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5313
The reaction kinetics of the reversible esterification reaction of succinic acid with ethanol to form monoethyl
and diethyl succinate are presented. The reaction was studied in batch isothermal experiments catalyzed by
macroporous Amberlyst-15 ion-exchange resin. Experimental data were obtained between 78 and 120 C at
different mole ratios of ethanol to succinic acid and at ion-exchange resin catalyst concentrations from 1 to
5 wt % of solution. Kinetic modeling was performed using a pseudohomogeneous mole fraction model which
acceptably fits the experimental data. The kinetic model is useful for the design and simulation of processes
such as reactive distillation for diethyl succinate formation.
1. Introduction
Organic acid esters, produced by the reaction of organic acids
and alcohols, can be entirely biorenewable or green chemicals
that replace petroleum-based solvents. Succinic acid (1,4butanedioic acid, herein SA) can be esterified with alcohols such
as ethanol and n-butanol through a series reaction to yield diethyl
succinate (DES) and di-n-butyl succinate. A schematic reaction
scheme for esterification of succinic acid with an alcohol is
shown in Figure 1.
In addition to having low toxicity and low vapor pressure,
succinate esters have exceptional solvent properties and thus
find commercial application as solvents and in consumer
products such as paint strippers. In addition, succinate esters
are intermediates in the production of poly butylene succinate
(PBS) polymers, a polyester composed of SA and 1,4-butanediol
having attractive properties for broad application in automobiles
and consumer goods. The 1,4-butanediol is produced by
hydrogenation of succinate ester,1,2 hence the entire PBS
polymer is a succinate based, biorenewable material. Esters of
SA (primarily dimethyl esters) are also being investigated for
their insulinotropic potential in rats.37
A conventional process for DES production involves a stirred
batch or continuous reactor with sulfuric acid as a homogeneous
catalyst. Because the extent of reaction is thermodynamically
limited, intermediate product removal and multiple reaction
stages are required to achieve complete SA conversion. Many
of the difficulties in using homogeneous catalysts can be
eliminated through the use of heterogeneous catalysts such as
ion exchange resins or supported clays. The heterogeneous
catalyst allows easy mechanical separation of the catalyst from
reaction media by decantation or filtration, reduces or eliminates
corrosion problems, and facilitates continuous process operation.
For reviews on the use of heterogeneous ion exchange resins
as catalysts prior to 1995, the reader is referred to the works of
Olah et al.,8 Chakrabarti and Sharma,9 and Sharma et al.10 For
a more recent review, the reader is referred to the work of
Harmer and Sun.11
Prior information in the literature on the kinetics of SA
esterification with ethanol or n-butanol is scarce. Saigo et al.12
have synthesized succinic acid esters using phosphinechalcogenide as a catalyst. Recently, Benedict et al.13 have described
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 1-517-3533928. Fax: 1-517-432-1105. E-mail: millerd@egr.msu.edu.
5314 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 47, No. 15, 2008
run
no.
figure
no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
S1
2
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S9
S7
S8
S10
S11
initial
mole ratio
EtOH:SA
catalyst
loading
(wt %)
temp
(C)
average
error (%)
in succinate
species mole
fraction
(Frel, eq 14)
10:1
10:1
10:1
10:1
10:1
10:1
10:1
10:1
10:1
10:1
15:1
20:1
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
5
1
5
2
2
78
90
100
110
120
90
90
90
78
78
90
90
25
29
23
17
18
28
22
25
26
19
27
28
average error
(absolute) in
succinate
species mole
fraction
(Fabs, eq 13)
0.0048
0.0052
0.0035
0.0025
0.0025
0.0052
0.0029
0.0035
0.0057
0.0045
0.0028
0.0022
factor for MES, the carbon balance for each reaction sample,
based on carbon in the starting SA, was in the range of 100 (
10%.
Reaction samples were analyzed for water content using a
Varian 3700 gas chromatograph equipped with thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and a stainless steel column (4 m
3.25 mm) packed with a stationary phase of Porapak Q. The
column oven temperature was held at 413 K for two minutes,
then ramped at 20 K/min to 493 K, where it was held for 6
min. n-Butanol was used as an internal standard. High purity
helium (99.999%) was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 20
mL/min. The injector and detectors were maintained at 493 K.
Samples were analyzed for ethanol and byproduct diethyl
ether (DEE) using a Perkin-Elmer Sigma-2000 gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) and a
bonded-phase fused silica capillary column (SPB-5, 30 m
0.53 mm). The column oven was held at 313 K for 7 min,
ramped at 2 K/min to 473 K where it was held for 5 min.
Anhydrous toluene was used as an internal standard. High purity
helium (99.999%) was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 10
mL/min. The injector and detectors were maintained at 493 K.
2.3. Batch Kinetic Experiments. Esterification reactions at
78 C were performed in a 2 10-4 m3 jacketed glass reactor
equipped with a recirculating constant temperature oil bath. The
reaction volume was 1.1 10-4 m3. A spiral coil condenser,
open to the atmosphere, was placed on top of the reactor. The
glass reactor was equipped with temperature and stirrer speed
monitoring devices and a sampling port. In operation, measured
quantities of ethanol and succinic acid were added to the reactor,
and heating and stirring were started simultaneously. Once the
desired temperature was achieved, usually in about 15 min,
catalyst (Amberlyst-15 ion-exchange resin) was added for the
case of resin catalyzed reactions and the stirring speed was
increased to 800 rpm. This point in time was considered as the
zero reaction time. Samples were withdrawn at specific time
intervals and immediately transferred to an ice bath (prior to
analysis) in order to ensure that no further reaction took place.
Esterification reactions above 78 C were performed in a 1
10-4 m3 stainless steel autoclave (5000 Multireactor System,
Parr Instrument Co.) equipped with temperature and stirrer speed
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 47, No. 15, 2008 5315
wcatk11
(1)
k1/Keqx,1
k2
(2)
-
k2/Keqx,2
(3)
i ) tanh(i)/i i ) 1, 2
(4)
)
)
(5)
dxMES
xDESxW
) wcatk22 xMESxEtOH +
dt
Keqx,2
4. Kinetic Modeling
(
(
dxSA
xMESxW
) wcatk11 xSAxEtOH dt
Keqx,1
(
(
xMESxW
- xSAxEtOH
Keqx,1
)
)
dxDES
xDESxW
) wcatk22
- xMESxEtOH
dt
Keqx,2
dxEtOH
xMESxW
) wcatk11 xSAxEtOH +
dt
Keqx,1
wcatk22 xMESxEtOH -
xDESxW
Keqx,2
(7)
(8)
(9)
dxW
xMESxW
) wcatk11
- xSAxEtOH +
dt
Keqx,1
wcatk22
where
(6)
xDESxW
- xMESxEtOH
Keqx,2
( )
-EA,i
(10)
RT
4.4. Chemical Equilibrium Constants. The chemical equilibrium constants are given by
ki ) k0i exp
Keqx,i )
i
i,eq
(11)
Fmin2 )
(xj,cal - xj,expt)2
samples
nsamples
(12)
5316 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 47, No. 15, 2008
this value with TOF values for other organic acid esterification
reactions that we have investigated in our laboratory. At the
same conditions, the TOF for lactic acid esterification17 with
ethanol is 13 1/h; for citric acid,16 the TOF for the first
esterification step is 2.1 1/h. The similarity in TOF between
lactic acid and succinic acid is not surprising; however, the
significantly lower TOF for citric acid suggests steric hindrance
associated with multiple carboxylic acid functionalities on citric
acid or more generally a reduced access of the bulkier citric
acid molecule to the resin acid sites.
k1
k20
EA,1
EA,2
Keqx,1
Keqx,2
units
value
kgsoln/kgcats
kgsoln/kgcats
kJ/kmol
kJ/kmol
5.3107
8.0107
66000
70000
5.3
1.2
351
363
373
383
393
1 eq 1
2 eq 2
0.94
0.88
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.97
0.95
0.90
0.84
0.76
5. Conclusions
Fabs )
Frel )
|xj,cal - xj,expt|
samples
samples
nsamples
xj,cal - xj,expt
xj,expt
nsamples
(13)
100 %
(14)
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 47, No. 15, 2008 5317
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