ITERATIOAL COFERECE O EVIROMET 2008 (ICERT 2008), PEAG, MALAYSIA.

The Effects of Tidal events on Water Quality in the coastal area of Petani
River Basin, Malaysia

Hazzeman Haris* and Wan Maznah Wan Omar

School of Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author: Phone: 013-5019425
Email: ha33eman@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to assess the effects of tidal events on water quality in the coastal
area of Petani River Basin, and to understand the role it plays in the river ecosystem. Water
quality characteristics at two sampling stations located near the estuary in Petani River Basin
that received sea water intrusion during high tide were analysed. A 24 hours observation, with
4 hours intervals were carried out during neap and spring tide. Conductivity, salinity,
temperature, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total suspended solids (TSS), total
dissolved solids (TDS), nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and orthophosphate were measured. Several
parameters were affected by the tidal events such as salinity, conductivity, TDS, alkalinity
and nitrite which recorded higher concentrations during high tide, while parameters such as
TSS, ammonia and pH were higher during low tide. The effects of tide on the parameters
measured were more pronounced during spring tide compared to neap tide which recorded
minimal changes in seawater intrusion during high and low tide. This suggested that some
water quality parameters are more easily influenced by spring tide and should be taken into
consideration in water quality monitoring in rivers affected by tidal events from the sea.

1. ITRODUCTIO
Water is important in our daily life. Naiman et al (1995) mentioned that humans have
ready access of about 14% of the earth freshwater and we had used about 50% of the
freshwater run-off and by 2025 it could increase to 70% (Postel et al., 1996; Flemer &
Champ, 2006). So as nations develop and increase in population where it is expected that by
2050 the world population will increase by one half (USCB, 2000; Flemer & Champ,2006), a
serious water crisis such as pollution due to poor planning can cause environmental
degradation and a decline in beneficial use of river (Madsen et al, 2002). Because of the
expected scarcity of this commodity, it is important to understand the diverse factors which
can influence its quality in rivers.
Various chemical and biological processes which control the concentration of nutriens in
the rivers and estuaries had been done (Wolaver & Zieman, 1983). Most of these studies
concentrated on the role played by the sediments and how it affects the water quality
(Wolaver & Zieman, 1983; Usui et la., 1998; Mendoza et al., 2006). It was noted in tidal
effected area that regular changes in bottom water, where it is more saline during high tide
and less saline during low tide, usually will cause large changes in nitrogenous nutrients, DO
and organic matter inputs (Law et al., 1992; Hemminga et al., 1993; Usui et al., 1998).
Previous research had shown that sediment in intertidal flats plays an important factor in
determining the concentration of nutrient in water such as nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate
and DO (Seitzinger, 1988; Kristensen et al., 1994; Kaplan et al., 1979; Belser and Mays,
1980; Abdul Aziz & Nedwell, 1986; Usui et al., 1998; Wolaver & Zieman, 1983). Less
emphasize were given on the role played by the tide itself (eg. the intrusion of seawater) with
the exception in studies regarding the DO concentration throughout the tide cycle (Nelson et
al., 1994; Gardner et al., 2006).

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ITERATIOAL COFERECE O EVIROMET 2008 (ICERT 2008), PEAG, MALAYSIA.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sea tides on the river surface water by
analysing physico-chemical parameters, and subsequently analyzed the effect of sea water
intrusion on river pollution level.

1.1 Petani River Basin

Petani River is the main river that flows through the centre of the town of Sungai Petani.
The commercial centre of the town is situated on both sides of the riverbanks between 4500 m
to 6000 m from the confluence. The total length of Petani River is 12.5 km with a 3500 ha of
catchments area (including the catchments areas of its tributaries). Petani River is tidal in
nature from the confluence until more than 6 km upstream (Perunding Bakti, 1997a). There
are three main tributaries that contribute to the overall water quality of Petani River. These
tributaries are the Gelugor River, Bakar Arang River and Air Mendidih River.

2. MATERIALS AD METHODS

Water samples from two sites located at the middle (station 1) and downstream (station 2)
of the Petani River were collected on 26th October (spring tide) and 2nd November 2007 (neap
tide). The samplings were done for 24 hours to measure the effects of tides on surface water
quality. The water quality analysis which comprised of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia,
orthophosphate, alkalinity and suspended solids (SS) were carried out according to APHA
(1992). Total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, salinity and temperature were measured
in-situ using ‘sensION5 conductivity meter’. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was measured using
YSI Model 57 oxygen meter, while the pH value was determined using a CyberScan 500 pH
meter.
Statistical analysis of ANOVA and Tukey HSD were done using SPSS software version
15.

3. RESULTS AD DISCUSSIO

Analysis of various parameters on the water samples collected in 24 hours during spring
tide and neap tide reveals some of the effects caused by the intrusion of the seawater into the
Petani River. These effects varied according to the tide cycle. Generally it can be seen from
the tests that the tide cycle during spring tide (Table 1) had a bigger effects on the water
quality compared to the tide cycle during neap tide (Table 2). This is because the movement
and the changes in water level during spring tide are more significant as compared to during
neap tide where the changes are minimal. The effect of these tides can be seen clearly from
the difference of pattern exhibited by several parameters such as salinity, pH and conductivity
during neap tide and spring tide. The fluctuation of salinity between these two sites during
neap tide was only between 1ppt to 2ppt, while during spring tide the fluctuation can be up to
12 ppt. The same conditions were observed for pH and conductivity. In spring tide the pH and
conductivity fluctuate more during the tide cycle (high and low tide) while during neap tide
both parameters were stable. This is because during spring tide there is a regular change of
water which is more saline at high tide and less saline at low tide, which can cause large
changes in the water content (Law et al., 1992; Hemminga et al., 1993; Usui et al., 1998) thus
influencing the pH and conductivity level.
The results obtained during neap tide reveals that the pattern of changes in conductivity
was similar with the changes in TDS. This shows that there is other sources (e.g. input of
wastewater from housing, commercial and industrial area; urban and surface run-off) that
influence the concentration of ions in the water apart from the ions such as bicarbonate ions
(HCO3-), carbonate ions (CO3-), natrium ion (Na+), Chlorine (Cl-) and etc, which is

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contributed by the seawater that affect the level of conductivity. The level of conductivity is
positively related to the concentration of ions in the water. So the higher the concentration of
ions, the higher will the conductivity level be (Hem, 1985).
It was noted that the concentration of orthophosphate was stable throughout the tide cycle
at both sampling station. This may be contributed by the control of orthophosphate
concentration in the water via clay sorption onto clay particles in the sediment, while
orthophosphate release occurs when the dissolved concentration is low (Pomeroy et al., 1965;
Patrick & Khalid, 1974; Wolaver & Zieman, 1983).

3.1 Spring Tide

Nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, alkalinity, TDS, pH and DO were significantly different between
sampling occasions (One - way ANOVA, p<0.05), and Tukey HSD test showed that the
parameters have more than one group of subsets, except nitrite.
The Tukey HSD test for nitrate reveals two groups of subsets. It can be seen that samples
collected at 7pm (low tide) was significantly different with other samples. The high
concentration of nitrate during low tide can also be attributed to the inhibition of nitrate
reduction and stimulation of nitrification by the increase oxygen supply through benthic algae
photosynthesis (Usui et al., 1998) and increase surface water turbulent due to the faster flow
rate during low tide. Two independent processes have been recognized to control the supply
of nitrate (nitrite). The first one is from the bottom water and the other is from in situ
nitrification. In situ nitrification which is mediated by nitrifying bacteria needs the supply of
oxygen to oxidized ammonium to nitrate (Henriksen & Kemp, 1988; Usui et al., 1998). It was
estimated that 30% of nitrogen reduction in the water can increase DO up to 50% (Brezonik et
al., 1999; Kansas Department of Health and Environment Bureau of Water, 2004). This shows
that an increase of oxygen in water containing high nitrogen concentration will also increase
the oxidized form of nitrogen such as nitrate. The increase in DO due to photosynthesis of
algae during the day could increase the formation of nitrate in the water. An influx of
wastewater or untreated human sewage from household and industrial area could also increase
the concentration of nitrate (WATERSHEDSS, 2004).
Ammonia also has two groups of subsets when Tukey HSD test were done. From these
subsets it can be seen that the samples collected during low tide at 7am and 7pm were
significantly different (p<0.05) from the samples collected during high tide at 12am and
12pm. This showed that the concentration of ammonia was the highest during low tide and the
lowest during high tide. The highest ammonia concentration recorded was 2859.68 µg/L
(Station 1) during low tide at 7pm while the lowest was 28482 ug/L (Station 2) during high
tide at 12am. Table 1 revealed that the ammonia concentration changes with the tide event.
During high tide the concentration was low but as the tide recede the concentration increase
and reaches the peak during low tide. This obviously demonstrated the dilution effect by the
tide.
Tukey HSD test for alkalinity reveals 3 groups of subsets. The alkalinity collected at 7am
(low tide) was significantly different (p<0.05) compared to the samples collected 12am (high
tide). The highest alkalinity recorded was 60.3mg/L (Station 2) at 12am and the lowest was
50.4 mg/L (Station 2) at 7am. At night the respiration of life form in the river will consume
the oxygen and increase the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2). The reaction between
CO2 and water will produce carbonic acid (Wurts & Durborow, 1992). This will reduce the
amount of carbonates and bicarbonates in the water thus reducing the alkalinity because the
level of alkalinity is mostly determined by the two compounds in the water (Wurts &
Durborow, 1992). Since 7am is just after dawn, it means that the photosynthesis process of
algae and plant in the area had just about to begin after it had stopped for 12 hours.

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The results for Tukey HSD test on TDS concentration also show three groups of subsets.
The level at TDS during low tide was significantly (p<0.05) different as compared to TDS
during high tide. The TDS level increases as the tide rises and decreases as the tide recede.
This is due to the influence of seawater that contains dissolved solids such as chlorine ion
which can makes up 55.0% of the total mass of the dissolved material, sulfate ion (7.7%),
sodium ion (30.7%), magnesium ion (3.6%), and calcium ion (1.2%) which intrude the river
during high tide (Talley, 2005).
Tukey HSD test on pH disclosed four groups of subsets. Through these subsets it can be
seen that the most significant difference was between the pH during high tide and low tide.
Rising tide and receding tide also differed significantly (p<0.05) in pH during high and low
tide. Table 1 shows that the pH increases as the tide recede and decrease as the tide rises. It
also showed that pH at downstream (Station 2) was usually higher than at the middle stream
(Station 1). This shows that the pH of water flowing from the upstream of Petani River has
higher pH as compared to the seawater from the Merbok River. This could be cause by the
inflow of effluent from wastewater treatment plan and wastewater containing carbonate and
bicarbonate from houses through the usage of detergent (Murphy, 2007) which results in the
increase of alkalinity and pH (Wurts & Durborow, 1992).
As for DO, Tukey HSD test shows that the concentration of DO during high tide at 12 am
was significantly (p<0.05) different as compared to the concentration of DO during daytime
regardless of the tide condition. Table 1 shows the pattern of DO concentration between two
sites. The DO decreased until it stabilized at the fourth sampling and started to increase
afterwards. This is because at night time all the plankton and periphyton in the river consume
DO during respiration. Apart from that the oxidation of suspended particle through biological
or chemical processes also consumes DO in the water (Gardner et al., 2006). Various reaction
occurred at the bottom sediment can also consume a lot of oxygen where between 30% to50%
of total oxygen uptake are cause by sediment oxygen demand (SOD) (James 1986; Mancini et
al., 1986; Gardner et al., 2006). The stabilizing of DO where it stopped decreasing after the
fourth sampling was due to the significant input of DO through the photosynthesis of algae,
phytoplankton, plants and also the diffusion of oxygen gas across the air-water interface
(Gardner et al., 2006). On the other hand the DO concentration at downstream (Station 2)
decreased during rising and receding tide; however the concentration increased during high
and low tide, thus producing a predictable fluctuating pattern. The intrusion of seawater with
higher DO concentration from the Merbok River could explain the high DO recorded during
high tide, while the increase of DO during low tide could be attribute to the faster flow rate at
the sampling site since there were no inflow of water from the Merbok River which blocked
the flow to downstream.

3.2 eap Tide

During neap tide, only nitrite and alkalinity showed significant differences (one-way
ANOVA, p<0.05). Tukey HSD test for nitrite reveals two groups of homogenous subsets.
From these subsets, nitrite in samples collected 4am (rising tide) was significantly (p<0.05)
different from samples collected at 11pm (receding tide) and 1am (low tide). The highest
nitrite concentration (139.92 ug/L) was recorded during low tide (1am) at middle stream
(Station 1) and the lowest (93.28 ug/L) was recorded at downstream (Station 2) during high
tide (7am).
Tukey test for alkalinity reveals three groups of subsets. Group 1 consists of samples
collected at 3pm (low tide) and group 2 consists of samples collected at 11pm (receding tide),
4am (rising tide), 9.30pm (high tide) and 1am (low tide). Group 3 consists of samples
collected at 11am (receding tide). From this group of subsets, we can see the pattern where

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the samples in group 2 were all collected at night and early morning, group 1 were collected
at the evening while group 3 were collected near noon. The highest alkalinity (59.85 mg/L)
was recorded at downstream (Station 2) during low tide while the lowest (49.95mg/L) was
recorded at middle stream during receding tide. It was also notice that alkalinity levels was
quite stable during night time regardless of the tide cycle, but started to increase during the
day time. This could be due to the photosynthesis of plankton and periphyton which could
also influence the level of alkalinity. During day time the photosynthesis of phytoplankton
and periphyton could lower the amount of CO2 and thus increasing the level of alkalinity
(Hutchins & Merrick, 2004).

4. COCLUSIO

It can be concluded that Station 2 are more influenced by the tide and experience a higher
degree of changes in its water quality as compared to Station 1 that are less influence by the
tide. This is especially true during spring tide where the changes of water level throughout the
tide cycle are more pronounce as compared to during neap tide. Most changes that occurred
during neap tide were caused by anthropogenic factors and diurnal cycle as compared to the
water movement due to the tide cycle.
This shows that even though tide plays an important role in determining the quality of
water in the Petani River, anthropogenic factors and the day-night cycle also has a great effect
on the water quality.

6. REFERECES

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use in assessing nitrification in soils and sediments. Appl. Environ. Microb., 39, 505–510.
Brezonik, P.L., Bierman, V.J. Jr., Alexander, R., Anderson, J.B., Dortch, M., Hatch, L., et al.
(1999). Effects of reducing nutrient loads to surface waters within the Mississippi River
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North Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Estuarine, Coastal and
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Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and Interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water.
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Hemminga, M. A., V. A. Klap, J. van Soelen and J. J. Boon (1993). Effect of salt marsh
inundation on estuarine particulate organic matter characteristics. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,
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Henriksen, K. and W. M. Kemp (1988). Nitrification in estuarine and coastal marine
sediments. p. 207–249. In Nitrogen Cycling in Coastal Marine Environments, ed. by H.
Blackburn and J. Sørensen, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

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Hutchins, S. & Merrick G. (2004). Teaching about the effects of pH on aquatic organisms.
Retrieved on 20 January 2008 from
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K.J. (Ed.), Sediment Oxygen Demand: Processes, Modeling and Measurement. pg. 99-
110. Institute of Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens.
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nutrient reduction plan.
Kaplan, W., Valiela I., Teal J. M. (1979). Denitrification in a salt marsh ecosystem. Limnol.
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Kristensen, E., King G. M., Holmer M., Banta G. T., Jensen M. H., Hansen K. & Station
1sarawit N. (1994). Sulfate reduction, acetate turnover and carbon metabolism in
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245–255.
Law, C. S., Ress A. P. & Owens N. J. P. (1992). Nitrous oxide: estuarine sources and
atmospheric flux. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 35, 301–314.
Madsen, L., Hansen M.E., Gjerding M.R., Pedersen S.( 2002). Implementation of a Water
Vision- In the Case of the Langat River, Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and
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Denmark.
Mancini, J.L., Gruene, P.H., Winslow, F.B. (1986). Dissolved oxygen analysis and sediment
interactions. In: Hatcher, K.J. (Ed.), Sediment Oxygen Demand: Processes, Modeling and
Measurement. pg 259-280. Institute of Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens.
Mendoza C., Assadian N.W., Lindermann W. (2006). The fate of nitrogen in a moderately
alkaline and calcareous soil amended with biosolids and urea. Chemosphere, 63: 1933-
1941.
Murphy, S. (2007). General information on alkalinity. Retrieved on 31 January 2008 from
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imperative-a research agenda. pg 165. Island Press, Washington D.C.
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oxygen in two Malaysian estuaries. Hydrobiologia, 285: 7-17.
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of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Sclence, N. Y. 186: 53-55
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Terpeinci Sungai Petani, Kedah Darul Aman: Executive Summary & Final Report
(Volume I). Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Sungai Petani.
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estuarine water and sediment~ L. imnol. Oceanogr. 10: 176-172
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Talley, L. (2005). Physical properties of seawater.
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University Retrieved on 31 January 2008 from
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Wolaver T.G. & Joseph Zieman (1983). Effect of water column sediment and time over the
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hardness in fish ponds. Southern Regional Aquaculture Centre. SRAC Publication No.
464.

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Table 1: Water quality parameters during spring tide at station 1 (St 1) and station 2 (St 2).
Dissolved Ammonia (µg/L) Nitrite (µg/L) Nitrate (µg/L) Ortho-phosphate Salinity Conductivity pH Alkalinity TSS (g/L) TDS (mg/L)
Oxygen (mg/L) (µg/L) (ppt) (µS/cm) (mg/L)
St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St1 St2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2
12.00
am (H) 3.02 1.95 1585.48 284.82 84.24 233.20 747.12 529.07 164.17 108.62 9 10 3500 15000 7.02 7.12 57.6 60.3 0.018 0.024 3800 10400
4.00 am
(Rc) 1.93 1.42 1973.47 1153.39 74.92 127.09 847.15 466.40 133.87 136.40 3 9 2500 10000 7.21 7.24 53.1 56.7 0.020 0.033 1510 6990
7.00 am
(L) 1.62 1.79 2449.64 2418.78 63.26 53.93 894.10 387.70 181.85 78.32 2 5 700 3200 7.36 7.51 53.1 50.4 0.016 0.069 336 1690
10.00
am (Rs) 0.94 1.26 2268.87 1378.25 66.46 90.95 808.36 459.11 184.37 128.82 1 6 1900 7000 7.24 7.37 55.8 56.7 0.015 0.020 1330 4140
12.00
pm (H) 0.87 2.02 1492.89 571.41 96.78 222.41 647.10 454.74 136.40 101.05 6 14 5500 14000 7.09 7.28 55.8 57.6 0.012 0.033 4930 9770
4.00
pm
(Rc) 0.97 1.42 1933.79 1188.67 79.29 160.33 718.54 393.53 128.82 80.85 1 10 3600 13000 7.27 7.34 55.8 59.4 0.014 0.042 2790 8320
7.00
pm (L) 1.02 1.77 2859.68 2224.78 48.10 60.63 1039.03 1170.37 287.90 96.00 0 2 700 3750 7.58 7.56 58.5 57.6 0.011 0.031 395 2010

Table 2: Water quality parameters during spring tide at station 1 (St 1) and station 2 (St 2).
Dissolved Ammonia (µg/L) Nitrite (µg/L) Nitrate (µg/L) Ortho-phosphate Salinity Conductivity pH Alkalinity TSS (g/L) TDS (mg/L)
Oxygen (mg/L) (µg/L) (ppt) (µS/cm) (mg/L)
St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St1 St2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2 St 1 St 2
9.30 pm
(H) 1.95 1.88 2286.51 1911.74 100.57 121.56 1165.64 659.81 189.42 93.47 1 4 400 3600 7.3 7.02 51.75 53.55 0.020 0.016 180 1890
11.00
pm (Rc) 0.99 1.87 2555.46 2335.01 132.05 93.86 964.55 711.02 184.37 128.82 2 4 1100 3600 7.22 7.01 49.95 53.55 0.020 0.018 526 1900
1.00 am
(L) 1.28 1.6 2815.59 2136.60 139.92 104.36 1740.46 693.30 184.37 151.55 1 4 700 3500 7.32 6.97 51.75 54.45 0.013 0.033 301 1970
4.00 am
(Rs) 0.86 1.55 2692.14 2202.74 81.04 76.66 1263.52 571.18 199.52 141.45 1 3 800 3300 7.27 6.96 51.75 52.65 0.011 0.011 365 1600
7.00 am
(H) 1.09 1.52 2828.81 2136.60 112.81 93.28 613.97 592.85 214.67 156.60 2 5 950 3300 7.29 6.89 53.55 55.35 0.012 0.022 364 2010
11.00
am (Rc) 1.1 1.59 2758.27 2163.06 84.24 106.69 960.99 545.58 141.45 151.55 0 3 2250 4800 7.21 6.73 56.25 58.05 0.011 0.029 1030 2390
3.00 pm
(L) 1.14 2.03 3168.31 2260.05 106.98 85.41 1395.21 449.07 126.30 156.60 0 5 2200 4600 7.2 5.96 58.05 59.85 0.012 0.032 994 2580

otes: (H) = High tide (Rs) = Rising tide (L) = Low tide (Rc) = Receding tide