Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Report on
Prepared by
Dr. Khan Mahmud Amanat
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., BUET
December 2014
Rev. 02
Executive Summary
Bangladesh Steel Re-rolling Mills Ltd. (BSRM) is installing a rolling mill to
produce structural steel shapes good for construction of multistoried steel buildings in
Bangladesh. Before initiating the production of rolled steel shapes, it is essential to
assess the possible requirements of sizes and dimensions of structural steel shapes,
more specifically wide flange shapes (W shapes), which may be more in demand than
other shapes. With this objective, a detailed numerical finite element study has been
performed on several typical steel building models ranging from 10 storied to 25
storied configurations suitable for Dhaka City. Based on the investigation it has been
found that up to 20-storied buildings, the structural framing can be managed with rolled
W-shapes of depth 16 inch (406 mm) or lower. For a 25 storied building, except for a
few column elements at lower floors, most of the members can be managed with rolled
shapes having depth 16 inch or lower. For the columns of lower floors of 25 storied
building, built-up sections can be a solution. Type of floor system does not have any
effect of the framing requirement of the main structural framing system consisting of
columns, girders (beams connecting the columns) and bracings. When only floor
systems are compared, open-web joist system can achieve about 25% ~ 30% economy
in steel material compared to steel profile deck system. Solid concrete composite slab
system can achieve about 20% ~ 25% economy. However, issues like cost of fabrication,
quality control and additional lead time required should also be taken into
consideration before making final decision about the floor system. When overall steel
material requirement is compared, open-web joist system can achieve about 9%
economy. In such a case, solid concrete composite slab may achieve about 8% economy.
Thus the difference in material economy between solid concrete composite slab and
open-web joist system is marginal. The average weight of structural steel has been
found to vary between 76 kg/m2 to 109 kg/m2 for 10 to 25 storied buildings
respectively depending on type of floor system used. In this study, floor-to-floor height
has been assumed as 12 ft (3.66m). If floor height is reduced to 11 ft (3.35m) then an
additional 3~4% overall economy in material may be achieved.
Table of Contents
Page
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
SCOPE OF STUDY
2.2 Material
3.
4.
LOADING
5.
6.
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
6.1 Modeling
Rev. 02
Page i
7.
8.
10
7.1 Columns
10
7.2 Girders
12
14
7.4 Bracings
14
15
CONCLUSIONS
17
Rev. 02
Page ii
1.
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh Steel Re-rolling Mills Ltd. (BSRM) is installing a rolling mill to
2.
SCOPE OF STUDY
2.1
STEEL SHAPE
A steel building requires steel sections of various sizes and shapes which
include angles, tees, channels and the more common wide flange shapes (W
shapes). In a typical steel building, the main load carrying structural frame
elements, e.g. columns and beams etc., usually consists of W shapes. Therefore, the
present study has been confined to the investigation of required W shapes.
2.2
MATERIAL
While the 36 grade A36 steel (Fy = 36 ksi or 250 MPa) has been the most
common material for the last few decades, higher strength steel like ASTM A572
grade 50 steel (Fy = 50 ksi or 345 MPa) are now becoming more commonplace.
Grade 50 steel provides higher strength and more economy than the vintage A36
steel. In this study Grade 50 steel has been the chosen material.
2.3
achievable depth of the rolled section is about 406mm or 16 inch. Therefore, this
study is also confined with the W shapes having maximum depth of 16 inch or
Rev. 02
Page 1
about 406mm. Within this limitation, the W shapes contained in the AISC Steel
Construction Manual 13th Edition has been included in the study.
3.
Building Code namely BNBC 2010 shall be published soon. Therefore, in the present
study, the provisions of the BNBC 2010 has been adopted. In addition, the
provisions of AISC Specification 2005 is also considered.
4.
LOADING
A rational estimation of loading is very important in such a study involving
building analysis and design. In the present study, the assumed loads are discussed
below.
4.1
DEAD LOADS
Dead loads (D) are those gravity loads which remain acting on the structure
permanently without any change during the structures normal service life. These
are basically the loads coming from the weight of the different components of the
structure. For the sake of convenience in the analysis, sometimes this kind of loads
are divided into two types, namely a) self weight of the structure (SW) and b) the
weight coming from the non-structural permanent components of the building
(DL). In buildings, the weight of floors, beams, columns etc. which form the main
structural system is considered as the self weight (SW). The weights of floor finish,
partition walls and other non-structural permanent components generally
constitute the rest of the total dead load. In this study, following are the values of
dead loads considered in the present analysis.
Reinforced concrete unit weight =
Rev. 02
Page 2
LIVE LOAD
Live load is the gravity load coming from the non-permanent objects like
furniture, human etc. The value of this load has been taken as 60 lb/ft2 (2.87
kN/m2)
4.3
WIND LOAD
Bangladesh is typically a storm prone area where due consideration to the
thrust due to storm must be given in the analysis and design of building and
structures. Wind load due to storm is typically modeled as lateral thrust force
tending to cause sway or overturning of the building. Detailed specifications on
wind loading on buildings are outlined in BNBC. The present project is located in
central Dhaka for which the following basic parameters are used in wind load
calculation,
4.4
Exposure category =
A (urban area)
1.0
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
Proper structural design of any building structure must include loads due to
SD
0.2
1.0
Rev. 02
Page 3
Building Type:
6.0
IMF
5.
5.1
PLAN AREA
The study aims at assessing the general W shape requirement for common
pattern for columns has been followed. In a typical commercial building, the column
grid pattern is generally governed by car parking requirements. According to
RAJUK rules, the minimum clear gap between columns shall be 15-8 (4.78 m) for
two cars and 23-0 (7.01 m) for three cars. Considering the column size and
cladding, the most practical center-to-center spacing between columns may be 180 x 26-0 (4.78m x 7.01m). In the present study, this basic column grid spacing has
been adopted.
With the above basic grid pattern, two types of plans are considered, (a) a 3span by 3-bay floor having overall 54 x 78 = 4212 sq.ft (392 m2) plan area and (b)
4-span by 4-bay floor having overall 72 x 104 = 7488 sq.ft (696 m2) plan area.
Rev. 02
Page 4
5.3
FLOOR SYSTEM
A commercial steel building can have many different types of floor systems.
There are some other proprietary composite open-web joist systems as well like
Hambro Composite Open-Web joist, Vulcraft system etc.
5.4.1 Concrete Filled Profiled Composite Steel Deck on W-Shaped Floor
Beams
A typical example of profiled steel deck floor system are shown in Fig.1
below.
Fig.1 5.4.1
Rev. 02
Page 5
This type of floor system is very common despite the fact that this is not the
most economical type. Some advantages of such floor system is greater durability,
flexible design, easy on-site handling, speedy and safe construction, easier quality
control, greater reliability etc. which sometimes become more important that just
economy. In this type of floor system, the concrete generally requires only
temperature and shrinkage reinforcement. Typical amount of such concrete
reinforcing steel is of the order of about 4.0 kg/m2 of floor area.
5.4.2 Solid Concrete Composite Slab on W-Shaped Floor Beams
A typical example of solid concrete composite floor system are shown in
Fig.2 below.
Isometric
Typical section
Fig.2 Solid Concrete Composite Slab
Solid RC composite deck is another popular option for floor system in steel
structure and generally yields better economy that the profile deck system in terms
of material requirement. However, such construction requires separate removable
formwork which may be labor and time intensive. At the same time, more intensive
quality control measures must be enforced at site to ensure the safety and
reliability. The reinforced concrete slab also needs structural reinforcement.
Typical amount of such concrete reinforcing steel is of the order of about 8.0 kg/m2
of floor area.
Rev. 02
Page 6
Rev. 02
Page 7
5.5
the preceding paragraphs are considered. For the concrete filled profiled deck, it is
assumed that the deck is supported and integrally connected by means of shear
studs on W shaped floor beams. The deck material is 1.4 mm thick steel profile. The
overall depth of the concrete fill deck is 6 inches (150 mm) with 3 inch (75mm)
corrugation (amplitude) in the steel profile. The corrugations are 6 inch (150mm)
on centers. For the solid slab composite deck and open-web system the slab
thickness is assumed to be 100mm (4 inch).
5.6
Rev. 02
Page 8
6.
6.1
MODELING
Method of structural analysis has a significant impact on the final design of a
building in terms of safety and economy. Depending on the type of project, there are
several well-established methods among which Finite Element Method (FEM) is
perhaps the most sophisticated and all-encompassing one. For the present study,
powerful and popular finite element software package ETABS has been employed
for the structural analysis and design.
A full three dimensional model of the building was developed using frame
and shell elements. The frame elements are typical two-noded space frame
elements having six degrees of freedom per node three translations and three
rotations in three mutually perpendicular axes system. The plate elements are of
rectangular (or quadrilateral) shape. The rectangular (or quadrilateral) element has
four nodes at its four corners. Each node has six degrees of freedom three
translations and three rotations in a 3D space configuration. The frame elements
are used to model the beams, columns and braces while the shell elements are used
to model the floor deck. At base level, all nodes were restrained against translation
in any directions (hinges).
A typical 3D view of the 20-storied model is shown in Fig.1 followed by a
plan in Fig.2. The plan shown in Fig.2 has been used for models having 10 ~ 20
floors. Fig.3 shows the typical K-bracing arrangements for the 20-storied model.
Fig.4 shows the plan of 25-storied model.
6.2
performed inside the ETABS software. A typical deflected shape of the 20-storied
model under lateral earthquake load is shown in Fig.5.
Rev. 02
Page 9
7.
design requirements for various elements like columns, beams etc. are summarized
in the following sections.
7.1
COLUMNS
Maximum required size of W shapes adequate for the columns are given in
the following tables 1 through 5 for 10, 12, 16, 20 and 25 storied buildings. It can be
observed from the Tables 1 through 5 that except the edge columns of 25 storied
build, all other columns are of 16 inch depth or smaller. For the columns of the 25
storied building at lower levels, bigger sections or built-up sections may provide a
solution. However, a further study is required to get a better insight on this issue.
Table 1: W Shape requirements for columns of 10 storied building.
Solid Concrete
Composite Deck
Slab
W12x58
Open-web Joist
System
Corner Column
Concrete Filled
Profiled Steel
Deck
W12x58
Edge Column
W12x152
W12x152
W12x152
Interior Column
W12x136
W12x136
W12x136
Rev. 02
W12x58
Page 10
Open-web Joist
System
Corner Column
Concrete Filled
Profiled Steel
Deck
W14x68
Edge Column
W12x190
W12x190
W12x190
Interior Column
W12x170
W12x170
W12x170
W14x68
Open-web Joist
System
Corner Column
Concrete Filled
Profiled Steel
Deck
W12x152
Edge Column
W12x210
W12x210
W12x210
Interior Column
W12x210
W12x210
W12x210
W12x152
Open-web Joist
System
Corner Column
Concrete Filled
Profiled Steel
Deck
W12x230
Edge Column
W12x252
W12x252
W12x252
Interior Column
W12x230
W12x230
W12x230
W12x230
Open-web Joist
System
Corner Column
Concrete Filled
Profiled Steel
Deck
W14x159
Edge Column
W12x279**
W12x279**
W12x279
Interior Column
W12x279**
W14x233
W12x279
W12x170
**Sizes greater than these are required or built-up section may be used
Rev. 02
Page 11
7.2
GIRDERS
Maximum required size of W shapes adequate for the girders (beams
connecting the columns) are given in the following tables 6 through 10 for 10, 12,
16, 20 and 25 storied buildings. It can be observed from the Tables 6 through 10
that all beam sections are of 16 inch depth or smaller.
W10x49
Solid
Concrete
Composite
Deck Slab
W10x49
Open-web
Joist
System
W14x30
W14x30
W14x30
W10x49
W10x49
W10x49
W16x40
W16x40
W16x40
W10x49
W10x49
Solid
Concrete
Composite
Deck Slab
W10x49
W16x31
W16x31
W16x31
W10x49
W10x49
W10x49
W14x48
W14x48
W14x48
Rev. 02
Open-web
Joist
System
W10x49
Page 12
W8x48
Solid
Concrete
Composite
Deck Slab
W8x48
Open-web
Joist
System
W16x26
W16x26
W16x26
W10x49
W10x49
W10x49
W16x50
W16x50
W16x50
W8x48
W16x100
Solid
Concrete
Composite
Deck Slab
W16x100
Open-web
Joist
System
W16x31
W16x31
W16x31
W12x53
W12x53
W12x53
W16x50
W16x50
W16x50
W16x100
W14x99
Solid
Concrete
Composite
Deck Slab
W14x99
W16x40
W16x40
W16x40
W12x53
W12x53
W12x53
W16x89
W16x89
W16x89
Rev. 02
Open-web
Joist
System
W14x99
Page 13
7.3
FLOOR BEAMS
Floor beams are the beams supporting the floor deck and transferring the
load to the girders. The floor beams are modeled as simply supported beams resting
on girders and transferring the gravity load to the girders. Since the basic floor
panel size is same (18' x 26') for all buildings, the size of the floor beam is also same
for each type of floor system. Table 11 shows the required maximum size of floor
beams for each type of floor system.
Table 11: Floor beam/joist requirements for buildings.
Concrete Filled Profiled
Steel Deck
Solid Concrete
Composite Deck Slab
W12x14
W10x22
20LH09
7.4
BRACINGS
In this study, concentric K-bracing system has been adopted for the building
models. The maximum size of required W shapes for K-braces are given in Table 12
that follows. In Table 12 it may be observed that requirement for 20 storied
building (W8x48) is lower than the requirement of 16 storied building (W16x67).
This is due to the fact that, in the 16 storied building, K-bracing system has been
applied to only one bay per side while in the 20 storied building, it was two bays
per side. Thus the bracing in the 20 storied building had stronger configuration
resulting in a smaller section requirement.
Table 12: W Shape requirements for K-bracing system.
10 storied building
Concrete Filled
Solid Concrete
Profiled Steel Deck Composite Deck Slab
W12x45
W10x45
Open-web
Joist System
W10x45
12 storied building
W10x49
W10x49
W10x49
16 storied building
W8x40
W8x40
W8x40
20 storied building
W8x48
W8x48
W8x48
25 storied building
W14x74
W12x65
W12x65
Rev. 02
Page 14
7.5
Table 13: Element wise material requirement for buildings with profile steel deck floor system
Material
10-Storey
12-Storey
16-Storey
20-Storey
25-Storey
392
392
392
392
696
Total area, m2
4312
5096
6664
8232
18096
Steel
82
115
171
256
551
Steel
116
146
177
249
536
Steel
21
27
62
86
144
Steel
57
66
86
106
190
Conc
1234
1484
1908
2357
4723
Steel rebar 16
19
26
32
70
Steel
52
68
84
193
Rev. 02
44
Page 15
Table 14: Element wise material requirement for buildings with solid concrete composite slab floor system
Material
10-Storey
12-Storey
16-Storey
20-Storey
25-Storey
392
392
392
392
696
Total area, m2
4312
5096
6664
8232
18096
Steel
80
115
171
254
550
Steel
115
144
195
260
510
Steel
22
27
62
86
140
Steel
59
66
87
115
240
Conc
1234
1460
1908
2356
4200
Steel rebar 31
36
47
58
127
Steel
None
None
None
None
None
Table 15: Element wise material requirement for buildings with open-web joist floor system
Material
10-Storey
12-Storey
16-Storey
20-Storey
25-Storey
392
392
392
392
696
Total area, m2
4312
5096
6664
8232
18096
Steel
79
115
171
252
556
Steel
115
144
176
244
518
Steel
21
26
62
86
135
Steel
45
65
73
80
189
Conc
1234
1484
1908
2356
4200
Steel rebar 39
46
60
74
163
Steel
None
None
None
None
Rev. 02
None
Page 16
Table 16: Average steel requirement per unit floor area, kg/m2.
No. of Storeys
Concrete Filled
Profiled Steel Deck
Solid Concrete
Composite Deck Slab
Open-web Joist
System
10
85.7
78.3
76.3
12
91.7
83.8
85.5
16
97.4
92.8
89.5
20
108.6
103.3
98.3
25
102.4
95.3
94.9
8.
CONCLUSIONS
A detailed numerical finite element investigation has been performed to
study the rolled W shape requirement for typical steel commercial buildings in
Dhaka City. Detailed findings of the study are presented in the preceding articles.
The scopes and assumptions of the study are also mentioned in detail in the
preceding sections. The study mainly focuses on the steel material requirement of
the main structural members and components. No consideration is given to
construction related issues or effect of non-structural building components on
costing. The results of this investigation should be interpreted in the context of
these scopes and assumptions. Based on the study, following conclusions can be
drawn.
For a 25 storied building, except for a few column elements at lower floors, most
of the members can be managed with rolled shapes having depth 16 inch or
lower. For the columns of lower floors of 25 storied building, built-up sections
can be a solution.
Rev. 02
Page 17
Type of floor system does not have any effect of the framing requirement of the
main structural framing system consisting of columns, girders (beams
connecting the columns) and bracings. Regardless of the floor system adopted,
the structural and material requirement for these framing elements are
generally the same.
Open-web joist type floor system results in the most economical solution in
terms of material requirement. However, issues like cost of fabrication, quality
control and additional lead time required should also be taken into
consideration before making final decision about the floor system.
When only floor systems are compared, open-web joist system can achieve
about 25% ~ 30% economy in steel material compared to steel profile deck
system. Solid concrete composite slab system can achieve about 20% ~ 25%
economy.
The average weight of structural steel has been found to vary between 76 kg/m2
to 109 kg/m2 for 10 to 25 storied buildings respectively depending on type of
floor system used.
Rev. 02
Page 18
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Page 21
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Page 22
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Page 23
Fig.6 Typical W-Shape requirements for the lower floor of the 20-storied building.
Rev. 02
Page 24
Fig.7 The demand vs. capcity (D/C) ratio for the frame members of the lower floors of a
typical frame of the 20-storied model.
Rev. 02
Page 25