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4. Stylistic 2. The notion of the 37. Stylistics of the 38. Main concepts of
Differentiation of the functional author & of the DS analisys and types
vocab. style.Classification. reader. The notions of of foregrounding.
The word-stock of any Fun style(by Galperin) encoding & decoding. DS investigates the
given lang can be is a system of Decoding stylistics same levels as
divided into 3 groups, coordinated, (DS) – the most recent linguasty-cs – phonetic,
differing each other by interrelated & trend in stylistics that graphical, lexical,
the sphere of use (1- interconditioned employs the knowledge grammatical. The basic
neutral, possessing no language means of such sciences as difference: it studies
styl connotation & intended to fulfil a information theory, expressive means of
suitable for any specific function of psychology, linguistics, each level not as
communicative com-n & aiming at a literary theory, history isolated devices but as
situation, 2-literary & definite effect. of art, etc. a part of the whole text
3- colloquial words) Classification: DS tries to regard the on lengthy segments of
Lit-ry & col-al contain 1 official style, esthetic value of a text text (from paragraph to
a number of subgroups represented in all based on the interaction the level of the whole
having some common kinds of of documents. of specific textual work).
property. Lit-ry words 2 scientific, found in elements, stylistic Ideas, events,
are more or less stable. articles, brochures, devices & characters, author’s
Col-l has a lively monographs & other compositional structure attitudes are encoded in
spoken character, is academic publications in delivering the the text through the lan-
unstable and fleeting. 3 publicist, covering authors message. This ge. The reader is to
The neutral has a such genres as essay, method does not perceive & encode
universal ch-r.Its public speeches. consider the styl. these things by reading
unrestricted in use. It 4 newspaper style, function of any styl. the text. DS is the
can be employed in all observed in the feature separately but reader's sty-cs that is
spheresof human majority of materials as a part of a whole engaged in recreating
activity.it can be met printed in newspapers text. DS helps the the author's vision of
at any style of speech. 5 belles-lettres style, reader in understanding the world with the help
They have no local embracing numerous of a lit. work by of concrete text
cvh-r, no emotive genres of creative explaining (decoding) elements & their
colouring.Lit-ry & col- writing. it fulfils the the info that may be interaction through the
l can be general & aesthetic function , hidden from immediate text.
special. which fact singles this view. The term “DS” One of the fundamental
style out of others & came from the concepts of DS is
Special lit-ry:1 terms, gives grounds to application of the foregrounding (F-g).
words denoting recognize its theory of information The notion of it was
objects, humanities, systematic uniqueness. to ling-cs (Jackobson, suggested by scholars
techniques,2 archaism- Each of the style has 2 Arnold, Lotman…). of the Prague linguistic
denoting historical forms: written & oral. The process is circle at the beg. of the
phenomena ,which are Only recently, most presented in the 20th c-ry. Among its
no more in style class included: following way: the members were
use(vassal)=historical Poetic style- deals writer receives dif. Info Trubetskoy, Jacobson,
words:poetic with verbal forms from the outside world. Skalichka, etc. F-g
words(17-19 specific for poetry. He processes this info means a specific role
cen=steed =horse) & Oratoric style- in & recreates it in his that some lang-ge items
archaic words(nay=no) ancient Greece was own images. The play in a cert.context
Special subgroups of instrumental in the process of internalizing when the reader's
col-l words: creation of “Rhetoric”. of the outside info & attention cannot but be
Slang-used by most All the mentioned translating it into his drawn to them. In a
speakers in informal styles are specified own imagery – lit.text such items
com-n,are highly within the literary encoding. become styl-ly marked
emotive & expressive( type of the language. Encoder(writer) sends features that build up
pretty girl) Their functioning is the info to recipient its stylistic func-n.
Jargonisms-are close characterized by the (addressee, reader) & There are cert.modes of
to slang, also international the reader is supposed lang-ge use &
expressive & emotive, approach of the to decode the info. This arrangement to achieve
but used by limited speaker towards the process is not easy. A the effect of F-g.it may
groups of ppl choice of lang-e lit. work on its way to be based on dif types of
Vulgarism-words with means suitable for a the reader encounters deviation, redundancy,
a strong emotive particular com-ve many obstacles – unexpected comb-n of
meaning, normally situation & the social, historical, lang-ge units.
avoided in polite con-n official, formal nature temporal, cultural… Arnold: the effect of F-
Dialectal words are of the latter. Readers & authors may g can be achieved in a
normative & of any be separ-ed by peculiar way by the
stylistic meaning in hist.epoch, soc. absence of any
regional dialects, but conventions, religious expressive or
used outside of them, & pol.views, cult. & descriptive features
carry a strong flavour national traditions. The when they are expected
of the locality where author & the reader in cert.types of texts
they belong may be dif. in (e.g. the absence of
emotional, intellectual rhythmical arrangement
plan. Many lit.works in verse)
are roo sophisticated,
they require of the
reader a wide
educational
background,
knowledge of history,
mythology, philosophy.
Продолжение 38(2)
Semantic field. It
identifies lex. elements
in text segments and
the whole work that
provide its thematic and
compositional
cohesion. Lex. ties
relevant to this kind of
analysis will include
synonymous and
antonymous relations,
morphological
derivation, relations of
inclusion (various types
of hyponymy and
entailment), common
semes in the denotative
or connotative
meanings of different
words.
Semi-marked
structures is associated
with the deviation from
the grammatical and
lexical norm. It's an
extreme case of
defeated expectancy
much stronger than low
expectancy encountered
in a paradox or anti-
climax, the
unpredictable element
is used contrary to the
norm so it produces a
very strong emphatic
impact.
40. The notions of Продолжение 40(1) Продолжение 40(2)
coupling, sem.field, SF shows how Lex. deviation from the
semi-marked cohesion is achieved norm usually means
structures on a less explicit breaking the laws of
While convergence level sometimes sem. compatibility and
and defeated called the vertical lex. valency. Arnold
expectancy both focus context. Lex.l considers SS as a part
the reader's attention elements of this sort of tropes based on the
on the particularly are charged with unexpected or
signif. parts of the text implications and unpredictable relations
coupling (C) deals adherent meanings established between
with the arrangement that establish objects & phenomena
of textual elements invisible links by the author
that provide the unity throughout the text If you had to predict
& cohesion of the and create a kind of what elements would
whole structure. C. is semantic background combine well with such
more than many other so that the work is words and expressions
devices connected laced with certain as to try one's best to...,
with the level of the kind of imagery. to like ... you would
text. This method of Lex. ties relevant to hardly come up with
text analysis helps to SF will include such incompatible
decode ideas, their synonymous and combinations:
interaction, inner antonymous relations, She ... tried her best to
semantic & structural morphological spoil the party.
links of the text. derivation, relations (Erdrich)
C. is based on the of inclusion (various I liked the ugly little
affinity of elements types of hyponymy college... (Wnugh)
that occupy similar po- and entailment), com- Such combination of
sitions throughout the mon semes in the lex. units in our
text. C. provides denotative or everyday speech is
cohesion & unity of connotative meanings rare. However in spite
the text form and of different words. of their apparent
content.C. can be Semi-marked incongrtiily SS of both
found on any level of structures (SS) are a types arc widely used
the language, so the variety of defeated in lit-ry texts that arc
affinity may be expectancy associ- full of sophisticated
different in nature: it ated with the correlations which help
may be phonetic deviation from the to read sense into most
(alliteration, gram.l and lex. norm. unpredictable
assonance, It's an extreme case combinations of lex.
paronomasia, rhyme, of defeated units.
rhythm, meter), expectancy much
structural (all kinds of stronger than low ex-
parallelism and syntac- pectancy encountered
tical repetition- in a paradox or anti-
anadiplosis, anaphora, climax, the
framing, chiasmus, unpredictable
epiphora,etc.) & element is used
semantic (the use of contrary to the norm
synonyms and so it produces a very
antonyms, both direct strong emphatic
and contextual, root impact. For ex.,
repetition, paraphrase, The stupid heart that
sustained metaphor, will not learn
semantic fields, The everywhere of
recurrence of images, grief.
connotations or The word everywhere
symbols). is not a noun, but an
Semantic field (SF) is adverb and cannot be
a method of decoding used with an article
stylistics closely and a preposition,
connected with besides grief is an
coupling. It identifies abstract noun that
lex.l elements in text cannot be used as an
segments and the object with a noun
whole work that denoting location.
provide its thematic However the lines
and compositional make sense for the
cohesion. To reveal poet & readers who
this sort of cohesion interpret them as the
decoding must poetic equivalent of
carefully observe not the author's
only lex. and overwhelming feeling
synonymous repet-n of sadness and
but sem. affinity which dejection.
finds expression in .
cases of lexico-
semantic variants,
connotations and
associations aroused
by a specific use or
distribution of lexical
units, thematic
pertinence of
seemingly unrelated
words.