International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology

Volume No.5 Issue No.1, pp: 14-17

ISSN:2277-1581
01 Jan.2016

Transmission Capacity Improvement by Optimal Allocation of TCSC Devices

Vikas Dadheech, Asst. Prof. Mantosh Kumar
Department of Electrical Engineering, Mewar University, Gangrar, Dist.- Chittorgarh (Raj.) India
viks_dd14@yahoo.co.in
[15]. Also, in [16], the author used the power-angle
characteristic to allocate FACTS devices. Static considerations
based on the reduction in the real power flow performance
index (Line Flow Index: LFI) can be found in [17]. Mixed
Integer Linear Programming (MILP) [18], Extended Voltage
Phasors Approach (EVPA) [19] and Locational Marginal Price
(LMP) [20] are some other methods in this category.
(II). Heuristic Optimization Algorithm
In this category, heuristic methods are used to solve
optimization problems. Heuristic methods search and find the
best solution (best number, type, location and value) for a given
fitness or objective function. Methods used in FACTS
placement studies include: Genetic Algorithm (GA) [1], Tabu
Search (TA) [21]-[22], Simulated Annealing (SA) [21], Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) [23], Evolutionary Algorithm (EA)
Keywords: TCSC, IEEE-14 bus system, analytical
[24], Bacterial Swarming Algorithm (BSA) [25], Group Search
method and Loadability of Power System.
Optimizer with Multiple Producer (GSOMP) [26], Harmony
Search Algorithm (HSA) [27], and Bees Algorithm (BA) [28].
I. Int ro d uct io n
The demand of load is increasing day by day, in the present
power system. The lines are operated near thermal limit, due to In section-II, the FACTS device and methodology are
deregulated power system [1]. So, it is mandatory to search for discussed. In section-III steps to be followed for analytical
options to overcome this problem. This problem may be method and Hit & Trial Based Algorithm is discussed. In
section-III the result and tables for IEEE-14 bus system is
overcome by using any-one of followings:
discussed and section-IV concludes the paper.
(1) Construct a new transmission line
(2) Apply some topological changes into the existing system.
It is uneconomical for using first option. FACTS devices are II. Facts Device and Methodology
having characteristic of doing some topological changes into the Conventional power flow control devices such as capacitor
existing system. By re-dispatching the flow patterns and banks and switched inductors are not fast enough to respond
reducing the loop flows in such a way that the contractual and cannot be switched frequently. FACTS devices should
requirement between grid and stockholders and increased load therefore be employed to increase the system stability margins
demands are satisfied , FACTS devices enhance the system and control power flow [29]. Different types of FACTS devices
have been developed and used in power systems. Based on the
performance [2].
The cost of FACTS devices is to be justified for a given system type of compensation, we could have the following categories:
1.
Series controllers such as TCSC, , TCPST and TCVR
[3]. So, FACTS should be located optimally in a system. The
2.
Shunt controllers such as SVC and STATCOM
analytical methods or heuristic methods are the optimization
3.
Combined series-shunt controllers such as UPFC
techniques for the location of FACTS [1-11]. It is very
advantageous to study analytical method for finding the optimal
location of FACTS before applying any kind of heuristic Each FACTS device in the above categories has its own
properties and could be used for a specific goal[14].
method in given system.
The objective for optimization may be minimization of cost, To Study the effects of FACTS devices on power system, the
minimization of loss, enhancing power system security, voltage modeling of FACTS devices is done. In available literature
stability and may be enhancing power system loadability. If mathematical modeling of FACTS devices are done.
there is any reserve capacity available, why the other Mathematical models for FACTS devices are implemented by
alternatives should be searched like constructing new MATLAB programming language. [1] In some papers other
transmission line or establishing new generating station. So, software like EUROSTAGTM software is used [3]. In other
among all these aspects enhancing loadability is very important paper the modeling is done using MATPOWER, which is
extension of MATLAB [1-11].
concept.
TCSC:
(I). Analytical Techniques:
The TCSC (Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor) can
In this category, analytical methods are used to allocate the
FACTS devices in the power system. For example, singular perform capacitive or inductive compensation by modifying the
analyses of the power system Jacobian matrix were used, in line reactance, decreasing it in capacitive mode and increasing
Abstract: In power system, for optimal location of FACTS
devices, analytical method and Hit & Trial Based Algorithm
are used, in this paper. The loadability of the line is found by
observing constraints like line loading, bus voltage and
voltage angle with doing incremental changes in load and
generation. For enhancement of loadability, TCSC is
introduced because it having good capabilities for enhancing
loadability. The performance of TCSC is verified for each
branch except tap-changing transformer branch. The
loadability is found without TCSC and after introducing
TCSC in every branch (one line at a time), for the system. For
all probable locations of IEEE-14 bus system, the
performance of TCSC is analyzed by analytical method.
Results are verified by MATPOWER on IEEE-14 bus system.

doi : 10.17950/ijset/v5s1/103

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International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology

Volume No.5 Issue No.1, pp: 14-17
it in inductive mode. The TCSC is modeled by three elements in
parallel: a capacitance, an inductance and a zero-resistance wire.
In the latter case, there would be no compensation in the line
and the TCSC will have the value of zero[1-12,14]. The value
of the TCSC is determined by a coefficient kTCSC as(1):
xTCSC = kTCSC xmn,
-0.8 kTCSC 0.2
(1)
and in turn we will have the modified value of the line reactance
for power flow studies in Matpower as (30):
-0.8 xmn xTCSC 0.2 xmn
Xmn = XTCSC + xmn = ( 1 + kTCSC)xmn
(2)
where xmn is the modified value of the line reactance in the
presence of a TCSC.
C

T1
L
T2

Fig.1 Basic Block Diagram of TCSC

Analytical Method:
1. Assume initial loading condition as load factor =1.0
2. Power in generation is modified as
PGm= .PGom,
(3)
3. For the load buses the P and Q are modified as
PLm= .PLom and
QLm= .QLom .
(4)
4. The constraints to be considered are as follows :
Sk Skmax : for all branches of the network
|Vbm| 0.05 : for all buses of the network
Pgmmin Pgm Pgmmax : for all generation
buses
| bm| 30 : for all buses of the network
5. When any of above constraints is violated include TCSC
for that load condition in all branches one by one.
6. If the condition is reached when there is no violation,
increase the loading and generation as shown in step 2 and
3.
7. Repeat step 5 and 6 for all branches, where TCSC may be
located.
Our objective function will thus have two penalizing terms.
The first term, OVL, is related to branch loading and penalizes
overloads in the lines. The second term, VLB, is related to bus
voltage levels and penalizes for voltages that are not between
0.95 and 1.05. So the objective function for a configuration of
multi-type FACTS devices is given by H as:
H = 2- (Bus VBL + Line OVL)
(5)
where OVL and VLB are defined as
VBLm= {1; if |Vbm| 0.05: exp(1|0.05-Vbm|); if |Vbm| >
0.05
(6)
OVLk= { 1; if Sk Skmax : exp(2| 1- (Sk/Skmax)|); if Sk> Skmax

ISSN:2277-1581
01 Jan.2016

current voltage. It is assumed that the nominal voltages of all

buses are close to 1.0 p.u. The parameters 1 and 2 are
constant coefficients.
III. Results and Tables
The TCSC have just one controllable variable.
Maximizing of power system loadability () to ensure the
best utilization of the power system can be formalized as:
Max{}
Subject to:
Sk Skmax : for all branches of the network
|Vbm| 0.05 : for all buses of the network
Pgmmin Pgm Pgmmax : for all generation
buses
| bm| 30 : for all buses of the network
Where Pgm is the generation at bus m, and P gmmin and
Pgmmax are the minimum and maximum limits on P gm
respectively.
At first, the TCSC is inserted in branch number 7, which is
between buses 4 and 5. The result is shown in Fig.2, which
present the TCSCs influence on branch power flows.

Fig.2 Effect of TCSC in branch 7 on branch power

flows.
The optimization algorithm was performed on a 14-bus test
system with one FACTS device. The results are shows a 60%
improvement in system loadability. This means that the load
factor max is 1.60 with respect to the constraints. After
allocation of the FACTS device, we can analyze their influence
on bus voltage. The bus voltages for networks with and without
FACTS device for the maximum load factor are presented in
Fig. 3. For our case study, a 14-bus test system, this graph is
presented for max=1.60 in Fig. 3.

(7)

where Skmax is the maximum value for apparent power of the

line k, Sk is the current apparent power of the line k and Vbm is
the difference between the nominal voltage at bus m and the
doi : 10.17950/ijset/v5s1/103

Fig.3 Effects of FACTS device(TCSC) on bus voltage

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International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology

Volume No.5 Issue No.1, pp: 14-17

ISSN:2277-1581
01 Jan.2016

We can also measure the total system losses for different load Acknowledgement
factors. Fig.4 shows in this graphs:
The work was supported by this university and special thanks
for Mr. Jain and Mr. S.T. Sir for supporting .

References

Fig.4 Effects of FACTS devices on total line losses.

The best result can be obtained in branch 17. The power system
loadability is reached up max active power generation. Overall
loadability is enhanced up to 30% using single TCSC in branch
17. All results are shown in TABLE:1.
TABLE:1
Br ftan bus bu
ch
s

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1
1
2
2
2
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
7
9
9
10
12
13

2
5
3
4
5
4
5
7
9
6
11
12
13
8
9
10
14
11
13
14

Xline

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0.05917
0.22304
0.19797
0.17632
0.17388
0.01710
0.04211
0.20912
0.55618
0.25202
0.1989
0.25581
0.13027
0.17615
0.11001
0.0845
0.27038
0.19207
0.19988
0.34802

-0.04734
-0.17843
-0.15837
-0.14105
-0.13910
-0.13682
-0.03368
-0.16729
-0.44494
-0.20161
-0.15912
-0.20464
-0.10421
-0.14092
-0.08800
-0.0676
-0.21630
-0.15365
-0.15990
-0.27841

0.011834
0.044608
0.039594
0.035264
0.034776
0.034206
0.008422
0.041824
0.111236
0.050404
0.03978
0.051162
0.026054
0.03523
0.022002
0.0169
0.054076
0.038414
0.039976
0.069604

Syste
m
Loadabilit
y
10%
20%
30%
10%

IV. Conclusion
In order to find the optimal locations and values of a TCSC
device to maximize power system loadability, this paper
presented an optimization process based on the analytical
method and Hit & Trial based Algorithm. By using single
TCSC the loadability of IEEE-14 bus system is increased up to
30%.
doi : 10.17950/ijset/v5s1/103

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