Sbnetting Made Easy PDF

10/18/2014
Subnetting Made Easy And Other Cisco Tidbits: Subnetting Made Easy - Critically Acclaimed!
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Welcome
First of all, may I welcome you to my site. My name is Chris and I'm from the UK and work as a
Systems Engineer for Cisco. This blog was initially created to post up my subnetting technique but
has now got more stuff to do with attaining Cisco certifications. Either way I really hope that the
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content is sufficent for your needs and I look forward to hearing your feedback. If you find that
the content really helps you please feel free to donate using the PayPal link on the right.
To view the index of all my articles please click here.
Subnetting Made Easy - Critically Acclaimed!

Wednesday, 28 November 2007
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Mail.$4.95/Mon
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Price by 10%.30
Days Free.
We need to start with the fundamentals of IP addressing. An IP address is made up of 32 bits, split
into 4 octets (oct = 8, yes?). Some bits are reserved for identifying the network and the other bits
are left to identify the host.
There are 3 main classes of IP address that we are concerned with.
Class A Range 0 - 127 in the first octet (0 and 127 are reserved)
Class B Range 128 - 191 in the first octet
Class C Range 192 - 223 in the first octet
Below shows you how, for each class, the address is split in terms of network (N) and host (H)
portions.
NNNNNNNN . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH Class A Address

NNNNNNNN . NNNNNNNN . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH Class B Address
NNNNNNNN . NNNNNNNN . NNNNNNNN . HHHHHHHH Class C Address
At each dot I like to think that there is a boundary, therefore there are boundaries after bits 8, 16,
24, and 32. This is an important concept to remember.
We will now look at typical questions that you may see on subnetting. More often than not they
ask what a host range is for a specific address or which subnet a certain address is located on. I
About Me
Chris Bloomfield
View my complete profile
shall run through examples of each, for each class of IP address.

What subnet does 192.168.12.78/29 belong to?
http://subnettingmadeeasy.blogspot.ca/2007/11/subnetting-made-easy-lesson.html
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You may wonder where to begin. Well to start with let's find the next boundary of this address.
Our mask is a /29. The next boundary is 32. So 32 - 29 = 3. Now 23 = 8 which gives us our block
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size.
We have borrowed from the last octet as the 29th bit is in the last octet. We start from zero and
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count up in our block size. Therefore it follows that the subnets are:192.168.12.0
Share
192.168.12.8
192.168.12.16
Bookmark & Share
192.168.12.24
192.168.12.32
Bookmark This
192.168.12.40
192.168.12.48
192.168.12.56
192.168.12.64
Popular Posts
192.168.12.72
192.168.12.80
.............etc
Subnetting
Made
Easy
Critically Acclaimed!
Our address is 192.168.12.78 so it must sit on the 192.168.12.72 subnet.
We
need
to
start
with
the
fundamentals of IP addressing.
What subnet does 172.16.116.4/19 sit on?
An IP address is made up of 32
bits, split into 4 octets (oct = 8,
Our mask is /19 and our next boundary is 24. Therefore 24 - 19 = 5. The block size is 25 = 32.
We have borrowed into the third octet as bit 19 is in the third octet so we count up our block size
in that octet. The subnets are:-
yes?). Some bit...

Route Summarization
Some
people
confused
when
get
it
really
comes
to
route summarization, probably
172.16.0.0
more
172.16.32.0
so
names
172.16.64.0
with
given
the
to
different
it:
Route
Summariz...
172.16.96.0
172.16.128.0
Adding
172.16.160.0
Hosts/PCs
.............etc
GNS3
to
VPCS
Configuration
Guide
Our address is 172.16.116.4 so it must sit on the 172.16.96.0 subnet. Easy eh?
For some time now I have been

What subnet does 10.34.67.234/12 sit on?
asked how I simulate hosts in

GNS3 and my stock answer was
Our mask is 12. Our next boundary is 16. Therefore 16 - 12 = 4.
24
= 16 which gives us our block
size.
to configure a router as a host

by issuing the &quo...
How
We have borrowed from the second octet as bit 12 sits in the second octet so we count up the
block size in that octet. The subnets are:10.0.0.0
10.16.0.0
10.32.0.0
10.48.0.0
.............etc
to
calculate
the
Wildcard Mask
This is really simple. Simply
subtract
your
mask
from
255.255.255.255 to get your

wildcard mask. Example: The
wilcard mask of /26 is: 25...
GNS3
Configuration
Our address is 10.34.67.234 which must sit on the 10.32.0.0 subnet.
Guide
What is GNS3 I
Hopefully the penny is starting to drop and you are slapping the side of your head realising that
you were a fool to think it was hard. We will now change the type of question so that we have to
hear
you
cry?
Well, imho, it is the best tool on

the market to practice router
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10/18/2014
give a particular host range of a subnet.
configuration without having an

actual router ...
What is the valid host range of of the 4th subnet of 192.168.10.0/28?

Easy as pie! The block size is 16 since 32 - 28 = 4 and 24 = 16. We need to count up in the block
size in the last octet as bit 28 is in the last octet.
192.168.10.0
192.168.10.16
192.168.10.32
How to calculate multicast

MAC address
Hi, It's been a while but here's
a quick post on how to calculate
a multicast MAC address from
an IP address. The first half of
...
192.168.10.48
Index
192.168.10.64
Follow the links below to find
.................etc
the main articles on this site:

95th
Percentile
How
ISPs
Therefore the 4th subnet is 192.168.10.48 and the host range must be 192.168.10.49 to
charge Access Lists vs Prefix
192.168.10.62, remembering that the subnet and broadcast address cannot be used.
Lists Cabling Ci...

Route Maps and Access-Lists
What is the valid host range of the 1st subnet of 172.16.0.0/17?

/17 tells us that the block size is 224-17 = 27 = 128. We are borrowing in the 3rd octet as bit 17 is
in the 3rd octet. Our subnets are:-
I received an email from one of

the readers, Joel, who is getting
confused as to how access-lists
and route-maps work together.
I have there...
172.16.0.0
172.16.128.0
The first subnet is 172.16.0.0 and the valid host range is 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.127.254. You must
remember not to include the subnet address (172.16.0.0) and the broadcast address
(172.16.127.255).
What is the valid host range of the 7th subnet of address 10.0.0.0/14?
"ip classless" versus "no ip

classless"
This often has me confused but
the
article
below,
rejigged
slightly from the original article

here seems to have cleared the
fog from my mi...
Complex Route
The block size is 4, from 16 - 14 = 2 then 22 = 4. We are borrowing in the second octet so count
Summarization
in the block size from 0 seven times to get the seventh subnet.
I've
already
posted
remebering not to include our subnet (10.24.0.0) and the broadcast address (10.27.255.255).
What if they give me the subnet mask in dotted decimal?
about
route
The seventh subnet is 10.24.0.0. Our valid host range must be 10.24.0.1 to 10.27.255.254 again
summarization but I found this

interesting
technique
calculating
complex
for
route
summaries at http://w...
If you're lucky and they give you a mask in dotted decimal format then you should have an even
easier time. All you need again is your block size.
Customer Feedback
Let's say they have given a mask of 255.255.255.248 and you wish to know the block size. Here's
"Can I just say, I am absolutely
the technique:
in LOVE with you and this blog

right
1. Starting from the left of the mask find which is the first octet to NOT have 255 in it.
now.
actually
buy
simulator
was
some
software
going
lame
or
to
ass
buy
2. Subtract the number in that octet from 256 to get your block size (e.g. above it is 256 - 248 =
bunch of cisco equipment to
block size of 8).
prepare for my CCNA. I kept

thinking to myself, if only there
3. Count up from zero in your block size in the octet identified in step 1 as you have learned above
was a better way...
(the example above would be in the last octet).
Thanks so much for not only the

Another example is a mask of 255.255.192.0 - you would simply count up in 256 - 192 = 64 in
tip, but the detailed tutorial on
the third octet.
how to setup and actually use

GNS3.
One more example is 255.224.0.0 - block size is 256 - 224 = 32 in the second octet.
Brad,
This
is
completely
invaluable information."
GNS3
Configuration
3/24
10/18/2014
What other questions may they ask?
Guide comments
You may find they ask for how many bits you need to borrow for a certain amount of subnets, the
"Hi, just tested it.
subnet mask needed for a certain number of hosts, or the number of hosts per subnet. THESE ARE
It's very incredible, perfect.
ALL EASY TO CALCULATE! All you need to remember is that you borrow bits for subnets and
Good work, if you have some
reserve bits for hosts.
tips for CCNA please post.

I use GNS3 and Dynamips
There are two simple formulas:
Greaaaaaaaaaaaat"
Fayda,
GNS3
Configuration
Number of subnets = 2n where n is the number of bits borrowed
Guide comments
Number of hosts = 2(32 - n) - 2 where n is the number of bits in your subnet mask
"Chris,
I just visited your blog and I
want to congratulate you on
Let's think of some questions. How many bits do you need to borrow to accommodate 6 subnets?
No matter what address you are given the maths is still the same. The formula is 6 = 2n so you
must find n which in this case is 3 as n = 2 gives only 4 subnets and n = 3 gives 8 subnets.
Simply add n to your mask for your new subnet mask. For example, if you had a /24 address and
you wanted 8 subnets then your mask will be 24 + 3 = /27.
What subnet mask should you use if you wanted 60 hosts per subnet? The formula is 60 = 2(32 n)
- 2 so you must find n which is 26. This is easy to find as you know that 26 - 2 = 62 so simply
subtract 6 from 32 to get the 26. Therefore your mask is /26.
your effort. Guys, I recommend

this subnetting tutorial."
Forum
Admin,
www.how2pass.com
"I wanted to thank the original
poster
for
this
information....reading this finally

made it click and solved the
mystery of subnetting for me
and was instrumental in passing
Lastly the number of hosts per subnet. How many hosts per subnet in the address 172.16.0.0/23?
the CCNA yesterday."
You have a /23 address therefore you formula is x = 2(32 - 23) - 2 = 29 - 2 = 510.
via Cisco Forum
Another typical question they may ask will be giving you an IP address and mask and asking how
"I just passed the CCENT test. I
many subnets and hosts there are from that address, for example:
wanted to thank you for this

post. Using your technique I'm
Question: How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network
able
172.30.0.0/28?
questions in 20 sec in my head.
to
answer
subnetting
Great job."
From this you only need two pieces of information:
via Cisco Forum
1. The default subnet mask of the address class.
"I wanted to thank you for
2. The subnet mask in the question
posting this. This has got to be

the most concise and least brain
Using the example above we know that:
cell damaging explanation I've

come across to figure out the
1. The default subnet mask is /16 as the address given is a class B address
subnets
2. The subnet mask in the question is /28
notation."
when
using
prefix
via Cisco Forum

The number of subnets = 2 ^ (subnet_mask_in_question - default_subnet_mask)
The number of hosts = (2 ^ (32 - subnet_mask_in_question)) - 2
"Great, Keep it up!

Your easy and quick method
For our example question the number of subnets = 2 ^ (28 - 16) = 2 ^ 12 = 4096 subnets.
helped me a lot to pass CCNA. I
The number of hosts = (2 ^ (32 - 28)) - 2 = (2 ^ 4) - 2 = 14 hosts per subnet
took lot of time and did many

mistakes, that's why I failed for
Let's use another address: 192.168.1.0/29
the first time, but once I see this

post, I thought I have found
We know that:
some
magical
tricks
of
subnetting."
1. The default subnet mask is /24 as the address given is a class C address
via Cisco Forum
"You deserve points for this post

The number of subnets = 2 ^ (29 - 24) = 2 ^ 5 = 32 subnets.
dude.
Request all who were helped by
4/24
10/18/2014
this post to Rate the author for
Finally, let's use another address: 10.1.1.0/24
his splendid work."

via Cisco Forum
We know that:
"In the words of Borat Nice....

1. The default subnet mask is /8 as the address given is a class A address
Very Nice"
via Cisco Forum
The number of subnets = 2 ^ (24 - 8) = 2 ^ 16 = 65536 subnets.
"Very Nice! It was completely
useful for me.

Thanx"
Easy isn't it?
via Cisco Forum
What now?
Now it's time to go and pick up those books again and go straight to the practice questions,
completely by-passing any of their techniques. Use my method and you will be laughing!
Blog Archive
2011 (13)
If you are unsure that you have the correct answers why not download a subnet calculator to
double-check your answers? There is a great one by 3Com and can be downloaded from here.
2010 (3)
2009 (7)
Happy subnetting!
2008 (6)
Posted byChris Bloomfield at 16:20
Labels: best subnetting guide, block size, ccda, CCNA, ccnp, cidr, Cisco, easy, guide, ip, made,
mask, Subnetting, VLSM
2007 (8)
December (3)
November (5)
Subnetting Made Easy -
72 comments:
Critically Acclaimed!
Chris Bloomfield said... 24 May 2008 09:21
OSPF and NBMA Networks
Reposted from Wildcard Mask post:
Route Summarization
Gino Angelo wrote:
CCNA - Connecting
devices
hello, i have just one question. why is it that on example What is the valid host range of
the 7th subnet of address 10.0.0.0/14?
NAT in a Nutshell
The Answer was : Our valid host range must be 10.24.0.1 to 10.27.255.254 again
remebering
not
to
include
our
subnet
(10.24.0.0)
and
the
broadcast
address
(10.27.255.255).
Ca you show to us the complete solution? is it correct that it should have? :
10.0.0.0
10.4.0.0
10.8.0.0
10.16.0.0
10.32.0.0
10.64.0.0
10.128.0.0
and the seventh subnet would be 10.128.0.0 not 10.24.0.0?
help pls. thanks!
Chris' Reply:
Hi Gino,
5/24
10/18/2014
As it is a /14 address and the next boundary is a /16 our block size is 2^(16-14) = 2^2
= 4 (where ^ is "to the power of"). We are borrowing in the second octet so all we have
to do is count up in 4's within that octet like so:
10.0.0.0
10.4.0.0
10.8.0.0
10.12.0.0
10.16.0.0
10.20.0.0
10.24.0.0
10.28.0.0
etc......
Our seventh subnet is 10.24.0.0 which has a broadcast address of 10.27.255.255
therefore our valid host range is 10.24.0.1 through to 10.27.255.254
Omer said... 11 June 2008 16:40

Hi there
Nice stuff on subnetting BUT i am not sure about block size formula used.
why are we using 2 power n or 256- non 255 octact value in subnet mask to workout
bloack size?
Regards
tlab said... 18 January 2009 04:26

Hi Chris,
Thanks for the great article, it sure has made block sizes easier. Now can you help with
using block sizes in a VLSM situation?
Thanks - TLAB
ninad said... 20 March 2009 15:50

HIIIIII
This was a nice article
I just wanted help in a problem
Needed usable subnets: 250
Network address: 101.0.0.0
I need to figure out the Custom Subnet Mask for this question...
Please help
Thanks
Javi said... 26 May 2009 09:36

Hi all
First of all good work Chris , keep it coming.
Now the reason i am posting this comment or rather question is because i have a
6/24
10/18/2014
question which nobody has an answer for.I am preparing for CCNA and somebody asked
me this question.Any help will be appreciated.
Question: What is the Binary ID of loopback's Network?
Answer: a)0
b)1
c)10101010
d)11111111
Now here is what i interpret from this question.I have to find the binary representation of
network for the address 127.0.0.1 .
I am not sure if this question is correct but i am not sure what to do with this.
Thanks in advance

Hi Javi,
First of all thanks for your question.
This is how I see it being answered.
The loopback address is 127.0.0.1 which is a Class A address. The network portion of a
Class A address is the first octet, in this case 127. The binary representation of 127 is
01111111. You may find text omitting the leading 0 so you may just have seven 1's.
Check out http://www.thecertificationhub.com/networkplus/networkplus_test_bank.htm
as your question is also answered there.
HTH
Javi said... 28 May 2009 08:06

Hey Chris thanks for the reply.I was not getting the question it seems so there is an issue
with the answers.
Once again keep up the good work.
Kristin said... 3 June 2009 19:40

Thanks so much for this article! I'm not yet studying for my CCNA but rather my XP (70270) and was having a heck of a time trying to understand subnets. Thanks for taking
the time and trying to teach others what you've learned!!
Kristin
Buddy said... 26 August 2009 12:11

Hello Chris,
I am getting different answers on this question. The number of valid subnets for
200.1.1.0/26
If I use the next boundary 32 in the /26 question I get 64 but the answer is 4 because of
the Class C address of /24. I am confused, please help?
Thanks,
BT
7/24
10/18/2014
A said... 9 September 2009 08:21

BUDDY said "Hello Chris,
I am getting different answers on this question. The number of valid subnets for
200.1.1.0/26
If I use the next boundary 32 in the /26 question I get 64 but the answer is 4 because of
the Class C address of /24. I am confused, please help?"
64 is number of IP adress per subnet.
so 256/64 = 4 that's number of subnets
1st subnet 200.1.1.0
2nd 200.1.1.64
3rd 200.1.1.128
4th 200.1.1.192
Chris Bloomfield said... 15 September 2009 20:32

Hi Buddy,
I would say that as it is a Class C network your default mask is /24. You have a /26 so
you therefore have 2 ^ (26 - 24) subnets = 4. Your block size is 2 ^ (32 - 26) = 2 ^ 6 =
64. Your subnets are therefore at 0, 64, 128, and 192 in the last octet as you have
correctly put.
HTH
mab said... 23 September 2009 11:09

Hi,
just wanna say that your article was great i was struggling with subnetting until I read
this, very straight forward and easy to understand.
Cheers chris,
Regards,
Mohammed
Rakesh said... 25 September 2009 19:56

Hi Chris,
I had such a confusion on subnetting that i couldnt follow, even after reading tons of
books. Your method of subnetting is the best and have learnt in just a day. Thanks a
lot.Keep up the good work.
Regards
Rakesh
i said... 4 October 2009 17:05

Hi Chris,
Fristly, I would like to thanks for your great article.
After going through .. some questions came into my mind..
if question is like below :
8/24
10/18/2014
What subnet does
192.168.12.78/8
192.168.12.78/16
192.168.12.78/24
192.168.12.78/32
belong to?
now according to your method what would be boundaries ? and valid host range ?
I kindly request you to explain this with the example.
Awaiting your kind reply.
raj
Chris Bloomfield said... 5 October 2009 09:56

Hi Raj,
Your examples aren't really subnets as your subnet masks fall on default class
boundaries.
192.168.12.78/8 - a /8 is a Class A boundary so you would expect an address between

1.x.x.x and 126.x.x.x, for example, 10.1.1.1/8 is network 10.0.0.0 with valid host range
of 10.0.0.1 through to 10.255.255.254 There are no subnets!
192.168.12.78/16 - a /16 is a Class B boundary so you would expect an address between
128.x.x.x and 191.x.x.x, for example 172.16.1.1/16 is network 172.16.0.0 with valid
hostrange of 172.16.0.1 through to 172.16.255.254. There are no subnets!
192.168.12.78/24 - a /24 is a Class C boundary so you would expect an address between
192.x.x.x and 223.x.x.x. In your example the network is 192.168.12.0 with a valid host
range of 192.168.12.1 through to 192.168.12.254. There are no subnets!
192.168.12.78/32 - a /32 is a special case where the subnet and host is the same, that
is, in your example, 192.168.12.78 is both the subnet and the valid host range.
HTH,
Chris
Mawuena said... 20 October 2009 17:02

i just want to say GOD bless you so very much
Krans said... 28 October 2009 11:08

Thx man!
Exactly what I needed for my studies.
Very nice work :)
9/24
10/18/2014
Zeller said... 3 December 2009 15:06
Hi Chris,
1. Starting from the left of the mask find which is the first octet to NOT have 255 in it.
2. Subtract the number in that octet from 256 to get your block size (e.g. above it is 256
- 248 = block size of 8).
What if the mask is 255.255.255.0. 256-0 is 256. 256 is my block size?
Thanks for all the help with this subnetting stuff. I've learned more from reading this
short article than in weeks of classroom explanation.
Chris Bloomfield said... 3 December 2009 20:22

Hi Zeller,
When you sit on the boundary as with your example your block size is the full allocation
of the next octet (i.e. 256 addresses of which 254 can be host addresses).
If you take 10.0.0.0/24 your subnet is 10.0.0.0 with host range from 10.0.0.1 to
10.0.0.254.
So yes, your block size is 256, in other words the entire octet.
HTH,
Chris
raj said... 17 April 2010 20:42

hi chris,
your blog and the above article on subnetting are very useful for me. i never felt
subnetting that easy until i read ur article.im expecting more articles like this from you.if
possible please do post articles on subnet zero and vlsm. last but not least Thank you so
much for all the articles in your blog.....
Tim said... 28 April 2010 00:59

Chris
Thanks a lot for this article. I've just started learning Subnetting for my CompTIA
Network+ and this is a great read!
Tim
Azliza said... 13 May 2010 04:28

Dear Chris,
Can you help me to solve this question:
After dividing the network 172.25.0.0 into eight equal subnets, which three ip addresess
could be destined in the third subnet if the command ip subnet-zero is used in the router.
(Choose three)
a:172.25.78.243
b:172.25.98.16
c:172.25.72.0
d:172.25.94.255
10/24
10/18/2014
Thank you.
Rgds,
Liza

Hi Liza,
172.25.0.0 is divided into 8 subnets.
How many bits would we need to borrow to get 8 subnets? The answer is 3 as 2 ^ 3 = 8.
The default maks for the above address is /16 so we add the 3 bits we are borrowing to
/16 to give us a /19 mask.
We know how to work out block sizes so in this example our next boundary is at 24. Our
new mask is /19 so we subtract that from 24 to give us 5. Our block size is therefore 2 ^
5 = 32.
We count up in the block size in the 3rd octet as the 19th bit is in the 3rd octet.
172.25.0.0/19 = 1st subnet
172.25.32.0/19 = 2nd subnet
172.25.64.0/19 = 3rd subnet
172.25.96.0/19 = 4th subnet
....etc
The host range of the 3rd subnet is 172.25.64.1 to 172.25.95.254
The possible answers given are:
a:172.25.78.243
b:172.25.98.16
c:172.25.72.0
d:172.25.94.255
I would therefore say that answers a, c, and d are correct.
Hope this helps and good luck with your studies!
Strep said... 3 June 2010 21:57

Firstly - Your blog made subnetting easy (like it says on the tin)!
That said I am having a few issues with questions where it asks for how many subnets
and hosts for a given network. For example:
172.30.0.0/28?
Answer: 4096 subnets and 14 hosts
Now I can get the 14 hosts bit but from reading your blog I'm thinking that the /28
means that we're only looking at the 4th octet so I'm thinking that as our range is 16
there must be 16 available subnets (16 x 16 = 256) but clearly I'm wrong.
I'm sure it has to do with the network being class B but where do I go from there?
11/24
10/18/2014
Chris Bloomfield said... 4 June 2010 13:34
Firstly - Your blog made subnetting easy (like it says on the tin)!
That said I am having a few issues with questions where it asks for how many subnets
and hosts for a given network. For example:
172.30.0.0/28?
Answer: 4096 subnets and 14 hosts
Now I can get the 14 hosts bit but from reading your blog I'm thinking that the /28
means that we're only looking at the 4th octet so I'm thinking that as our range is 16
there must be 16 available subnets (16 x 16 = 256) but clearly I'm wrong.
I'm sure it has to do with the network being class B but where do I go from there?
Hi,
These sorts of questions are very simple. If I haven't covered these sorts of questions
perhaps I should add that in here somehwere.
172.30.0.0/28
What can we tell from that address? The two very basic things we know is that it is a
Class B address and that it has a /28 mask.
To calculate the number of subnets you use the following formula:
2 ^ (number_of_bits_in_mask - number_of_bits_in_default_mask)
So for this question the forumla is 2 ^ (28 - 16) = 2 ^ 12 = 4094 subnets.
To calculate the number of hosts you use the following formula:
(2 ^ (32 - number_of_bits_in_mask)) - 2
So for this question the number of hosts per subnet is:
(2 ^ (32 - 28)) - 2 = (2 ^ 4) - 2 = 14.
Edward Augusto said... 11 June 2010 18:07

Great info... Cannot be easier to understand!! it's helped me a lot!! Greetings from
Dominican Republic.
Nikunj said... 21 June 2010 21:35

What is the valid host range of the 1st subnet of 172.16.0.0/17?
/17 tells us that the block size is 224-17 = 27 = 128. We are borrowing in the 3rd octet
as bit 17 is in the 3rd octet. Our subnets are:172.16.0.0
172.16.128.0
12/24
10/18/2014
The first subnet is 172.16.0.0 and the valid host range is 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.127.254.
You must remember not to include the subnet address (172.16.0.0) and the broadcast
address (172.16.127.255).
In the above example, I am confused as to why the range is not 172.16.127.256 and
why is it 172.16.127.254?
Thank you.

Chris, never mind my previous comment. I understand the concept but am not as smart
as other people.

Can someone help me in solving this and explain it to me also?
How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from 172.29.0.0 255.255.252.0?
I know I have to convert 255.255.252.0 into block size and I get 4 for that. Now what?
Please explain Chris.
Thank you.
R.T.Sundara Paal said... 13 July 2010 13:37

OMG !! I was banging my head with this subnetting !! Thanks a lot for the simple
explanation !!
Raghav said... 3 September 2010 16:24

Hi Chris,
I am really glad full to you that you wrote this article to make our lives easier :)
I am stuck with a special kind of question that you have not covered in your article..
The Question - You need 500 subnets, each with about 100 usable host addresses per
subnet. What mask will you assign using a class B network address?
Please help me with this question as soon possible... Please

This is quite a simple question. Just ask yourself how many bits you would need to
borrow in order to create 500 subnets. The answer is 9 as 2 ^ 9 = 512 which covers your
requirements.
The question them tells you to use a Class B address. You know that the default mask is
/16 so you simply need to add 9 to that to get a mask of /25 or in dotted decimal format
255.255.255.128
Note that this leaves 7 bits available for hosts giving (2 ^ 7) - 2 hosts per subnet, in
other words, 126.
Hope this helps.
Chris
13/24
10/18/2014
Subnetting said... 9 November 2010 09:51
Hi Chris,
Thanks a ton for your time publishing this to us free.God bless you my friend. I got
following problem, please help me.
--------------------------------Question: Which subnet does host 172.31.56.247 255.255.255.240 belong to? Answer:
172.31.56.240
-----------------------------172.31.56.247
255.255.255.240
Block = 256 - 240 = 16
So
172.31.0.0
172.31.16.0
172.31.32.0
172.31.48.0
172.31.64.0
I was thinking 172.31.48.0 is the answer
Chris Bloomfield said... 10 November 2010 11:07

Hi,
You have to remember that you are subnetting in the fourth octet hence you should be
counting up in your block size in the fourth octet.
172.31.56.0
172.31.56.16
172.31.56.32
............
172.31.56.224
172.31.56.240
Therefore 172.31.56.247 is on the 172.31.56.240 subnet
Subnetting said... 10 November 2010 12:44

Hi Chris,
Thanks again for your quick update regarding my question and your answer was really
awesome. I spend too much money on Cisco Academy, but could not figure it out, how
do subletting. All the i was so confused. I know i was also stupid didn't try that hard,
some people even from cisco academy in my place did well, few of them was like me got
lost on the way. I do believe many people stack on it, BUT ALL YOUR EFFORT, ONLY
YOURS THAT MADE MY SELF CONFIDENT, whatever my position its only after reading
your blog, thanks google, thank Chris.
-------------------------------What is the broadcast address of the network 172.28.229.0 255.255.255.0?
Answer: 172.28.229.255
-------------------I am not sure where to start here, how to find out the block size, sorry to disturb you
again, hope you don't mind
14/24
10/18/2014
Chris Bloomfield said... 21 November 2010 14:09
Hi and I'm glad my post has helped you out :-)
Your question involves subnetting directly on a boundary. In your case you have a Class
B address subnetted to the default mask of a Class C address (i.e. /24). In this case the
Class B address behaves just as it would a Class C address with a default mask.
For example, let's take a Class C address with default mask:
192.168.1.0/24
You automatically know that the broadcast address is 192.168.1.255 as you have the
whole of the final octet.
Take a Class B address of:
172.28.229.0/24
There is no difference except for the numbers of course. You still have the whole of the
last octet to play with so the broadcast address must be 172.28.229.255
I hope you understand this. If not I'm more than happy to assist you further.
Good luck with your studies!
Chris
Rita said... 18 December 2010 04:48

Thanks for your article. I have read the subnetting using cidr from tutorial computer
can you explain this article thanks
Devin said... 20 December 2010 17:23

Hi Chris,
First off, thank you so much for this. It is a huge help in studying for my CCNA, as
subnetting has been my biggest issue. I'm still a little weird on the types of questions like
the following:
You have a network ID of 140.140.0.0 and need to break it down into a number of
subnets. You need 600 host IDs per subnet, with the largest number of subnets
available. Which of the following subnet masks should you use?
a)255.255.240.0
b)255.255.252.0
c)255.255.224.0
d)255.255.248.0
How best do I answer this? Instead of figuring out the numbers for each of the listed
subnet masks?
Thank you,
Devin
Chris Bloomfield said... 28 December 2010 19:26
15/24
10/18/2014
Hi,
600 hosts requires 10 bits as (2 ^ 10) - 2 = 1022 hosts.
If we subtract the 10 bits from the 32 bits that make up an IP address we have 22 bits. If
we convert /22 into longhand we have 255.255.252.0 which is your answer.
HTH,
Chris
PRA said... 5 January 2011 16:10

how many subnet and host for this network pls give your answer with calculation means
show me the calculation you did to get answer.the network is 154.20.14.10/7
John said... 14 January 2011 00:00

Regarding question: What is the valid host range of the 7th subnet of address
10.0.0.0/14?
I was wondering how the answer for the broadcast address is 10.27.255.255 and not
10.24.255.255
Please help me figure this out.
I am very impressed with this subnetting lesson. Thank you
Chris Bloomfield said... 15 January 2011 09:50

Hi John,
The block size in this question is 4 as your next boundary is 16 while your subnet mask is
/14. If we subtract 14 from 16 we get 2. We then say 2 to the power of the 2 we just
worked out which gives us 4.
As our mask is /14 we then can say that the 14th bit is in the second octet. We therefore
count up in our block size in the 2nd octet.
Our first subnet is therefore:
10.0.0.0/14
And the 2nd subnet is:
10.4.0.0/14
3rd is:
10.8.0.0/14
etc
Until we come to the 7th octet which is 10.24.0.0/14
Our 8th octet is 10.28.0.0/14 so the broadcast address for the 7th subnet is one less
than the 8th subnet so this must be 10.27.255.255
16/24
10/18/2014
junaid said... 9 March 2011 15:40
Hi chris ,Junaid here,
Ive couple of questions which i couldn't understand ,am pasting the related paragraphs:
Let's think of some questions. How many bits do you need to borrow to accommodate 6
subnets? No matter what address you are given the maths is still the same. The formula
is 6 = 2n so you must find n which in this case is 3 as n = 2 gives only 4 subnets and n =
3 gives 8 subnets. Simply add n to your mask for your new subnet mask. For example, if
you had a /24 address and you wanted 8 subnets then your mask will be 24 + 3 = /27.
What subnet mask should you use if you wanted 60 hosts per subnet? The formula is 60
= 2(32 - n) - 2 so you must find n which is 26. This is easy to find as you know that 26 2 = 62 so simply subtract 6 from 32 to get the 26. Therefore your mask is /26.
1: in the 1st paragraph how can we calculate the value of n , please elaborate it for me.
2: In the 2nd paragraph how did you got the value of n =26??
please help me get over with it and the rest of things u described here are outstanding,
Thanx
Chris Bloomfield said... 9 March 2011 18:47

Hi,
Remember that this is 2 to the power of n (2 ^ n) and not 2n as you seem to write it.
Maybe that is where you are getting stuck?
weznagwama said... 4 April 2011 05:08

great post, penny = dropped. i have been dreading subnetting as i am terrible at maths
but this is perfect. Thanks.
Rishabh "xero" Dangwal said... 29 May 2011 16:18

Chris..You just rock man :) Amazing and really easy method for subnetting. I am a
network novice and was turned off by the trivial methods, but you just simplified the
things to the core level.
Keep up the good work.
naren said... 21 September 2011 11:29

Hi Chris
wow , you are fantastic , i never knew subnetting was so easy
saurabh srivastava said... 9 December 2012 08:45

Saurabh srivastava
ALL FOR CLASS A
yes you tried very well but No way
because we know
For class a range (0-127.255.255.255)
17/24
10/18/2014
but valid range (1-126.255.255.255)
it means (N.H.H.H) N=Network bits
H=Host bits
Ip address=(8.8.8.8)=8+8+8+8=32
so hence 8bits for Network and 24 bits for Host
but question is that
10.0.0.0/14 (by default for /8)
but /14 then network takes
[8(his default own)+6 (bit borrow)]
we know binary as
128.64.32.16.8.4.2.1
if we want binary of 32 then
0 .0 .1 . 0 .0.0.0
as that of on our section for/14
11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000
I'st .II'nd .III'rd .IV'th octet
now in the second octet
11111100 here like in binary each octet the power of
128.64.32.16.8.4.2.1
1 .1 .1 .1 .1.1.0.0
--------------.*.0.0
here last one form left as star power of binary 4 it mean block of 4 will be
then
10.0.0.0(first NID)
10.4.0.0
10.8.0.0
10.12.0.0
10.16.0.0
.
.
.
.
.
.
10.252.0.0
.
.
10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255 (last finally BID)
and number of subnet and number of host per subnet
subnet=2^n
here n is totel network bit borrow
host per subnet=(2^m)-2
here mis total left bit (Host)
in that
subnet=2^6=64 subnet
host per subnet=(2^18)-2
=262144-2=262142
thanks
saurabh srivastava said... 9 December 2012 08:46
18/24
10/18/2014
Saurabh srivastava
ALL FOR CLASS A
yes you tried very well but No way
because we know
For class a range (0-127.255.255.255)
but valid range (1-126.255.255.255)
it means (N.H.H.H) N=Network bits
H=Host bits
Ip address=(8.8.8.8)=8+8+8+8=32
so hence 8bits for Network and 24 bits for Host
but question is that
10.0.0.0/14 (by default for /8)
but /14 then network takes
[8(his default own)+6 (bit borrow)]
we know binary as
128.64.32.16.8.4.2.1
if we want binary of 32 then
0 .0 .1 . 0 .0.0.0
as that of on our section for/14
11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000
I'st .II'nd .III'rd .IV'th octet
now in the second octet
11111100 here like in binary each octet the power of
128.64.32.16.8.4.2.1
1 .1 .1 .1 .1.1.0.0
--------------.*.0.0
here last one form left as star power of binary 4 it mean block of 4 will be
then
10.0.0.0(first NID)
10.4.0.0
10.8.0.0
10.12.0.0
10.16.0.0
.
.
.
.
.
.
10.252.0.0
.
.
10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255 (last finally BID)
and number of subnet and number of host per subnet
subnet=2^n
here n is totel network bit borrow
host per subnet=(2^m)-2
here mis total left bit (Host)
in that
19/24
10/18/2014
subnet=2^6=64 subnet
host per subnet=(2^18)-2
=262144-2=262142
ok thanks
dmr said... 9 February 2013 02:43

This is the best tutorial on Subnet i have ever read. Thank you so much Chris! You made
it so easy to understand...all of the other post and even cisco books have made it overly
complicated and way too confusing!
Ben Tyson said... 10 March 2013 11:05

Fantastic tutorial! Makes subletting actually kind of fun. Thanks :)
poise said... 25 April 2013 07:21
hi buddy, the explanation was really cool and simple,thanks for that.
i have a doubt, plz solve it.
suppose you have given a class B ip address 172.12.12.1. with default sub-net mask
255.255.0.0 and asked to create 3 networks and each network should have 3 hosts, then
what will be the subnet mask,what are the different sub networks, what is the host range
in each network
Jill Redmond said... 13 May 2013 11:08

What happens if the mask is 16? Do I leave it at 16? Thanks for the help!

Hi Jill,
Yes, you leave it as a /16. Same as you would on all classful boundaries (i.e. /8, /16, and
/24).
HTH,
Chris
David James said... 22 August 2013 08:17

Hello Chris, the way you explained this subnetting concept made a great help to my
studies.
i have a doubt.
Could you tell me what will be the subnet and host from
172.29.0.0 255.255.252.0
thank you..!!
Milina Shakya said... 4 September 2013 18:49

what to do if the no of subnets is greater than 32.i have a question
An organization is granted the block 130.56.0.0 in class B. The administrator wants to
20/24
10/18/2014
create 1024 subnets.
a. Find the subnet mask.
b. Find the number of addresses in each subnet.
Hanson P said... 23 September 2013 21:24

Hi Chris,
This is best subnetting method I've everseen.
There is one type of question I keep having wrong answer. Would you please step by
step show me with your method for below problem.
"Enter the maximum number of valid subnets and hosts per subnet that you can get from
the network 172.29.0.0 255.255.254.0"
Thanks a lot!
Hanson
Hanson P said... 25 September 2013 16:08

Hi Chris,
Would you help me solve this problem below using your method.
Enter the maximum number of valid subnets and hosts per subnet that you can get from
the network 172.17.0.0 255.255.254.0
Thanks,
Hanson

Hi Hanson,
So for both of your questions you have a subnet mask of 255.255.254.0 which is
equivalent to a /23. That means your block size is 2 to the power of (24 - 23) which
equals 2 subnets. The number of hosts is therefore (2 to the power of (32 - 23)) - 2 =
510 hosts.
Your two subnets are effectively 172.17.0.0/23 and 172.17.128.0/23
HTH
magic said... 3 October 2013 19:31

wow after three classes on this i had become COMPLETELY overwhelmed by all the
different techniques that we were being shown for subnetting but this is by far the best
way of doing things (for me at least)
thanks a lot for this man you`ve really saved the day
magic said... 3 October 2013 19:31

wow after three classes on this i had become COMPLETELY overwhelmed by all the
different techniques that we were being shown for subnetting but this is by far the best
way of doing things (for me at least)
thanks a lot for this man you`ve really saved the day
HP said... 13 October 2013 02:53

Hi Chris,
21/24
10/18/2014
Thanks for the wonderful explanation. I now understand everything you mentioned
except the following part:
What subnet mask should you use if you wanted 60 hosts per subnet? The formula is 60
= 2(32 - n) - 2 so you must find n which is 26. This is easy to find as you know that 26 2 = 62 so simply subtract 6 from 32 to get the 26. Therefore your mask is /26.
Is there another way to explain this, especially finding the value of n, I simply just dont
get it.
HP
Ansur Mahmood said... 24 October 2013 10:10

Hi
Chris, almost after 10 year in this field i gave up on learning subnetting insted started
using online calculators, nothing ever made sense to me
man just reading your artical only once made me feel like every thing falls int place
thanks ever so much
regards
Ansur
Ansur Mahmood said... 24 October 2013 10:11

Hi
Chris, almost after 10 year in this field i gave up on learning subnetting insted started
using online calculators, nothing ever made sense to me
man just reading your artical only once made me feel like every thing falls int place
thanks ever so much
regards
Ansur
J.A.B. said... 10 November 2013 17:04

I was looking for help on understanding subnetting when I stumbled onto your site. This
is much easier to grasp than any other method I have seen. I am sure I'll have some
questions as I study this but your approach to explaining it is far more direct and to the
point. Thanks for your commitment to helping those of us who are trying to learn. Aaron
B.
Matthew Collins said... 11 November 2013 17:02

Hi Chris,
I ran across this problem and was confused on how i could figure it out. If it gives me the
address in CIDR notation I can do it no problem.
Here is the problem:
How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 192.168.130.0
255.255.255.128?
Thanks!
joe rudge said... 9 January 2014 20:15

This is by far the best way to do any subnetting questions!!
22/24
10/18/2014
The only part I need help with now is how to find the CIDR prefix from a subnet mask
and visa versa.
E.g. 255.255.128.0 is /17 but how do I work this out? Is there a formula?
Can anyone help please???
Roger Scudder said... 1 February 2014 15:39

I have been reading TCP/IP Illustrated and trying the examples on a test network. I got
stuck on subnet/supernet addressing. Your examples filled in the gaps. I was back on
track in 5 minutes!
Jody Johnston said... 2 February 2014 16:53

how do I find the nth subnet? For example I have the class B address 150.150.0.0/26
and want to find the 500th subnet?
Brilliant explanations by the way!
cong said... 13 April 2014 19:33

hello Chris
If a host has address 10.251.128.10,
what is correct subnetmask? I cannot find a procedure in your blog.
Tom
Chris Bloomfield said... 14 April 2014 15:43

Hi Tom,
Impossible to say. The default mask would be /8 or 255.0.0.0.
HTH,
Chris
uneek said... 10 August 2014 17:21

Joe,
CIDR represents the number of 1s in the mask, or the binary conversion from decimal.
255.255.128.0 is 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
By counting the number of 1s, you have 17, /17.
The other way to look at it is from a binary chart.
Recalling boundaries, for each class, /8, /16, /24, for A, B, C, respectively. Subtract the
given CIDR value from the default mask and remainder is as follows.
.128 /1
.192 /2
.224 /3
.240 /4
.248 /5
23/24
10/18/2014
.252 /6
.254 /7
.255 /8
/23 is 255.255.254.0, 23-16=7, /7 is .254
/12 is 255.240.0.0, 12-8=4, /4 is .240
Hope that helps. :)
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NNNNNNNN . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH Class A Address

shall run through examples of each, for each class of IP address.

Bookmark & Share

What subnet does 172.16.116.4/19 sit on?

yes?). Some bit...

route summarization, probably

For some time now I have been

asked how I simulate hosts in

Our mask is 12. Our next boundary is 16. Therefore 16 - 12 = 4.

= 16 which gives us our block

to configure a router as a host

255.255.255.255 to get your

Our address is 10.34.67.234 which must sit on the 10.32.0.0 subnet.

Well, imho, it is the best tool on

give a particular host range of a subnet.

configuration without having an

What is the valid host range of of the 4th subnet of 192.168.10.0/28?

How to calculate multicast

Follow the links below to find

the main articles on this site:

charge Access Lists vs Prefix

Lists Cabling Ci...

What is the valid host range of the 1st subnet of 172.16.0.0/17?

I received an email from one of

"ip classless" versus "no ip

slightly from the original article

summarization but I found this

"Can I just say, I am absolutely

in LOVE with you and this blog

bunch of cisco equipment to

block size of 8).

prepare for my CCNA. I kept

was a better way...

(the example above would be in the last octet).

Thanks so much for not only the

tip, but the detailed tutorial on

the third octet.

how to setup and actually use

What other questions may they ask?

"Hi, just tested it.

It's very incredible, perfect.

Good work, if you have some

reserve bits for hosts.

tips for CCNA please post.

There are two simple formulas:

Number of subnets = 2n where n is the number of bits borrowed

subtract 6 from 32 to get the 26. Therefore your mask is /26.

your effort. Guys, I recommend

information....reading this finally

the CCNA yesterday."

via Cisco Forum

"I just passed the CCENT test. I

wanted to thank you for this

questions in 20 sec in my head.

via Cisco Forum

1. The default subnet mask of the address class.

"I wanted to thank you for

2. The subnet mask in the question