VARIABLE

Letter or symbol used to represent a value that

can change.

CONSTANT
Value that does not change.

NUMERICAL EXPRESSION
An expression that may contain only constants
and/or operations.

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
An expression that may contain variables,
constants and/or operations.

EVALUATE
To evaluate an expression is to find its value.

EQUATION
A mathematical statement that two
expressions are equal.

SOLUTION OF AN EQUATION
A value of the variable that makes the equation
true.

RATIO
A comparison of two quantities by division.

PROPORTION
A statement that two ratios are equivalent.

RATE
Ratio of two quantities with different units.

UNIT RATE
Rate with a second quantity of unit 1.

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
A process that uses rates to convert
measurements from one unit to the other.

CONVERSION FACTOR
Two quantities that are equal but use different
units.

CROSS PRODUCTS
In the proportion
and

bc

a c
=
b d

, the products

are cross products.

ad

SCALE
A ratio between two sets of measurements.

SCALE DRAWING OR SCALE MODEL

Drawing or model that uses a scale to
represent an object as smaller as or larger than
the actual object.

SIMILAR
Figures that have exactly the same shape but
not necessarily the same size.

CORRESPONDING SIDES
Sides of two similar figures that are in the
same relative position.

CORRESPONDING ANGLES
Angles that are in the same relative position.

INDIRECT MEASUREMENT
The method of solving a proportion involving
similar figures to find a length that is not easily
measured.

SCALE FACTOR
If every dimension of a figure is multiplied by
the same number, and the result is a similar
figure. The multiplier is the scale factor.

PRECISION
The level of detail in a measurement and is
determined by the smallest unit or fraction of a
unit that you can reasonably measure.

ACCURACY
How close the measurement or measured
value is to do actual or true value.

TOLERANCE
Describes the amount by which a
measurement is permitted to vary from a
specified value.

IDENTITY
An equation that is always true, no matter
what value is substituted for the variable.

FORMULA
An equation that states a rule for a relationship
among quantities.

LITERAL EQUATION
An equation with two or more variables. To
solve for one of these variables, use inverse
operations.

INEAQUALITY
A statement that two quantities are not equal.
They are often compared by these signs: , ,
, <, >.

SOLUTION OF AN INEQUALITY
Any value of the variable that makes the
equation true.

COMPOUND INEQUALITY
When two simple inequalities are combined by
the words AND or OR.

INTERSECTION
The overlapping region when a compound
inequality is graphed.

UNION
The combined regions when a compound
inequality is graphed.

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

A set of two or more linear equations
containing two or more variables.

SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR

EQUATIONS
An ordered pair that satisfies each equation in
a system.

INDEPENDENT SYSTEM
A system with only one solution. The graph is
two intersecting lines.

DEPENDENT SYSTEM
A system which has infinitely many solutions.

LINEAR INEQUALITY
An inequality that is similar to a linear
equation, but has an inequality symbol instead
of an equal sign.

SOLUTION OF A LINEAR INEQUALITY

Any ordered pair that makes the inequality
true.

SYSTEM OF LINEAR INEQUALITIES

A set of two or more linear inequalities that
have two or more variables.

SOLUTIONS OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR

INEQUALITIES
All ordered pairs that satisfy all the linear
inequalities in the system.

CONTINUOUS GRAPHS
Graphs with connected lines or curves.

DISCRETE GRAPHS
Graphs with only distinct points.

RELATION
A set of ordered pairs.

FUNCTION
A special type o relation that pairs each
domain value with exactly one range value.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
The input of a function.

DEPENDET VARIABLE
The output of a function.

FUNCTION RULE
An algebraic expression that defines a function.

FUNCTION NOTATION
If

x
y

equals the independent variable, and

equals the dependent variable. Then

function notation for

is

f (x)

names the function.

where

QUADRATIC EQUATION
The Quadratic equation is

x=

b b24 ac
2a

Sum of roots equals

b
a

Product of roots equals

TRANSFORMATION

c
a

A change in the proportion, size or shape of a

figure.

TRANSLATION
A transformation that moves each point in a
figure the same distance and direction.

STRETCH
If you pull the points of away from the
axis, it is a horizontal stretch.

y -

COMPRESSION
If you push the points closer to the

y -axis, it

is a horizontal compression.

SEQUENCE
A list of numbers that may form a pattern.

TERM
Each number in a sequence.

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
A sequence where the terms differ by the same
number d .

COMMON DIFFERENCE
The number

in which the terms of an

arithmetic sequence differ by.

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
A sequence in which the ratio of each
successive term is r where r 0 or r 1 .

COMMON RATIO
In a geometric sequence, the constant ratio of
any term and the previous term.

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
Function in which the independent variable
appears as a function.
f ( x )=a ( b )

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
Growth when quantity increases by the same
rate r in each time period t .

COMPOUND INTEREST
Interest earned or paid on both the principle
and previously earned interest.
r
A=P( 1+ )
n

nt

EXPONENTIAL DECAY
Decay when a quantity decreases by the same
rate r in each time period t .
y=a(1r )t

where

a>0

HALF-LIFE
Time it takes for one-half of a substance to
decay into another substance.
A=P(0.5)t

RECURSIVE PATTERN/SEQUENCE
A sequence where each term is defined using
one or more previous terms.
Type of
Pattern

Characteristics

Linear
Quadratic
Cubic
Exponential

First differences are constant

Second differences are constant
Third differences are constant
Ratio between successive terms are
constant

AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE

For a function
points

(x 1 y 1 )

f (x)

whose graph contains the

and ( x 2 y 2 ) , the average rate

of change over the interval

of the line through

[x 1 x 2 ]

( x1 y1)

BAR GRAPH

is the slope

and (x 2 y 2 ) .

Graph that displays data with vertical and

horizontal bars. Bar graphs are good to display
data that can be organized into categories.

LINE GRAPH

Graph that displays data using line segments.

Line graphs are good to display data that
depicts a change over time.

CIRCLE GRAPH

Graph that shows parts of a whole. Circle

graphs are good to compare each category of
data to the whole set.

STEM-AND-LEAF PLOT

Plot that arranges data by dividing each data

value into two parts.

FREQUENCY

Number of times a data value occurs.

FREQUENCY TABLE

Table that shows the frequency of each data

value.

HISTOGRAM
A bar graph used to display the frequency of
data divided into equal intervals. The bars
must be of equal width and should touch but
not overlap.

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
Shows the frequency of all data values less
than or equal to a given value.

DISTANCE FORMULA FROM A POINT TO A

LINE
d=

| Am+Bn+C|

A 2 +B 2

Point=( m, n )

Line= Ax+ By+C=0

JOINT RELATIVE FREQUENCIES

The values in each category divided by the
total number of values.

MARGINAL RELATIVE FREQUENCIES

Found by adding the joint relative frequencies
in each row and column.

CONDITIONAL RELATIVE FREQUENCY

Found by dividing the joint relative frequency
by the marginal relative frequency.

MEAN
Average of the data values in the set, or the
sum of the values in the set divided by the
number of values in the set divided by the total
number of values.

MEDIAN
The middle value when the values are in
numerical order, or the mean of the two middle
numbers if there are an even number of
values.

MODE
The value or values that occur most often. A
data set may have one mode or more than one
mode. If no value occurs more than another,
the data set has no mode.

RANGE
The range of the set of data is the difference
between the greatest and least values in the
set. The range is one measure of the spread of
a data set.

OUTLIER
The value that is very different from the other
values in a data set.

FFIRST QUARTILE
The median of the lower half of the data set.

THIRD QUARTILE
Median of the upper half of the data set.

INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)

The difference between the third and first
quartiles. The middle half of the data.

BOX AND-WHISKER PLOT

Plot that can be used to show how the values
in the data set are distributed.

DOT PLOT
Data representation that uses line and xs,
dots, or other symbols to represent frequency.

UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION
All data points have an approximately equal
frequency.

SYMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
Dot plot with a vertical line of symmetry.

SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
The data is neither uniform nor symmetric. The
data may be skewed to the left or skewed to
the right.

SCCATTER PLOT
A graph with points plotted to show a possible
relationship between two sets of data. It is an
effective way to display some types of data.

CORRELATION
Describes a relation between two data sets.
There are 3 types of correlations between data.
Type
Positive

Definition
Both sets of data values increase.

Negative
No

One set of data values increases as the

other set decreases
There is no relationship between the data
sets

TREND LINE
A line on a scatter plot that helps to show a
relationship and a correlation in the data.

RESIDUAL
The signed vertical distance between a data
point and the line of best fit. The closer the
sum of the squared residuals is to 0, the better
the line fits the data.

CORRELATION COEFFECIENT
A number r , where

1 r 1

that describes

how closely the points in a scatter plot cluster

around a line of best fit.

LEAST-SQUARES LINE
The line of fit for which the sum of the squares
of the residuals is as small as possible.

LINE OF BEST FIT

The line that comes closest to all of the points
in the data set using a given process.

LINE REGRESSION
The process for finding the least squares line.

EXPONENTIAL REGRESSION
The method of using data to find an
x
exponential model (a b )

TRANSFORMATION
A change in the position, shape, or size of an
object.
Type

Definition

Reflection
Rotation

Each point and its image are the same

distance from the line of reflection

the center of rotation. Each point and its

image or the same distance from

Translation

All points move the same distance in the

same direction.

PREIMAGE: Original figure IMAGE: Resulting

figure

ISOMETRY

A transformation that does not change the

shape or size of a figure. Reflections,
translations, and rotations are all isometries.

COMPOSITION OF TRANSFORMATIONS
One transformation followed by another.

GLIDE REFLECTION

The composition of a translation and a

reflection across a line parallel to the
translation vector.

LINE SYMETRY

(Reflection Symmetry) Reflection across a line

so that the image coincides with the preimage.

SYMMETRY

Transformation of the figure so that it coincides

with the preimage.

LINE OF SYMMETRY

Line that divides the figure into two congruent

halves.

ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY
Symmetry that occurs if it can be rotated about
a point by an angle greater than 0 and less
than

360

so that the image coincides with

the preimage.