole and Drill Sizes for Metric Screws
Machine Screw Size

Nom. Dia.
(mm)
1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.5
3.5
4.5
Pitch
(mm)
Drill Size
Series
(65-75%
thread)
Clearance Drills
Close Fit
Decimal
Equiv.
0.2
Fine
0.8
0.0315
0.25
Coarse
0.75
0.0295
0.2
Fine
0.9
0.0354
0.25
Coarse
0.85
0.0335
0.2
Fine
0.0394
0.25
Coarse
0.95
0.0374
0.2
Fine
1.2
0.0472
0.3
Coarse
1.1
0.0433
0.2
Fine
1.4
0.0551
0.35
Coarse
1.25
0.0492
0.2
Fine
1.6
0.063
0.35
Coarse
1.45
0.0571
0.25
Fine
1.75
0.0689
0.4
Coarse
1.6
0.063
0.25
Fine
1.95
0.0768
0.45
Coarse
1.75
0.0689
0.35
Fine
2.15
0.0846
0.45
Coarse
2.05
0.0807
0.35
Fine
2.65
0.1043
0.5
Coarse
2.5
0.0984
0.35
Fine
3.15
0.124
0.6
Coarse
2.9
0.1142
0.5
Fine
3.5
0.1378
0.7
Coarse
3.3
0.1299
0.5
Fine
0.1575
0.75
Coarse
3.7
0.1457
800.253.0421
Tapping Drills
Free Fit
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
Drill Size
Decimal
Equiv.
1.05
0.0413
1.2
0.0472
1.15
0.0453
1.3
0.0512
1.3
0.0512
1.5
0.059
1.5
0.0591
1.7
0.0669
1.7
0.0669
0.0787
1.9
0.0748
2.2
0.0866
2.2
0.0866
2.6
0.1024
2.4
0.0945
2.8
0.1102
2.7
0.1063
3.1
0.122
3.2
0.126
3.6
0.1417
3.7
0.1457
4.2
0.1653
4.3
0.1693
4.8
0.189
4.8
0.189
5.3
0.2087
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Machine Screw Size
Nom. Dia.
(mm)
5
15
16
17
18

and Slides
Tapping Drills
Clearance Drills
Drill Size
Close Fit
(65-75%
thread)
Decimal
Equiv.
0.5
Fine
4.5
0.1772
0.8
Coarse
4.2
0.1654
0.75
Fine
5.25
0.2067
Coarse
0.1969
0.75
Fine
6.25
0.2461
Coarse
0.2362
0.75
Fine
7.25
0.2854
(mm)
Fine
7.5
0.2953
1.25
Coarse
6.8
0.2677
0.75
Fine
8.25
0.3248
Fine
0.315
1.25
Coarse
7.8
0.3071
0.75
Fine
9.25
0.3642
Fine
0.3543
1.25
Fine
8.8
0.3465
1.5
Coarse
8.5
0.3346
0.75
Fine
10.25
0.4035
Fine
10
0.3937
1.5
Coarse
9.5
0.374
Fine
11
0.4331
1.25
Fine
10.75
0.4232
1.5
Fine
10.5
0.4134
1.75
Coarse
10.2
0.4016
11
14
Thread Inserts
Series
12
Fasteners
Pitch
10
Quick Release Pins
Fine
13
0.5118
1.25
Fine
12.8
0.5039
1.5
Fine
12.5
0.4921
Coarse
12
0.4724
Fine
14
0.5512
1.5
Fine
13.5
0.5315
Fine
15
0.5906
1.5
Fine
14.5
0.5709
Coarse
14
0.5512
Fine
16
0.6299
1.5
Fine
15.5
0.6103
Fine
17
0.6693
1.5
Fine
16.5
0.6496
Fine
16
0.6299
2.5
Coarse
15.5
0.6102
800.253.0421
Free Fit
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
Drill Size
Decimal
Equiv.
5.3
0.2087
5.8
0.2283
6.4
0.252
0.2756
7.4
0.2913
0.315
8.4
0.3307
10
0.3937
9.5
0.374
10.5
0.4134
10.5
0.4134
12
0.4724
12
0.4724
13
0.5118
13
0.5118
15
0.5905
15
0.5905
17
0.6693
16
0.6299
18
0.7087
17
0.6693
19
0.748
18
0.7087
20
0.7874
19
0.748
21
0.8268
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Quick Release Pins
Fasteners
Thread Inserts

and Slides
Machine Screw Size

Nom. Dia.
(mm)
20
22
24

Tapping Drills
Pitch
Drill Size
Close Fit
Series
(65-75%
thread)
Decimal
Equiv.
Fine
19
0.748
1.5
Fine
18.5
0.7283
Fine
18
0.7087
2.5
Coarse
17.5
0.689
Fine
21
0.8268
1.5
Fine
20.5
0.8071
Fine
20
0.7874
2.5
Coarse
19.5
0.7677
Fine
23
0.9055
1.5
Fine
22.5
0.8858
Fine
22
0.8661
Coarse
21
0.8268
(mm)
Fine
24
0.9449
25
1.5
Fine
23.5
0.9252
Fine
23
0.9055
26
1.5
Fine
24.5
0.9646
Fine
26
1.0236
1.5
Fine
25.5
1.0039
Fine
25
0.9843
Coarse
24
0.9449
Fine
27
1.063
1.5
Fine
26.5
1.0433
Fine
26
1.0236
27
28
Fine
29
1.1417
1.5
Fine
28.5
1.122
Fine
28
1.1024
Fine
27
1.063
3.5
Coarse
26.5
1.0433
1.5
Fine
30.5
1.2008
Fine
30
1.1811
1.5
Fine
31.5
1.2402
Fine
31
1.2205
Fine
30
1.1811
3.5
Coarse
29.5
1.1614
1.5
Fine
33.5
1.3189
Fine
33
1.2992
30
32
33
35
800.253.0421
Clearance Drills
Free Fit
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
Drill Size
Decimal
Equiv.
21
0.8268
24
0.9449
23
0.9055
26
1.0236
25
0.9842
28
1.1024
26
1.0236
30
1.1811
28
1.1024
32
1.2598
31
1.2205
35
1.3779
34
1.3386
38
1.4961
www.ReidSupply.com

Machine Screw Size
Nom. Dia.
(mm)
Pitch
Fasteners
Thread Inserts

and Slides
Tapping Drills
Clearance Drills
Drill Size
Close Fit
Series
(65-75%
thread)
Decimal
Equiv.
1.5
Fine
34.5
1.3583
Fine
34
1.3386
Fine
33
1.2992
(mm)
36
Coarse
32
1.2598
1.5
Fine
37.5
1.4764
Fine
37
1.4567
Fine
36
1.4173
39
Coarse
35
1.378
1.5
Fine
38.5
1.5157
Fine
38
1.4961
Fine
37
1.4567
1.5
Fine
40.5
1.5945
Fine
40
1.5748
Fine
39
1.5354
40
42
Fine
38
1.4961
4.5
Coarse
37.5
1.4764
1.5
Fine
43.5
1.7126
Fine
43
1.6929
Fine
42
1.6535
Fine
41
1.6142
4.5
Coarse
40.5
1.5945
1.5
Fine
46.5
1.8307
Fine
46
1.811
Fine
45
1.7717
Fine
44
1.7323
45
48
Coarse
43
1.6929
1.5
Fine
48.5
1.9094
Fine
48
1.8898
Fine
47
1.8504
1.5
Fine
50.5
1.9882
Fine
50
1.9685
Fine
49
1.9291
Fine
48
1.8898
Coarse
47
1.8504
1.5
Fine
53.5
2.1063
Fine
53
2.0866
Fine
52
2.0472
Fine
51
2.0079
50
52
55
Quick Release Pins
800.253.0421
Free Fit
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
Drill Size
Decimal
Equiv.
37
1.4567
42
1.6535
40
1.5748
45
1.7716
43
1.6929
48
1.8898
46
1.811
52
2.0472
50
1.9685
56
2.2047
54
2.126
62
2.4409
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Quick Release Pins
Fasteners
Thread Inserts

and Slides
Machine Screw Size

Nom. Dia.
(mm)
Tapping Drills
Pitch
Clearance Drills
Drill Size
Close Fit
Series
(65-75%
thread)
Decimal
Equiv.
1.5
Fine
54.5
2.1457
Fine
54
2.126
Fine
53
2.0866
(mm)
56
Stress
Fine
52
2.0472
5.5
Coarse
50.5
1.9882
Free Fit
Drill
Size
Decimal
Equiv.
Drill Size
Decimal
Equiv.
58
2.2835
66
2.5984
Any time two or more parts are assembled with a fastener, the strength of the fastener must be
understood to maintain the integrity of the joint. Depending on the type of joint, the ability for the
fastener to oppose external forces depends on the fastener material and size.
Figure 2: Shear vs. Tension Forces in Bolted Joint
ST = Ultimate Tensile Strength
SY = Yield Strength
SP = Proof Strength
SY
SP
Yield
Elastic Region
Tension (Stress)
ST
Fracture
Plastic Region
Bolt Elongation (Strain)
Figure 2 illustrates two forces that exists in a typical compression joint of two parts using a bolt and nut
or other similar fastener. The fastener may have to resist joint separation in one or both directions as
indicated. An eye bolt mounting a pulley opposes axial forces of tension. While the fastener holding
the pulley together resists stress in the mostly lateral direction as the rope or cable passes through it.
Bolting the base of a robotic arm may have to resist external forces in both directions.
NOTE: More information on clamping forces used to hold two or more parts together can be found in
the Clamps and Working or Tooling Components Resource Guides.
NOTE: Equations Eq. 1, thru Eq. 3 are for estimating torque. For critical applications, refer to more
detailed and accurate calculations included in references listed in Table 18: {3} Machinerys
Handbook under Torque and Tension in Fasteners, {6} Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical
Engineers under Design of Bolted Joints and {7} Standard Handbook of Machine Design chapter
22.
Values shown in Figure 2 vary with material type. Table 3 includes the mechanical properties illustrated
in the chart by material type. Table 4 includes mechanical properties for various fasteners by grade
and class. For fasteners which do not have a grade or class designation, use Table 3 or refer to the
reference material listed in Table 18 for more material properties and formulas. The values can also be
found on the Internet. Product details can also be obtained by contacting Reid Customer Service at the
toll-free number listed at the bottom of the page or online at ReidSupply.com.
800.253.0421
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10
25 - 60
Brass; Noval
800.253.0421
Ceramic
Stone; Granite
(Compression)
Steel
Solder; Tin-Lead
Silver [Ag]
Rubber
Platinum [Pt]
40 - 232
0.15 - 1
20 - 90
Nickel [Ni]
Nylon; Polyamide
12 - 40
25 - 160
Monel (67% Ni, 30% Cu)
2.9 - 10
Magnesium [Mg]
Magnesium Alloy
30
18 - 42
Iron (Wrought)
Iron (Cast)
280 - 1600
1.0 - 7.0
140 - 620
170 - 1100
80 - 280
20 - 70
210
120 - 290
10 - 40
49 - 276
1.7 - 7.8
1 - 2.9
6 - 10
45 - 110
65 - 174
20 - 49
15 - 25
49
10 - 70
4.4 - 145
70 - 280
340 - 1900
12 - 54
7.0 - 20
40 - 70
310 - 760
450 - 1200
140 - 340
100 - 170
340
69 - 480
30 - 1000
830
230 - 380
10 - 70
450 - 620
200 - 830
7.0 - 70
300 - 590
410 - 590
200 - 620
60
3 - 40
55 - 30
100 - 800
50
2 - 50
2 - 50
2 - 20
5 - 15
35
0-1
10 - 50
10 - 35
5 - 60
4 - 50
15 - 50
4 - 60
1 - 45
10200
17400
16000 - 17400
5800 - 10200
27600 - 30500
2610 - 5080
11000
0.102 - 0.580
21000
305 - 406
30500
24700
6530
5950
27600
12000 - 24700
12000
40 - 70
190 - 210
18 - 35
76
75 - 80
-
2.0 10-4
- 1.0 10-3
80
66
17
15
10900
- 11600
0.029
- 0.145
145
11600
9570
2470
2180
75
32 - 69
4640 10000
10900
19 - 34
47
40 - 47
39
36 - 44
39
39
36 - 41
26 - 30
26
(GPa)
2760 - 4930
6820
5800 - 6820
5660
5220 - 6380
5660
5660
5220 - 5950
3770 - 4350
3770
(ksi)
Shear Modulus
7.0 10-4
- 4.0 10-3
2.1 - 2.8
210
170
45
41
190
83 - 170
83
48 - 83
120
110 - 120
18 - 30
300 - 400
43500 - 58000
2610 - 4350
6.9
100
96 - 120
10 - 24
100
100
96 - 110
70 - 79
70
(GPa)
1000
14500
13900 - 17400
1450 - 3480
14500
14500
13900 - 16000
10200 - 11500
6960 - 12000
Gold
120
33 - 55
1.45 - 10
65 - 90
29 - 120
1 - 10
44 - 85
60 - 85
29 - 90
70
100 - 550
Glass
760
55 - 330
170 - 450
82 - 690
90 - 470
170 - 410
70 - 550
10.2
15 - 80
(ksi)
Elastic Modulus
110
Copper Alloy
20
35 - 500
(%)
Elongation
Cork
8 - 48
Copper [Cu]
Concrete (Compression)
25 - 65
Carbon [C]
Bronze; Manganese
12 - 100
Bronze; Regular
Brick (Compression)
13 - 68
10 - 72
Brass
Brass; Red (80% Cu, 20%

Zn)
2.9
5 - 72
Aluminum Alloy
(MPa)
(ksi)
(ksi)
(MPa)
Ultimate Stress
Yield Strength
Aluminum [Al]
Material1
Table 3: Mechanical Properties of Various Materials
0.2 - 0.3
0.27 - 0.3
0.45 - 0.5
0.38
0.4
0.31
0.32
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.2 - 0.3
0.44
0.2 - 0.27
0.33 - 0.36
0.1 - 0.2
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.33
Poissons
Ratio

Quick Release Pins
Fasteners
Thread Inserts
and Slides
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800.253.0421
7.25 - 14.5
7.25 - 14.5
7.25 - 12
7.25 - 14.5
203 - 580
500
50 - 100
50 - 100
50 - 80
50 - 100
1400 - 4000
900 - 970
More exact values can be found in the reference material listed in Table 18.
40 - 60
40 - 60
30 - 50
40 - 70
131 - 141
72.5
0-4
10
25
7250 - 14500
2900 - 10200
No Grade
Mark
No Grade
Mark
SAE J429
Grade 4
Medium Carbon Cold Drawn

Steel
1/4 thru 1-1/2
33,000
Over 3/4 to
1-1/2
Studs
55,000
1/4 thru 3/4
Low or Medium Carbon Steel
SAE J429
Grade 2
--
--
1/4 thru 4
Low Carbon Steel
Bolts,
Screws,
Studs
33,000
psi
ASTM A307
Grades A&B
1/4 thru 1-1/2
in.
--
228
379
--
228
MPa
Proof Load2
Low or Medium Carbon Steel
Material
SAE J429
Grade 1
Specication
Nominal
Size Range
100,000
36,000
57,000
--
36,000
psi
689
248
393
--
248
MPa
Yield Strength Min
40
39 - 44
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.36
0.2 - 0.3
0.2 - 0.3
Poissons
Ratio
115,000
60,000
74,000
60,000
psi
793
414
510
228
MPa
Tensile Strength Min
Mechanical Properties
11 - 14
11 - 12
11 - 13
10 - 11
5800
5660 - 6380
(GPa)

and Slides
Fastener
Type
110
110 - 120
(ksi)
Thread Inserts
Grade1
or
Class
ID Mark
1600 - 2030
1600 - 1740
1600 - 1890
1450 - 1600
16000 - 17400
42
50 - 100
20 - 70
(GPa)
Shear Modulus
Fasteners
Table 4: ASTM, SAE and ISO Grade Markings and Mechanical Properties for Steel Fasteners
NOTE
1)
6 - 8.7
Zinc [Zn}
6 - 8.7
Wood; Southern Pine

(Bending)
4.4 - 7.25
6 - 10
Wood; Oak (Bending)
Wood; Douglas Fir

(Bending)
Wood; Ash (Bending)
Tungsten [W]
50 - 180
16000
Titanium Alloy
7.25 - 26
20 - 200
Titanium [Ti]
2.9 - 29
(ksi)
Elastic Modulus
6090
Stone; Marble
(Compression)
(%)
Elongation
Tin [Sn]
(MPa)
(ksi)
(ksi)
(MPa)
Ultimate Stress
Yield Strength
Stone; Limestone
(Compression)
Material1
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11
12
800.253.0421
AISI 304
AISI 347
AISI 316
AISI 321
ASTM A193
Grade B8
ASTM A193
Grade B8C
ASTM A193
Grade B8M
ASTM A193
Grade B8T
ASTM A193
Grade B8
ASTM A193
Grade B8C
ASTM A193
Grade B8M
B8
B8C
B8M
B8T
B8
B8C
B8M
ASTM A193
Grade B8T
CrMoVa Alloy Steel
ASTM A193
Grade B16
B16
B8T
AISI 4140, 4142, or 4105
ASTM A193
Grade B7
B7
Bolts,
Screws,
Studs for
High-Temp.
Service
AISI 321
Strain Hardened
AISI 316
Strain Hardened
AISI 347
Strain Hardened
AISI 304
Strain Hardened
AISI 410
ASTM A193
Grade B6
B6
Bolts,
Screws,
Studs for
High-Temp.
Service
AISI 501
ASTM A193
Grade B5
B5
Material
Specication
Fastener
Type
Grade1
or
Class
ID Mark
1/4 thru 3/4

Over 3/4 thru 1
Over 1 thru
1-1/4
Over 1-1/4 thru
1-1/2
1/4 thru 3/4

Over 3/4 thru 1
Over 1 thru
1-1/4
Over 1-1/4 thru
1-1/2
1/4 and larger
1/4 and larger
1/4 thru 2-1/2

Over 2-1/2
thru 4
Over 4 thru 7
1/4 Thru 4
in.
Nominal
Size Range
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
MPa
Proof Load
psi
345
689
552
448
345
50,000
100,000
80,000
65,000
50,000
552
80,000
448
655
95,000
65,000
345
50,000
448
552
80,000
65,000
689
207
100,000
30,000
207
586
85,000
30,000
655
95,000
517
724
75,000
105,000
655
724
105,000
95,000
586
552
MPa
85,000
80,000
psi
Yield Strength Min
100,000
105,000
115,000
125,000
90,000
95,000
100,000
110,000
100,000
105,000
115,000
125,000
75,000
75,000
100,000
115,000
125,000
100,000
115,000
125,000
110,000
100,000
psi
689
724
793
862
621
655
689
758
689
724
793
862
517
517
689
793
862
689
793
862
758
689
MPa

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AISI 8740
AISI 4340
AISI 304
AISI 347
AISI 316
AISI 304
AISI 347
AISI 303
or 303Se
AISI 316
AISI 321
ASTM A320
Grade LC7
ASTM A320
Grade L43
ASTM A320
Grade B8
ASTM A320
Grade B8C
ASTM A320
Grade B8T
ASTM A320
Grade B8F
ASTM A320
Grade B8M
ASTM A320
Grade B8
ASTM A320
Grade B8C
ASTM A320
Grade B8F
ASTM A320
Grade B8M
ASTM A320
Grade B8T
L7B
L7C
L43
B8
B8C
B8T
B8F
B8M
B8
B8C
B8F
B8M
B8T
www.ReidSupply.com
SAE J429
Grade 5.1
ASTM A449
Sems
Low or Medium Carbon Steel,

Quenched and Tempered
Medium Carbon Steel,

55,000
Over 1-1/2
thru 3
85,000
74,000
No. 6 thru 3/8
85,000
1/4 thru 1
74,000
Over 1 to 1-1/2
Over 1 to 1-1/2
85,000
--
--
1/4 thru 1
Over 1-1/4 thru

1-1/2
Over 1 thru
1-1/4
--
--
586
379
510
586
510
586
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
MPa
--
58,000
81,000
92,000
81,000
92,000
50,000
65,000
80,000
100,000
30,000
105,000
105,000
psi
--
400
558
634
558
634
345
448
552
689
724
724
724
MPa
Yield Strength Min
120,000
90,000
105,000
120,000
105,000
120,000
50,000
65,000
80,000
100,000
75,000
125,000
125,000
psi
827
621
724
827
724
827
345
448
552
689
724
862
862
MPa

and Slides
Over 3/4 thru 1
1/4 thru 3/4
--
--
--
psi
Proof Load
Thread Inserts
Bolts,
Screws,
Studs
AISI 303
or 303Se
1/4 and larger
1/4 thru 4
1/4 thru 2-1/2
in.
Nominal
Size Range
Fasteners
SAE J429
Grade 5
AISI 4137
ASTM A320
Grade L7B
L7A
AISI 321
AISI 4037
ASTM A320
Grade L7A
L7
Bolts,
Screws,
Studs for
Low-Temp.
Service
AISI 4140,
4142 or 4145
ASTM A320
Grade L7
Material
Specication
Fastener
Type
Grade1
or
Class
ID Mark
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13
14
800.253.0421
SAE J429
Grade 8.1
ASTM A490
A490
ASTM A354
Grade BD
SAE J429
Grade 8
SAE J429
Grade 7
ASTM A354
Grade BC
ASTM A354
Grade BB
ASTM A325
Type 3
ASTM A325
Type 2
Medium Carbon Alloy or

SAE 1041 Modied Elevated
Temperature Drawn Steel
Alloy Steel, Quenched and
Tempered
High
Strength
Structural
Bolts

Tempered 4
Medium Carbon Alloy Steel,

Medium Carbon Alloy Steel,

Quenched and Tempered 4

Tempered
Atmospheric Corrosion
Resisting Steel, Quenched
and Tempered
Low Carbon Martensitic

Steel, Quenched and
Tempered
Studs
Bolts,
Screws,
Studs
Bolts,
Screws
Bolts,
Studs
High
Strength
Structural
Bolts
SAE J429
Grade 5.2
Low Carbon Martensitic

Steel, Quenched and
Tempered
Bolts,
Screws,
Studs
Specication
ASTM A325
Type 1
Material
Fastener
Type
No Grade
Mark
BC
BB
A325
A325
A325
Grade1
or
Class
ID Mark
1/2 thru 1-1/2
1/4 thru 1-1/2
1/4 thru 1-1/2
1/4 thru 1-1/2
1/4 thru 2-1/2

2-3/4 thru 4
1-1/8 thru 1-1/2
1/2 thru 1
120,000
120,000
120,000
105,000
95,000
105,000
827
827
827
724
655
724
517
552
80,000
75,000
510
586
586
510
586
586
74,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
74,000
1/2 thru 1
1-1/8 thru 1-1/2
1/2 thru 1
85,000
MPa
Proof Load
psi
1/4 thru 1
in.
Nominal
Size Range
130,000
130,000
130,000
115,000
99,000
109,000
78,000
83,000
81,000
92,000
92,000
81,000
92,000
92,000
psi
896
896
896
793
683
752
538
572
558
634
634
558
634
634
MPa
Yield Strength Min
150,000 min
170,000 max
150,000
150,000
133,000
115,000
125,000
100,000
105,000
105,000
120,000
120,000
105,000
120,000
120,000
psi
1,034 min
1,170 max
1,034
1,034
917
793
862
689
724
724
827
827
724
827
827
MPa

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ISO R898
Class 8.8
ISO R898
Class 10.9
No Grade
Mark
8.8 or 88
10.9 or
109
2)

Tempered

Material
All Sizes thru 40

mm
in.
Nominal
Size Range
120,381
87,023
55,114
32,633
psi
830
600
380
225
MPa
Proof Load
Only sample hex heads are included with specic markings. Otherwise heads will be blank.
Bolts,
Screws,
Studs
Fastener
Type
Also known as Proof Strength or Proof Load Stress.
ISO R898
Class 5.8
No Grade
Mark
1)
ISO R898
Class 4.6
NOTES:
Specication
Grade1
or
Class
ID Mark
136,335
92,824
60,916
29,588
psi
940
640
420
204
MPa
Yield Strength Min
150,839
120,381
75,420
58,015
psi
1,040
830
520
400
MPa
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15
16
800.253.0421
M5-M24
M16-M72
M16-M36
M16-M36
5.8
8.8
A325M Type 1
8.8
atmospheric corrosion
resistant steel, quenched
and tempered
alloy steel, quenched and
tempered
M12-M36
M12-M36
M1.6M100
A490M Type 2
A490M Type 3
12.9
low carbon boron steel,

quenched and tempered
M5-M36
10.9
970
830
830
830
medium carbon alloy steel,

M12-M36
830
medium carbon steel,

A490M Type 1
650

M5-M100
650

10.9
M1.6-M16
9.8
600
atmospheric corrosion
resistant steel, quenched
and tempered
M5-M20
M1.6-M16
9.8
600

600
380
low or medium carbon

steel, cold worked

310
225
MPa
low or medium carbon

steel, fully or partially
annealed
low or medium carbon steel
Material and Treatment
10.9
M16-M36
A325M Type 3
A325M Type 2
M1.6-M16
M5-M100
4.6
4.8
Nominal
Size of
Product
Property
Class
Designation
Proof
Load
Stress
1100
940
940
940
940
720
720
640
640
640
420
340
240
MPa
Min.
Yield
Strength
1220
1040
1040
1040
1040
900
900
830
830
830
520
420
400
MPa
Min.
Tensile
Ultimate
Strength
30N63
30N59
30N59
30N59
30N59
30N58
30N58
30N56
30N56
30N56
--
--
--
Max.
Surface
C38
C33
C33
C33
C33
C27
C27
C23
C23
C23
B82
B71
B67
Min.
C44
C39
C39
C39
C39
C36
C36
C34
C34
C34
B95
B95
B95
Max.
Core
Prod. Hardness,
Rockwell
Mechanical Requirements
Table 5: Mechanical Specications for Carbon Steel Metric Fasteners with External Threads
12.9
A490M
10S3
A490M 10S
10.9
A490M 10S
10.9
10.9
9.8
9.8
A325M 8S3
A325M 8S
8.8
A325M 8S
8.8
5.8
4.8
4.6
Property
Class
Ident.
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Tensile Force
In Figure 2, tensile forces continuously work against the joint axially in an attempt to pull it apart. At the
same time, shearing forces may work against each other due to motion or vibration in the joint. Tensile
forces are necessary to take advantage of friction and generate enough clamping force to maintain joint
integrity. Anytime a fastener is used, forces are built up and stored in the joint that continuously work to
both hold and pull the joint apart. External forces like vibration or rotation in the joint can allow the nut
or bolt to turn and loosen the joint. To prevent joint separation, vibration proof washers or nuts can be
used.
During assembly, as the joint is tightened (refer to Figure 2 graph), contact is made between all
components in the joint. At this point (0 in the graph), a preload builds within the bolt body. As
tightening continues, friction builds between the threads and assembled components. A clamping force
is generated that compresses all components between the bolt head and nut and the bolt stretches in
opposition to the pressure. The torque necessary to continue turning the nut increases as the tension
builds. While bolt elongation remains in the Elastic Region of Figure 2, the bolt length will return to
normal as tension is decreased.
At the Yield point, continued rotation stretches the elongated bolt to the point of no return (Plastic
Region in Figure 2 graph) and any relaxation of the tension will not return the elongated bolt to its
previous length or the threads to their original state. This point is known as the Yield Strength (SY) of the
fastener. Continued tension in the axial direction eventually stretches the fastener to the Ultimate Tensile
Strength (ST) where it weakens and nally fractures. Proof Load (SP) is a value slightly lower than Yield
Strength before a fastener transitions into the Plastic Region, Figure 2.
Table 3 includes specications for metric fasteners. Specications for inch fasteners are listed in the
Reid Supply catalog and in many of the reference manuals listed in Table 18. These specications
include Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile Strength and Proof Load for fasteners by grade and class. These
values are used in design considerations to estimate Stress (T) and Torque (T) for bolts, screws and
rivets.
To estimate Stress and Torque, cross-sectional area must be determined for the fastener. If the fastener
does not contain threads, the cross-sectional area is calculated using Eq. 1 {7} (more detailed formulas
are included in the Machinerys Handbook {3}):
Eq. 1A: Cross-sectional Area of Non-threaded Fastener
2
P
d
AB Pr 2 P d 2 (Standard formula for area of a circle)
4
2
Where: AB
d
r
= Cross sectional area of fastener body with no threads

= Fastener body diameter
= Fastener radius = d / 2
If the fastener is threaded, the cross-sectional area becomes:

Eq. 1B: Cross-sectional Area of Threaded Fastener - Inch
AS
P
0.9743
d
4
n
Eq. 1C: Cross-sectional Area of Threaded Fastener - Metric
AS
Where: AS
d
n
P
800.253.0421
=
=
=
=
P
d 0.9382 P 2
4
Cross sectional area of fastener

Fastener nominal diameter
Number of threads per inch
Thread pitch = 1/n
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Use Eq. 2A {6} to determine the current preload (clamping force) of a fastener relative to a change in
fastener length. The formula is only valid if the fastener is within the Elastic Region of Figure 2. Eq. 2B
can be used to estimate the Preload Force (FP ) referenced to Proof Load (SP).
Eq. 2A: Determining Fastener Preload, Method 1
FP
Where: FP
A
E
e
l
AEe
l
= Preload force
= Cross-sectional area (for a circle, A=Pr2) of fastener (accepted values can be
found in MIL-S-8879C)
= Modulus of elasticity for fastener material found in references listed in
Table 18
= To measure elongation, must be accessible from both ends
= Original length of bolt
Eq. 2B: Estimating Fastener Preload, Method 2
FP = SPAS
Where: FP
SP
AS
= Preload force
= Proof Load by grade or class found in Table 4, Table 5 or references listed in
Table 19
= Stress Area of threaded fastener from Eq. 2; if unthreaded, use Eq. 1
With a Preload established, the Torque required to obtain this preload can be estimated using Eq. 3. The
equation allows estimation of the amount of torque to obtain the Proof Load, but that would not allow for
external forces which may add to existing preload and compromise joint integrity. Adding a safety factor
allows for any external forces. If the joint is static, a safety factor of 90% is typical. For dynamic joints, a
75% safety factor is acceptable.
Should the joint include a gasket, over-torquing the fastener can compress and damage the gasket.
Proof Load (SP) may be substituted with a lesser predetermined preload or clamping force to better match
the application. Vibration proof washers or nuts can also be used, if necessary.
For Eq. 3, a Torque Coefcient (K) is used which represents an experimental value derived from
coefcient of friction between materials and other factors. This value is discussed in detail in reference
material found in Table 18 where formulas are given to more accurately calculate this value. Table 6
includes some typical values of K.
Table 6: Torque Coefcients (K) for Typical Fastener Materials
Material
18
800.253.0421
Size Range
K*
Cadmium-plated
1/4 - 1
0.16
Lubricated
1/4 - 1
0.18
Mild Steel
1/4 - 1
0.2
Non-plated Black Finish
1/4 - 1
0.3
Zinc-plated
1/4 - 1
0.2
Torque coefcient specied by bolt, nut or lubricant manufacturer. K-values for lubricants are
listed in the Metalworking Resource Guide.
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Eq. 3: Estimating Fastener Torque
T = KDFPSF
Where: T
K
D
FP
SF
=
=
=
=
=
Estimated torque
Torque coefcient from Table 6
Fastener nominal diameter
Preload force calculated from Eq. 2A or Eq. 2B
Safety factor, typical values are 1.0 if not required, 0.9 for a static joint and
0.75 for a dynamic joint
NOTE: Adding lubrication will decrease the friction between threads and the surface of the fastener
body. If the wrong value for K can result in over-torquing of the fastener according to Eq. 3.
Eq. 3 is only valid for the linear Elastic Region shown in Figure 2.
If there is any uncertainty about formulas and the results, contact Reid Customer Service using
the toll-free number at the bottom of the page or online at ReidSupply.com.
Example 1: Estimating Torque for Inch Fastener:
Estimating torque for a 5/8 (0.625) x 11 hex bolt x 2 inch long, Grade 5 that is used to fasten a pivot joint
with a bushing. Referring to one of the reference documents in Table 18 or the Reid Supply catalog, we
see Grade 5 bolts and screws have a Proof Load (SP) of 85,000 psi, Tensile Strength (ST) of 120,000 psi
and a Yield Strength (SY) of 92,000 psi.
Using Eq. 1B, the Stress Area is:
2
AS
0.9743
0.9743
P
2
d
0.7854 0.625
0.226 in
n
4
11
Applying Eq. 2B, Preload Force is:
FP = SPAS = 85,000 psi x 0.226 in2 = 19,210 lbs.

Using Eq. 3, torque can be calculated. Coefcient of friction = 0.2 for non lubricated mild steel, the
torque is (A Safety Factor of 75% is used for a dynamic joint):
T = KDFPSF = 0.2 x 0.625 in x 19210 lbs x 75% = 1800 in-lbs = 150 ft-lbs
Example 2: Estimating Torque for Metric Fastener
Estimating torque for an M10 x 1.5 hex bolts, Class 8.8 that are used to fasten a square lid on a
container. Referring to one of the reference documents in Table 18 or the Reid Supply catalog, we see
Class 8.8 bolts and screws have a Proof Load (SP) of 600 MPa, Tensile Strength (ST) of 830 MPa and a
Yield Strength (SY) of 660 MPa.
Using Eq. 1C, the Stress Area is:
AS
P
d 0.9382 P 2 = 0.7854(10-0.9382 x 1.5)2 = 58 mm2
4
Applying Eq. 2B, Preload Force is:
FP = SPAS = 600 MPa x 58 mm2 = 34,800 N.
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Using Eq. 3, torque can be calculated. Coefcient of friction = 0.2 for non lubricated mild steel, the
torque is (a Safety Factor of 90% is used for a static joint):
T = KDFPSF = 0.2 x 10 mm x 34,800 N x 90% = 62,640 Nmm = 62.6 Nm

NOTE: Eq. 3 can produce a maximum allowed fastener torque if 100% SF is applied. Depending on
the materials being held, this value may generate more clamping force than is needed for the
application.
Shear Forces for

Bolts, Screws, Pins
or Rivets
Stress reects a bolts ability to resist shear forces illustrated in Figure 2. Shear forces work laterally
against the sides of the fastener and the friction between the parts in a joint. If the Yield Strength is
exceeded, the fastener will shear and the joint will fail. Shear Stress is expressed in terms of the force
applied and the cross-sectional area of the fastener or fasteners used. Eq. 4 assumes:
All fasteners are the same type and size
Joint planes pass through all fasteners equally at body and threaded section.
The coefcient of friction between joints is zero.
CAUTION:
If the resulting value of Eq. 4 exceeds the rated Tensile Strength (ST) of the fastener, it will
likely fail. For critical applications, refer to references listed in Table 18 for more details
and accurate formulas.
Eq. 4: Estimating Shear Stress Within a Bolt, Screw
T
Where: T
F
AT
mB
mT
AB
AS
F
F

Ar mB AB mT AS
(For round fastener)
= Shear stress
= Lateral force applied to joint system
= Total cross-sectional area = the sum of the cross-sectional area of all
fasteners in the joint system
= Number of fasteners where joint plane passes through fastener body
(assumes: all fasteners are the same type and size), set = 0 if none
= Number of fasteners where joint plane passes through threads (assumes:
all fasteners are the same type and size), set = 0 if none
= Sum of cross-sectional area where joint crosses threaded section of all
bolts in the joint system
= Sum of cross-sectional area where joint crosses body of all bolts or rivets
in the joint system
Eq. 5: Estimating Shear Stress on a Rivet
T
Where: T
F
b
m
Ar
20
800.253.0421
F
(For round fastener)
bmAr
= Shear stress
= Lateral force applied to joint system
= Number of shear planes or surfaces passing through rivets (assumes: all
fasteners are the same type and size)
= Number of fasteners joint plane passes through
= Cross-sectional area of fasteners in the joint system, assumes all are the
same type and size
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Example 3: Estimating Shear Stress for Cable Connected to a Frame

A half inch ball lock pin is used to secure a yoke to a steel plate that is secured to a frame by two M10
x 1.0 Class 8.8 bolts. It is estimated the maximum force applied to the yoke will be 10,000 lbs. What is
the Shear Stress on the ball lock pin and each bolt?
10,000 lbs = 44500 N

Part A: The Yoke and Ball Lock Pin
Calculating the Stress Area (AS) for the ball lock pin using Eq. 1A:
AS
P 2
d = 0.7854 x 0.52 = 0.196 in2
4
The resulting Shear Stress, from Eq. 4, will be:
T
F
F
10000

= 50.9 ksi = 351 MPa
Ar mB AB mT AS 1x0.196 0
NOTE: Because the tension of the cable on the yoke is equally divided and distributed to each end of
the ball lock pin, the above result reects the total shear stress on the ball lock pin which has
four joint planes passing through it, two on the inside of the yoke and two on the outside. It
could be argued that because the ends of the pin are not secured, the two inside joint planes
absorb the majority of the stress. The Shear Stress at each joint plane is 50.9/2 or 25.45 ksi.
Estimating the Shear Stress using Eq. 5:
T
F
10000

= 25.5 ksi = 176 MPa
bmAr 2 x1x0.196
The Yield Strength listed in Table 3 for steel is 40 ksi - 232 ksi, This would imply the design will work
ne and a smaller ball lock pin and yoke may be used.
Part B: Plate Mounting
Calculating the Stress Area for each metric bolt using Eq. 1C (the joint plane passes through the bolt
threads):
AS
P
d 0.9382 P 2 0.7854(10-0.9382*1.0)2 = 64.5 mm2 = 0.1 in2
4
The Shear Stress at the plate is (Eq. 4):
T
F
F
44500

= 345 MPa = 50 ksi
Ar mB AB mT AS 0 2 x64.5
345 MPa is the Shear Stress for the plate being held by two bolts bolts with 172.5 MPa each. From
Table 4, the Yield Strength for a Class 8.8 metric bolt is 640 MPa, which puts the bolts well within the
estimated 172.5 MPa each in this example. Like the ball lock pin in Part A, the bolts are stronger than
required for this application.
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In this case, hardware refers to any component which can be used in the joining of two or more pieces
in an application. A wide variety of industrial hardware is available from Reid Supply. Hardware ranges
from non-threaded fasteners to most any hardware required for cabinets to seals and gaskets. Refer to
Table 17 for a summary of industrial hardware.
Where applicable, the most important design consideration for hardware is strength. For instance,
specications for drawer slides include Rated Load. Some hinges include a working load and some
latches list a grip strength. Eq. 5 can be used for most any fastener to determine minimum load bearing
sizes.
CAUTION:
When determining load bearing capacities of any fastener, estimate based on the weakest
joint of the fastener or hardware component. If uncertain, contact Reid Customer Service
at the toll-free number listed at the bottom of the page or online at ReidSupply.com.
Example 4: Estimating the shear stress for a 3/8 inch clevis pin made with 1010 steel. The Yield Strength (SY)
is 44.2 ksi. The maximum load is determined to be 3000 lbs.
If the pin is used to align and hold two plates only one shear plane exists and either Eq. 4 or Eq. 5:
T
F
F
3000

= 27,272.7 psi = 188 MPa
Ar mB AB mT AS 1x0.11 0
T
Environment
F
3000

= 27,272.7 psi = 188 MPa
bmA r 1x1x0.11
Environment can be an important concern when designing any equipment. Metal cutting equipment
typically uses coolants; medical and food processing systems are concerned with sanitation. All of
these systems use fasteners and related hardware to hold them together and attach components.
Explosion proof hinges are available, if needed.
Weather is also an issue. Seals, gaskets and weather proong hardware can protect contents by
containing internal or excluding external inuences. Neoprene washers also have environmental
application.
Sanitation
As previously mention, food and medical industries are concerned with biological contaminants.
Some materials listed in Table 9 and Table 10 are biologically friendly and should be used for these
applications.
Security
Much of the hardware included in Fasteners and Hardware is used in the design, construction and
building of enclosures. Latches with locks or built-in sensors, hidden hinges, drawer slides and other
components are available which support secure enclosures that can be locked or otherwise made
secure. Heavy duty hardware resists intrusion.
Space
In some instances, space is a premium. The use of thread inserts eliminates the need for external nuts
and saves space. Screws can be countersunk or have at heads which allow movable devices to pass
over them. Low prole and recessed latches and hinges are also available that conserve space and
streamline the design.
Vibration
Just the mention of fastener in any design raises concerns of vibration or any inuence which can
diminish or defeat the purpose of the joint. Several options are available to choose from and are listed
in Table 14.
Aesthetics
Least important from a practical point of view is aesthetics. However, it can be very important if the
design is to have a lot of human exposure.
Production
Requirements
When any component is to be used in a production setting, there are many things to consider relative
to the production process. Fasteners and Hardware are used in the assembly and production of many
products. Production requirements may include automation, quality and human factors.
22
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Automation
Automation involves the use of equipment and processes which partially or completely automate a
production line with minimal human intervention. Automation can be applied to storage and delivery
systems and include the actual assembly of the product; in part or to completion. Automating storage
and movement of components is not too difcult. However, when designing an automated assembly
system, the rst step is an attempt to eliminate or reduce the need for fasteners. This is because many
fasteners can be difcult to mechanically handle and install automatically. The designer must determine
the best fastener and hardware which can be used in an automated design.
Quality
Reid Supply is proud of its effort to ensure only quality products are found in its catalog and encourage
any and all feedback from its customers. If there are any issues, positive or negative, with products
purchased from Reid Supply, contact Customer Service at the toll-free number listed at the bottom of
the page, online at ReidSupply.com or by email at mail@ReidSupply.com.
Human Factors
Any time an operator is part of the process, human factors must be considered. Human factors for
Fasteners and Hardware are similar to that of Manual Controls and Clamps and Workholding. Refer to
the Manual Controls or Clamps and Workholding Resource Guide for details.
Safety
Of course, safety is a high priority for any application; especially when human interface is required. The
integrity of any application and design can be compromised by:
Improper design - anytime a fastener or other hardware is employed in a design, forces exist
within the joint where the fastener is used. Reid Supply offers many choices for the designer.
Specications for proper implementation of its products is available:
In the catalog - the information in this Resource Guide goes beyond the catalog and attempts to
give customers more detailed information to implement Fasteners and Hardware.
As part of U.S. and ISO engineering standards governing dimensions and tolerances, material,
production processes and product testing.
A degraded or failed joint - all joints held by fasteners are subject to external inuences, from a
bridge swaying in the wind to a machine driving a tool through a piece of steel to a child dropping
a toy. It is up to the designer to anticipate these conditions and select the best fastener or piece of
hardware that will be strong enough and resilient enough to last.
Operator neglect - many aspects of human behavior are both surprising and unpredictable. For
those that are predictable, there are Fasteners and Hardware which can be purchased to protect
both the human and the product.
SELECTING THE
CORRECT COMPONENT
The previously discussed design considerations lead to a selection of a fastener or relative hardware.
Use this section of the Resource Guide to help determine the product which best meets the design
considerations for the application. Tables and other information have been included that allow the
comparison of similar products.
Style
Several product lines fall under the Fasteners and Hardware category of the Reid Supply catalog. Each
product line offers a variety of styles to choose from. Refer to the many tables listed from this point on
in the Resource Guide to help select the best style of Fasteners and Hardware.
Screw Styles
While bolts have standard hex head, are straight shanked and have a limited selection of thread types,
screws have a variety of heads, shanks, driver types and threads. The type of thread is determined by
the material being fastened to and its properties.
Table 7 lists screw thread types, while Table 8 illustrates different head types. Table 8 also shows the
reference point from which screw length is measured. {3,6,7}
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Table 7: ASA Screw Thread Types
Thread
Type
Self Self Self

Drill Start Tap
CONE
POINT
A precision forming operation to provide any required included angle. Offers a smooth
surface, accurate length, and a sharp point which can be produced to any desired
contour to t your particular requirements.
CUPPED
POINT
A special cup section supplied on the end of the threaded screw having a depression in
the end to reduce the area in contact with the surface which increases its holding and
locking power under pressure.
DIE POINT
One of the least expensive pointing operations applied at the time of heading. This
operation provides an end chamfer starting with a diameter smaller than the root
diameter of the thread. The minimum reduction of the point is approximately 10% below
the maximum minor diameter with an included angle of 40 to 50 degrees.
DOG POINT
Includes a straight pointed section reduced in diameter slightly below the root diameter
of the thread, usually extending in length about two-thirds the diameter of the thread.
Recommended for ease in starting, to insure against stripping ne threaded products,
and to increase efciency along production lines.
NAIL POINT
(PINCHED)
Usually supplied with an approximate 45 included angle having a sharp point and slightly
squared surface. Used for impinging or locking against wood or other soft material. Other
degrees of included angle and sharpness also available.
PINCH
POINT
(ROUNDED)
An inexpensive method of applying a 40, 60 or 90 lead-in point having a slightly

rounded contour but with pinch-off marks on its surface. Used for aligning several sheets
or assembling several parts requiring pilot action.
ROLLED
POINT
An efcient method of producing pointed long studs or long screws with an end chamfer
similar to the Die Point. The last thread and a half is slightly cupped by the thread rollover operation.
ROUND
POINT
A dome-like rounded surface applied to the end of a threaded screw in order to offer
pressure without disgurement. Used for adjusting screws where friction without cutting
action is desirable.
SELFDRILLING
With special drilling points lengths diameters that will drill through in. metal.
Eliminates all hole preparation drills faster than a drill. No punching, drilling or tapping
required. Reduces die costs.
SELFDRILLING
Produces more secure sheet metal assemblies faster. Used as self-drilling screw or
driving thru pre-punched holes. Can be used with or without pilot holes. Positive rake
forward cutting edge drills straight thru sheet metal at peak speed. Perfectly mated
threads increase strip and back out pressures.
For wood with a coarse tapping screw thread and a special long sharp point uted to
capture chips.
TYPE 17
POINT
24
Description
TYPE A
POINT
This sheet metal screw for use in thin metal .015 to .050 thick. It is best to start with a
drilled, punched or nested hole in sheet metal, resin impregnated plywood, asbestos
combinations, among others. Not recommended for new design.
TYPE B
POINT
For use in heavier metal .050 to .200 thick. It has a larger root diameter with ner
thread pitch for light and heavy sheet metal, non-ferrous castings, plastics, impregnated
plywoods, asbestos combinations, and other materials.
TYPE C
POINT
Includes a blunt tapered point and approximates either coarse or ne pitch machine
screw thread. Makes a chip-free assembly and permits replacement with standard
screw in the eld. Requires a higher driving torque. Usable in heavy sheet metal and die
castings.
TYPE D
POINT
Blunt tapered point thread with single ute for cutting an approximate ne standard
machine screw thread. For low strength metals and plastics or high strength brittle
metals and for rethreading clogged pretapped holes.
TYPE F
POINT
Similar to Type D point, but having multi-cutting edges and chip cavities. For use in heavy
gauge sheet metal, aluminum, zinc and lead die castings, cast iron, brass and plastic.
TYPE G
POINT
Blunt die point with a single through slot to form two cutting edges. Machine screw
threads. Same general use as Type C, but where less driving torque is required. Used
for low strength metals and plastics.
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Thread
Type
Self Self Self

Drill Start Tap
TYPE T
POINT

Description
The ne thread series offers maximum thread cutting area and excellent chip clearing,
with minimum tightening torques.
TYPE U
POINT
Has multiple high Helix threads for driving or hammering into sheet metal, castings, ber
or plastics for permanent, quick assemblies. Should not be used in materials less than
one screw diameter thick.
TYPE AB
POINT
Combining Type A and B features, it includes a Type A locating point with Type B thread
size and pitch. Normal limitations of Type B apply.
TYPE BF
POINT
With a blunt tapered point and multi-cutting edges and chip cavities, this thread can be
used for plastics, die castings, metal clad and resin impregnated plywoods, and asbestos.
TYPE BT
POINT
Similar to Type T point except with coarse Type B thread. For plastics and other soft
materials with large chip clearing and cutting edges.
Screw head styles are selected for aesthetics and practical reasons. Practical reasons include strength
and space. In some cases a low prole is required due to mechanical motion, while others require a
strong head to hold down a part. Table 8 lists some common head styles and drive types. More drive
types can be found in the Maintenance, Repair and Operations Resource Guide.
Table 8: Screw Head Styles
Head
Style
Description
ACORN HEAD
Full Undercut
A very neat appearing trim screw for appliance application-excellent wrench surfaces.
BINDING HEAD
Straight Side
Generally used in electrical and radio work because of its identifying undercut beneath the head,
which binds and eliminates fraying of stranded wire. Offers an attractively designed, medium-low head
with ordinarily sufcient bearing surface. Not ordinarily recommended as a Phillips Recessed Headsee Pan Head for better functional design.
FILLISTER HEAD
The standard oval llister head has a smaller diameter than the round head, but is higher with a
correspondingly deeper slot. The smaller diameter head increases the pressure applied on the
smaller area and can be assembled close to anges and raised surfaces. Headed in counterbored
dies to insure concentricity, they may be used successfully in counterbored holes.
FLAT AND OVAL

Heads Undercut
This is the standard at or oval head 80 to 82 countersunk screw which has the lower one-third of
the countersunk portion removed to facilitate production of extremely short lengths. As illustrated, it
will t a standard counterbored hole and is particularly adaptable to ush assemblies in thin stock.
FLAT HEAD
Supplied to standard dimensions with an 80 to 82 angle to be used where nished surfaces require
a ush fastening unit. The countersunk portion offers good centering possibilities. This style takes full
advantage of the self-centering feature of the countersunk portion and provides a smooth, ush outer
surface.
FLAT HEAD
100 Countersunk
This special Flat Head screw has been developed for applications requiring ush surfaces and is
recommended for use in soft materials to distribute pressure over a larger and less angular surface.
Very well adapted for use with thin aluminum, soft plastics, etc.
HEXAGON HEAD
Trimmed
This is the standard type of wrench-applied hexagon head, characterized by clean, sharp corners
trimmed to close tolerances. Recommended for general applications. It is available in all standard
patterns and in all thread diameters.
INDENTED
HEXAGON
An inexpensive wrench head fastener made to standard hexagon head dimensions. The hex is
completely cold upset in a counterbored die and possesses an identifying depression in the top
surface of the head.
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Head
Style
Fasteners
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Description
INDENTED
HEXAGON
WASHER HEAD
Produced in the same manner as the standard indented hexagon head but with a washer section at
the base of the head to protect the nish of the assembly from wrench disgurement.
ONE-WAY HEAD
This ingenious, tamper-proof type of head, once assembled cannot be removed, yet is driven with
a standard screw driver. Manufactured with amazing economy in productive quantities, this simple
design can frequently solve costly assembly problems.
OVAL HEAD
Fully specied as oval countersunk, this head is identical to the standard at head, but possesses a
rounded, neat appearing upper surface for attractiveness of design.
PAN HEAD
Recommended for new designs to replace round, truss and binding heads. Provides a low large
diameter head, but with characteristically high outer edge along the-outer periphery of the head
where driving action is most effective for high tightening torques. Slightly different head contour where
supplied with recessed head.
PHILLIPS
FINISHING
WASHER HEAD
Designed as a neat appearance product for the electronic and appliance trade with all threaded styles.
ROUND HEAD
SQUARE
SHOULDER
TRUSS HEAD
Type T
Overlug
Materials
Quick Release Pins
Not recommended for new design (see Pan Head). This head was the most universally used design
in the past.
An adaptation of the standard carriage bolt design. Possesses a truss head on a square shank which
resists rotation when located or driven into place. This square shoulder may also be staked into place
as a permanent fastener. A great many varieties in all screw diameters are available in productive
quantities.
Also known as Oven Head, Stove Head, and Oval Binding Head. A low, neat appearing, large
diameter head having excellent design qualities, and as illustrated can be used to cover larger
diameter clearance holes in sheet metal when additional play in assembly tolerance is required.
Suggest Pan Head as a substitute.
For applications requiring smooth, nished outer surfaces. Under surface of head is designed for
perfect electrode contact.
WASHER HEAD
This design has the nished appearance of a conventional round head plus washer and was originally
created to provide extra large bearing surface under the head. The modern truss head (carried
in stock) normally answers this purpose. When a larger diameter is required this washer head is
recommended.
WELDING HEAD
Type U
(Underlug)
The welding screw has been developed to provide a strong permanent threaded fastener which
becomes an integral part of the assembly. It utilizes the principle of projection welding by means of
multiple lugs applied to various head surfaces.
Type U is for general application. Assembles easily into pre-located holes and fully utilizes head
strength. Top surfaces of head designed for efcient welding anode contact.
As discussed previously, materials must be considered when selecting fasteners and related hardware.
Table 9 lists some common materials used for Fasteners and Hardware. Table 10 and Table 11 list
basic properties of metals and plastics. More details on material properties can be found in some of the
reference documents listed in Table 18. [1,3]
Material considerations include:
26
Properties
The properties of materials used to produce fasteners are governed by standards and
listed by Grade or Class. Material properties can be found in tables within this Resource
Guide, in reference material listed in Table 18 and on the Internet.
Stress
Material stress and fatigue can also be an issue if the material selected will not hold up to
the applied forces and bend or brake. This can be a function of both internal and external
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forces applied and for how long. Equations and tables provided in this Resource Guide, in
reference material listed in Table 18 and on the Internet can be used to estimate strength
of materials use for fasteners and related hardware.
Most all fasteners and some hardware components list strength factors as previously
stated.
Strength
Much of the information provided previously in Design Considerations is related to strength

of materials.
WARNING: Selecting a fastener or hardware that is too weak for any application will compromise its
integrity and lead to equipment damage, personal injury or worse.
Corrosion
Should the material used have an adverse reaction to chemicals or temperature or both, it
may not perform well. Corrosion, mold and mildew are concerns of the food and medical
industry along with a materials reaction to cleaning solutions. Table 12 of the Manual
Controls Resource Guide lists chemical properties of common plastics.
Weight
Weight may be an issue that would favor plastics, but aluminum is also an option for some
hardware. In the case of fasteners, less weight usually means less strength.
Friction
Anytime parts come together and lateral forces exist, friction is generated. Friction is
an important factor for critical joints and calculations used to design them. If wear is a
concern, friction must be considered in the selection of fasteners and related hardware.
It may be neglected for estimating and selecting Fasteners and Hardware for non-critical
applications.
Other
Conductivity, thermal properties, hardness, wear resistance, plasticity, and more. If these
and other considerations are required when selecting Fasteners and Hardware, refer to
reference material listed in Table 18 or contact Reid Customer Service at the toll-free
number posted at the bottom of the page, online at ReidSupply.com or email Reid at
mail @ ReidSupply.com.
Refer to Table 9 to help decide on a material to be used for your application based on material
properties. [1,3]
Table 9: Materials Used to Manufacture Fasteners and Hardware
Material
Pros
Cons
Standoffs, screws, rivets, hinges, handles, and other hardware are made of aluminum or
have aluminum parts.
Aluminum
Lightweight.
Less corrosive than steel.
Non magnetic.
Soft, harder to machine than steel.
Bushing, threaded inserts, screws, nuts, hinges, tips for set screws and other hardware can
be made of brass or have brass components.
Brass
Low wear factor.

Low coefcient of friction.
Softer than steel.
The most common form of steel that provides material properties that are acceptable for
many applications. Used to manufacture most Fasteners and Hardware components.
Mild Steel
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Low carbon content (up to 0.3%) that is neither

extremely brittle nor ductile.
Usually with black oxide nish to resist rust and
corrosion.
Tensile strength is a maximum of 500 MPa
(72,500 psi).
Stronger than aluminum.
Can rust or corrode if not protected.

Heavier than aluminum or brass.
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Material
Pros
Cons
Used in lock nuts and other fasteners as the locking element in threads. Also used for the
nose for some set screws. See Vibration Proof Fasteners.
Nylon
Long wear.
Will not mar soft metals or other material.
Self lubricating.
Sensitive to heat.
Typically used as handle material for some fasteners. Some hardware is made of plastic.
Softer and less expensive than metal.
Moldable to most any shape.
Lightweight, but strong.
Plastic
Sensitive to heat and some strong

chemicals.
Most fasteners are either steel or stainless steel. Many hardware components are stainless
steel.
Stainless Steel
Corrosive resistant.
Impact resistant.
Non-magnetic.
Can be case hardened for better wear resistance.
A majority of fasteners and hardware components are made of steel.

Typically case hardened for better wear
resistance.
Passivated to resist corrosion with zinc or black
oxide.
Impact resistant.
Less expensive than stainless.
Steel
Can corrode or rust if protective

coating is compromised.
Table 10: Material Specications - Metals
Service
Temp2
Metals1
Hardness2
C/F
Tensile
Strength2
Yield
Strength2
Typical
Elongation2
static and dry

sliding and dry
MPa
ksi
MPa
ksi
Aluminum
260/500
80 - 125
Brinnell
1.05
1.4
0.22-0.276
0.032-0.040
Brass
905/1660
65 - 80
Brinnell
0.51 (on steel)

0.44 (on steel)
317-883
46-128
Hard Steel
1093/2000
0.78
0.42
621 - 758
90 - 110
11 - 30
Mild Steel
1093/2000
137 - 223
Brinnell
0.74
0.57
462 - 772
67 - 112
14 - 25
343/650
200 - 445
Brinnell
413 - 689
60 - 100
10 - 40
Stainless Steel
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
28
Coefcient of
Friction3
<1 - 3.5
97-427
14-62
65
Materials and specications are for comparison purposes only and may differ from those used by OEM.
Values will vary with material property and temperature. More details can be found in references listed
in Table 18. [1,3]. If exact values are required for the desired tooling component, contact Reid Supply
Customer Service at the toll-free number listed at the bottom of this page.
On like metal.
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Table 11: Material Specications - Nylon
Plastics
Service
Temp
C / F
Nylon 6
Standards
82 / 180
Rockwell
Hardness
101 to 123
Coefcient
of Friction
Tensile
Strength
Notched Izod
Impact
Tensile
Elongation
Flexural
Modulus
on steel
dry / wet
MPa
psi
J/m
ft-lb/in
MPa
ksi
0.4 / 0.15
20.13-106.9
2920 - 15500
16.0 - 1.33E+31
0.300 - 2.50E+29
0.50 - 100
2.00 - 3130
0.290 - 453
Many industrial components are built around a set of national or international standards. These
standards are used by the designer to determine the best component to purchase and how to apply
them. This is especially true for fasteners.
Table 12: Standards
Standard1
ANSI
American National
Standards Institute
www.ansi.org
Number2
Function
B18.2.1
1996 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, Inch Series
B18.2.2K
1987 Square and Hex Nuts
B18.2.3.1M
1986 Socket Head Cap Screws (Metric Series)
B18.2.3.4M
1986 Hexagon Socket Button Head Cap Screws (Metric Series)
B18.2.4.1M
2002 Metric Hex Nuts, Style 1
B18.3
2003 Socket Cap, Shoulder, and Set Screws, Hex and Spline Keys
(Inch Series)
B18.6.3
2003 Machine Screws and Machine Screw Nuts
B18.17
1968 Nuts and Wing Nuts - Cold Forged
B18.21.1
1999 Lock Washers (Inch Series)
B18.22.1
1965 Plain Washers
B18.2.1
Same as ANSI
B18.2.3.1M
Same as ANSI
B18.6.3
Same as ANSI
B18.17
Same as ANSI
A449-07b
Standard Specication for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs, Steel,
Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength, General
Use
A581/
A581M-95B
Standard Specication for Free-Machining Stainless Steel Wire and

Wire Rods
A582/
A582M-05
Standard Specication for Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars
F436-07a
Standard Specication for Hardened Steel Washers
F812/
F812M-07
Standard Specication for Surface Discontinuities of Nuts, Inch and

Metric Series
IFI
Industrial Fasteners
Institute
100/107
2002 Prevailing Torque Steel Hex and Hex Flange Nuts
101
Torque Tension Requirements for Prevailing-Torque Type Steel Hex

and Hex Flange Nuts
ISO
International
Organization for
Standardization
www.iso.org
ISBN 92-6710344-X
ISO Standards Handbook, Fasteners and Screw Threads

Volume 1: Terminology and nomenclature, General reference
standards
ISBN 92-6710345-8
ISO Standards Handbook, Fasteners and Screw Threads

Volume 2: Product Standards
ASME
American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
www.asme.org
ASTM
American Society for
Testing and Materials
www.astm.org
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Standard1
Number2
SAE
Society of Automobile
Engineers
www.sae.org
J119
Fiberboard Crease Bending Test
J122A
Surface Discontinuities on Nuts
NOTES:
1)
2)
Function
J489
Lock Washers (Cancelled Jan 1990, Superseded by ANSI/ASME/

B18.21)
J995
Mechanical and Material Requirements for Steel Nuts
J1061
Surface Discontinuities on General Application Bolts, Screws, and

Studs
More about standards can be found on the Internet and in the reference material listed in Table 18.
An M at the end of all standard numbers signies Metric standard.
Other standards organizations listed in the catalog, but not listed in Table 12.
DIN
FASTENERS
Deutsches Institut fuer Normung (German National Standards Institution)
www.din.de
The word fastener has a much broader meaning than many people are aware. The most common is a
bolt or screw. Table 13 includes a sample selection of fasteners available at Reid Supply.
30
Bolt
Carriage Bolt
Shoulder Screw
Socket Head Cap Screw
Lag Screw
Machine Screw
Self Drilling Screw
Sheet Metal Screw
Captive Panel Screw
Captive Screw
Set Screw
Thumb Screw
Finishing Washer
Flat Washer
Lock Washer
Machinery Bushing
Hex Nut
Locknut
Wing Nut
Stud
Spacers
Standoffs
Gauge
Yoke
Clevis Pin
Pull Dowel
Spring Pin
Taper Pin
Click Pin
Cotter Pin
Hitch Pin
Lynch Pin
Ball Lock Pin
Quick Release Pin
Flanged Receptacle
Lanyard
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Screw vs. Bolt
Toggle Bolt
U-Bolt
Fastener Kits
Fastener Storage
HeliCoil
Rivet Nut
Threaded Insert
Thread Insert for Plastic
Aluminum Drive Rivet
1/4 Turn Fastener
Receptacle
Retainer
Standards offer no clear denition between a screw and a bolt. Generally speaking:
A bolt shank is 1/4 inch or more in diameter with straight threads and is always held on the other end
by a nut or threaded hole in a block or other structure.
Bolt heads are typically limited to hex type and have threads that meet a specication such as M,
MJ, UN, UNR or UNJ.
Bolts are grouped by grade for inch or class for metric sizes.
Screws:
Have a 1/4 inch or smaller shank with either straight or tapered threads. Straight threads are used
like a bolt, but the head is something other than a hex head. However, a hex-washer head screw is
an exception. Socket head cap screws are also an exception.
Can have tapered threads that are self tapping and intended to be driven into a substrate directly
or follow a pilot hole. The style of tapered thread determines the intended substrate: wood, plastic,
cement, etc.
Fastener Diameter
Determining the best fastener to use for any applications requires some engineering. Along with
research for material types and fastener styles, some calculations are necessary. Eq. 3 and Eq 4 can
be transposed to get a minimum diameter:
Eq. 6: Estimating Minimum Fastener Diameter
d 0.9382 P
Where: d
P
FP
ST
NOTE:
1)
2)
3)
Estimated Diameter of fastener

Thread Pitch, set to zero for non-threaded fastener
Preload Force
Proof Load by grade or class for threaded fastener (Table 4 and Table 5, for
non-threaded fastener
Eq. 6 was derived from transposing Eq. 1C and Eq. 2B Although Eq. 1C is for metric fasteners, it can be
used to estimate both inch and metric diameters (see note 3).
For non-threaded fasteners, set P = 0 and substitute Proof Load (SP) for Yield Strength (SY) by material
found in Table 3 or from references listed in Table 18.
A safety factor should be included when selecting the best diameter fastener for the application.
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=
=
=
=
FP
0.7854 S P
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Example 5: Estimated the minimum bolt diameter for Example 3, Part B.

Assuming the force is evenly divided between the two bolts, 10,000 / 2 or 5,000 lbs or 22250 N. 640
MPa was obtained from Table 4 as the Yield Strength (SY) for Class 8.8 metric bolt and is substituted for
SP in Eq. 6:
d 0.9382P
FP
22250
0
= 6.65 mm
0.7854S P
0.7854x640
According to the above calculation, two Class 8.8, 8 mm bolts would have been sufcient to hold the
plate on the frame.
Vibration Proof
Fasteners
Vibration is always a concern with threaded and non-threaded fasteners. Reid Supply offers a variety of
solutions for this problem.
Table 14: Vibration Proof Fasteners
FASTENER TOOLS
Jam Nut
Keps Nut
Locknut
Serrated Flange Locknut
Slotted Hex Nut
Spinner Grip Flange Nut
Nylon Locking Screw
Tooth Lock Washer
Lock Washer
Nord-Lock Washer
Serrated Safety Washer
Spring Washer
The most typical tools for installation and removal of fasteners is a wrench or screwdriver. However,
some fasteners are not typical and require special tools. Table 15 and Table 16 list recommended tools
designed for installation and removal of specic fasteners.
Table 15: Special Tools for Installing Fasteners
Air Hydraulic ThreadSetter
Hand Thread-Setters
Hand Thread-Setter
Low Volume
Thread Insert Power Drive
HeliCoil Hand Insert Tool
HeliCoil Production Tool
HeliCoil Tang Break-Off

Tool
Thread Taps
Table 16: Special Tools for Removing or Repairing Fasteners
HeliCoil Extracting Tool
32
E-Z LOK Repair Kits
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Stud Repair Set
Thread Repair Tools
Thread Repair Kits
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HARDWARE
The word fastener has a much broader meaning than many people are aware. The most common is a
bolt or screw. Table 17 categorizes fasteners available at Reid Supply.
1/4 Turn Latch
Adjustable Latch
Door Holder
Draw Latch
Draw Pull Catch
Explosion Proof Latch
Grabber Catch
Grip Latch
Key Latch
L-Handle
Latching Handle
Magnetic Catch
Panel Latch
Paddle Latch
Replacement Key
(For lockable latches)
Roller Catch
Slam Lock
T-Handle
Tension Latch
Toggle Latch

Cover Stay
Door Stop
Lid Support
Rod Assembly

Door Edge Protection
Push On Trim Seals
Weather Stripping
Window Seal
Acrylic Hinge
Bolt On Hinge
Butt Hinge
Concealed Hinge
Continuous Hinge
Flush Mount Butt Hinge
Latch Hinge
Lift-Off Hinge
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CUSTOM PRODUCTS
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Light Duty Hinge
Spring Hinge
Spring Release Hinge
Strap Hinge
Weld On Hinge
Drawer Slide
Lazy Susan
CRT/TV Swivel Slide
Reid Does More Than You Think..

We have over 52,000 products in 12 color-coded categories
Whether you call our friendly customer service reps or visit our new web site, ReidSupply.com,
we have what you need. Take advantage of Reids 60 years of sales and product management
experience.
Cant nd what you are looking for in our catalog?
Reids Rapid Response team is trained to nd products that you cant nd. We will source the
product for you.
Need technical support?
Ask an Expert is a free service available on the Reid SupplyLine e-newsletter. Once registered, any
question submitted is passed to experienced team of professionals who provide a quick response.
Do you need help customizing a standard product?
TQM, Total Quality Machining, is our manufacturing and modication tooling company. We can take
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Just call the toll-free number listed at the bottom of the page or online at ReidSupply.com.
34
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SUMMARY
The use of this Resource Guide should help select the best Fasteners and Hardware for a wide variety
of applications. Use the included tables, equations and related information as a tool to assist in the
design and purchase of Fasteners and Hardware.
For comments on the contents of this Resource Guide, contact the Reid Customer Service department
using the toll-free number listed at the bottom of the page or by email at mail @ ReidSupply.com (enter
Resource Guide in the subject line).
For More
Information
Although the Internet offers a vast wealth of information, it may not always be readily available or easy
to nd. Reid Supply online resources include other Resource Guides, Ask an Expert and reference
manuals found in the Reid Supply catalog. These reference manuals are listed in Table 18. Table 19
list topics within each manual relative to Fasteners and Hardware. This Resource Guide can also be
downloaded and/or printed as needed.
Table 18: Recommended Documentation and Reference Manuals
Ref #
NOTE:
Cat. No.
Machinerys Handbook Pocket Companion
DR-11
Machinerys Handbook Guide
Machinerys Handbook
DR-5T
DR-5J
Basic Machining Reference Handbook
DR-17
Machinists Ready Reference
DR-18
Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers
DR-26
Standard Handbook of Machine Design
DR-37
Materials Handbook
DR-52
Engineers Black Book
DR-95
DR-12
DR-5CD
DR-5C
Refer to Table 19 for details on content relative to this Resource Guide.
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2,7
DR-95
2,4
DR-52
2,7
DR-37
2,4
DR-26
DR-18
2,4,7
DR-12
DR-17
AISI classication of tool steel
DR-11
Information Type
AISI classication of aluminum
DR-5C
DR-CD
DR-5T
DR-5J
Table 19: Reference Manual Content Relative to This Guide.
2,4,7
2,4,7
2,4
2,4
2,4,7
Bolt classication
1,2,3,4,7
1,2,4
1,2,3,
1,2,4,5
1,2
Bolt identication
1,2,4,7
1,2
1,2,6
1,2,5
1,2
Bolt specications
1,2,7
1,2,5
1,2,5
1,2,5
Bolt and fastener strength values
2,4,6
2,4
1,2,4,7
1,2,3,7,8
3,6
3,7,8
Clamping forces for fasteners
3,6,8
3,6
Coefcient of Friction for materials
2,3,7
Conversion factors
2,3,7
Coordinates for locating holes on circle
6
2
1,2,3,5
2,5
2
1,2,7
Dowel pin data
1,2,7
1,2,5
2,5
1,2,3,7,8
1,2,6
2,3,6
2,7
1,2,3
1,2
Driver types for nuts, bolts and screws

GD&T
1,2
2,4,7,8
2,4,5
Geometric shapes
3,7,8
3,5
Hardness
2,4,7
2,4
Head types for bolts and screws
1,2,7
1,2,5
2,6
3,7,8
3,4,7
2,4,7
2,4,7
2,5
2,7
2,4
1,2,5
Properties of metals
2,4,7
2,5
Properties of non-metals
2,4,6
2,4,5
2,4,7
Rivets
1,2,7
2,4
1,2,3,4,7
Screw heads and types
1,2,7
1,2,5
1,2,3,6
Screw specications
1,2,7
1,2,5
1,2,6
1,2,5
Set screw types and specications
1,2,7
2,5
Shear strength for bolts and rivets
1,2,3,7,8
2,4,7
2,4
1,2,3,7
1,2,4,5
Standards listed in Table 12
1,2,4,6
2,5
3,6,8
2,4
2,4,6
2,5
2,4,7
2,3,4,7
1,2
2,5
1,2,3,7,8
1,2,3,7,8
2,4,7
1,2,6
1,2,3,7
2,4
1,2,4,6
2,5
7
1,2,3,7
2
2
2
5
1,2,3,4,7
1,2,3,7,8
6,8
1,2,3,4,7
1,2,4,6
3,7,8
Torque requirements for fasteners
1,2,3,7,8
Torque conversion
1,2,3,4,7
6,8
1,2,3
1,2,4,6
1,2,3,6
1,2
1,2,6
1,2,6
1,2,3,6
1,2
1,2,3,7,8
3,7,8
1,2,5,8
2,5
1,2
2,6
Tolerances
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7,8
Thread types
Wrench clearance
1,2
1,2,5
3,6,8
Standards for limits and ts
Washer specications
2,6
1,2,7
Surface coatings
3,5
4,7
2,3,4,7
Nut types
Stainless steel type
36
Human dimensions
ISO/ANSI classes of carbide
1,2,6,8
Cotter and Clevis Pins
Drill specications
2,3,7
1,2,3,4
2,
1,2,4
2,6
2,5
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Notes:
GLOSSARY
1) Imperial and metric systems

2) Data/specication charts and tables
3) Formulas
4) Comparison information
5) Some discussion
6) Basics discussion
7) Detailed discussion
8) How-to information
Below is a list of terms used in this document.

Term
Denition
Axial
Parallel to and along a given axis. Usually referenced to the direction of motion
or force vectors.
Lateral
Perpendicular to a given axis. Usually referenced to a sideways direction of

motion or force vectors.
Preload (P)
The amount of axial force added to a fastener to form a predetermined

clamping force. It is applied by torquing down a fastener or crimping a
rivet. If this value is exceeded by external forces, the joint integrity could be
compromised.
Proof Load (SP)
Proof load is a tension-applied load that the fastener must support without
evidence of permanent deformation. Proof load is an absolute value, not a
maximum or minimum. Proof loads are established at approximately 90 to 93
percent of the expected minimum yield strength of the fastener material.
Shear Stress
The application of lateral forces, Figure 2, to a fastener and joint.
Strain (S)
To pull, draw or stretch beyond the proper or legitimate limit. To apply an

external force to the point of deformity.
Stress
An applied force or system of forces that tends to strain or deform a body.
Stress Area
The cross-sectional area of an object measured within a plane parallel to and

in line with the applied forces creating stress.
Tensile Strength (ST)
Illustrated in Figure 2, Tensile strength (minimum value is usually given) for

fasteners is the amount of axial force that can be applied to a fastener without
permanently changing its shape. Forces exceeding this value can permanently
elongate or break the fastener.
Torque (T)
Measured in Nm (Newton meter) or ft-lbs (foot-pounds), Torque is the resulting

radial force (F) applied over a radial distance (R) at, and normal to, the pivot
point (P). The equation: T = FR
P
R
For example: if a force (F) of 50 N is applied 300 mm (R) from the center of the
pivot point (P), the resulting torque would be 15 Nm; or: 50 N x .3 m = 15 Nm.
Yield Strength (SY)
REFERENCES
The minimum amount of lateral force exerted against a fastener before

breaking. If exceeded, the fastener integrity could be compromised and distort
or break the fastener and joint.
The following is a list of referenced used in to create this document. They are referred to by number,
e.g. [3], in the text where applicable.
1] Standards listed in Table 12
2] Reference manuals listed in Table 18
3] www.matweb.com
800.253.0421
www.ReidSupply.com
37
2265 Black Creek Road.

Muskegon, MI 49444-2684
Reid Customer Service is here to help you, Monday through Friday from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m.
800.253.0421
www.ReidSupply.com
8-02-05-04

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Fasteners and Hardware

Quick Release Pins

Latches, Catches, Hinges

Figure 1: Sample Bolt Head Markings

Figure 2: Shear vs. Tension Forces in Bolted Joint

Purpose of This Resource Guide

Selecting the Correct Component

Eq. 1A: Cross-sectional Area of Non-threaded Fastener

Eq. 1B: Cross-sectional Area of Threaded Fastener - Inch

Table 1: Recommended Hole and Drill Sizes for U.S. Screws

Table 2: Recommended Hole and Drill Sizes for Metric Screws

Table 3: Mechanical Properties of Various Materials

Table 4: ASTM, SAE and ISO Grade Markings and Mechanical

Table 5: Mechanical Specications for Carbon Steel Metric Fasteners

Table 7: ASA Screw Thread Types

Table 8: Screw Head Styles

Table 9: Materials Used to Manufacture Fasteners and Hardware

Table 10: Material Specications - Metals

Table 11: Material Specications - Nylon

Table 12: Standards

Table 13: Types of Fasteners

Table 14: Vibration Proof Fasteners

Table 15: Special Tools for Installing Fasteners

Table 16: Special Tools for Removing or Repairing Fasteners

Table 17: Types of Fasteners

Table 18: Recommended Documentation and Reference Manuals

Table 19: Reference Manual Content Relative to This Guide.

Eq. 1C: Cross-sectional Area of Threaded Fastener - Metric

Eq. 2A: Determining Fastener Preload, Method 1

Eq. 2B: Estimating Fastener Preload, Method 2

Eq. 3: Estimating Fastener Torque

Eq. 4: Estimating Shear Stress Within a Bolt, Screw

Eq. 5: Estimating Shear Stress on a Rivet

Eq. 6: Estimating Minimum Fastener Diameter

Quick Release Pins

Latches, Catches, Hinges

Fasteners and Hardware

Clamps and Workholding

Fasteners and Hardware

Leveling Devices and Vibration Control

Bearings and Power Transmission

Maintenance, Repair and Operations

Pneumatics and Hydraulics

Fasteners and Hardware

Quick Release Pins

Latches, Catches, Hinges

Inch Bolt & Screw

= Nominal diameter of fastener

Clearance Hole Drill

Quick Release Pins

Latches, Catches, Hinges

Fasteners and Hardware

Clearance Hole Drill

Fasteners and Hardware

Quick Release Pins

Latches, Catches, Hinges

Clearance Hole Drill

Quick Release Pins

Latches, Catches, Hinges

Metric Bolt & Screw

Fasteners and Hardware

Symbol for SI fastener

Machine Screw Size

Fasteners and Hardware