MECHANICAL : gate IES & psu

11.som
To get any kind of help you can
mail us on
Kamal.GateHelpME@gmail.com

\\

rt\)
*I 'bl

sor"l

FUNDAMENTALs:-

oF s.o.M /

f\,1.0

.s/ fi.a v / s.s :-

S3,l*,.,,
rf6

TExrBooXS;Timoshenko 8 (ere -r f lipkarb'corn

r) t'IN.o.M:0.M,- jli"ln

tcas tubl'she9

4./

E#

, M.',M r-

:-

5.M
"''

PoPov (t nHr)
'"*,r

g,-61

Punarnia, AshoK

v G lYncnrNE DES|( N;@ :'

l) Dlt4E l@

. o=
w

z)

t{lc

- @

3)

MIC

mxrni

M F SPOTIS

DEsqN

R . r- .

--

ruonroN

*>

,,

,,

tfor(S.6Ddtheireffects0rShuctures,machine
ENC"C': MECHANT5
IENC',C':MfcraUrSl
lsovl

'T

Mos/MolYl

l__g

@vt;tln'tJnfn'slress'5baio

Pe'arsotrs Pubiitahong

, ,, , !-- ,V. B , BHANDART (rux)

ter'

'

^,

Pubn'J

... .:

G.':'

Tdin I
:

.fisptaenent, verocity,

t'

StuclY

:@ fnf*f,ur# Branch of xierxe which cleals urith study6f forres

-estructilrbs,,mathine5&tluit]g:,:]'.-_ _liassiFicahon o$assl on Mechanicdl Eneryy
f gl fil qnnerafing :-is there in very ,marhine to generate M'E .
e

\- @
iir)convertin3

8 thert @

o,"

of

l4achino

rnechanial

.l b

enerQV

Conwr:f.ing+M,E inh
other forrn5 p.r mtrS
.

butitisrng

@+

- @ Engq. Mechanl,r- dtl,ng. -toith rigrd uJries/ non defsnrade ff;J,ll''"

ir:. it,.

l.

f.

/t ,t

. '^Ai r^

,^! r.r

fnolion 1
flW 'linkS

jj'-of ,exb., frrl,f9 8 their ef ects -o,1, npid bodtes

, ,.
.'ffii:n,,;,,''.-.u&ir,..i.,11..;;;;;.-i;.u.i."i.:ij,.,I,',.tlli....;]l,..,o'*i'."...'.,*.,'.,i'..;.;:.,
Page 1 of 314

i.
c,^M'i

, ,t^^r is
i- rL
What thc oature

t+ also
krrouon

as tyerhania of Debrmable Bodies

-Sfudv of internai resrsting

forre u:hri:h are c/ue to cleformalion
;j the 661ro, of loads

ol

a body utoder-

,_t

Displarcrnen?
Lr pos,hon

Aeformatw
L>

th
,eobject+r
'-tfl change
I
td
oF

reldive posriien

thange tn dimensiong.

'::

relahve P,osthon'

o{ parlicles ,
/
^

parhc:,os

remoinssarne..4

'

o{

?arliLle5

TV :*T'--*) '4+ wtrs/rd;

(:

Dimengions ru J;;-l:*7
e, 1
.'8
^

i$ I
x$

I j

Irfi lr

'

i->

Rierd

brck

Tr-.
+l

j
Dimension s renatn se,ne
;^+-ij:'L---)
I ,3;]f f --l ---)
ty -r'li-aie,-'iJ-'';i+,;;;.-#'ni
iZe,-i;';i+u;;"#',ir'un
t,,un
Y ...
--)
''"'"'Y 'Deformahbn
|\etr

F-*-

ol'
*r-bla:k

OfPtatcrnaft

:........l.i................j..:.........,..:..:-:hnon.:..'..Nlp*aniL\...
.:.'.,'..',1gnrig.,';'tflutnnth

.' ..

L,

L-

."...'..'::i.r..'.'..-. .:'.'...-.'j... 1-.

,.'{=-.

C*
rt

E..-

sbh'cs

[namics

lorres
of rigrd lndies ,
_
Sdfiy

of

forre5
on c,Ircl bdtras whth are
Sbud

exL.

'l

V of

t_
ffi-at
V

51lqrphtr

Page 2 of 314

exb,

r'i
5

.i

'+,.

-7a

'@

.., @

,e
MbF

15L

@
@
@

soM:- ai)n of thiE subject is to derive the expression5 for straing , delormahbns 3
Streswq incluted . qncJer varioug loac.lirrg conclib.ons. by uslng mahnal
properhes
.

e
:-@
..,'

Ljltirnate

oi

desigq

do

",roke

dra urinJ ---r+(iiSl'ooe

lr

,.

-6

i-l{iir;

Drrnensrcns'

+(,v)Mf9
The ultirnate a,rn
Shape

Materials

Pti,)

of

, appmprr'aLe

deslgn is

procesl

to dereiqp a drarcing i.e

riirnensionS . ,8

rnaterra I , appmprial"t

t{

,I

tcr seierL

jan

appropriate

app. rnfu delails.

.6

<--NVpe of toad should

2)Sha?e (TogeL area)
o:1'n6 (6 perm

PAxial
@

toad

lP L

ffiiJ,-,

failuyg slrec,')

LA

5yr
xd2

lQ-

I @ 4 Selslion of aPP' ehaY

I -:) gulefr" qf app. rnoterial

r Gq) Calculahbn o* dimerriars; -$y

o
Irt
,' rnfr p,Dcess details
@'/
u-s

Page 3 of 314

frguarnnS

dryils

be knopn

5)

Mfg

prorl=r.: details.

on rnakrial

Des(n of

@rnponent should
comPonent shoulc,

perforrn its grven

v

&ilure)

bilure is

be performeel in such a uroy that

dif ferent -f rom

rr ?t'
fe,frarlure
r'('(ture

*r

funcL
'v"LL rv'
ionarittl

breakinj i1{o

the

saLrsfacforily. (

pieres

resutting m/c

i.e witttau_ uhy _

-t

Whrn i{- does

nof perforrn Satisfa ,t"rily

-t

ro

ng its funtionatity ry

u.:hich

tderghf otf i
ErL:^.'t'9 hl of

rornPonenb

tu,i^.f anc
(ol.)?pone nl
^o
cn trifuoat
frithor,
PTes,
t^--^.
ona I fo rres
lnoihlr
,
t'"'il',.,1,,if{t:i\fl]!
*,!,A4^Tr,*,
,1.,
p,
vn*,lfl
,,t::Zn";rngr
,

la ;onponenh

itia

t.

J.i

t:
Lad:ff rs defined as an, exfc_^^,
tlrlal furte
^
0': a cotiPle
ic
rs subierF
^,.i^"-, wht.le performlno

ine

,.

p;n.iiq-T":?i.1'd,p*,Ito.nrry[l*;r,P;I],or*S?iltn.Jay.r.
^Lr^g/.

F,

Forcej

4,

'tr:.

Surfare hrces

'
8,c/,y

s
Fynchm

[r*,f

of area

t r, or{tan,-e

fr,rtx

Body frirreW. r.

Wu,lhh

trWtot

Flangq

ou"

A,:.

t!:

lxaxL

ati

L::a

Bar

Sqrface forre
W2

(,tu

fudy
-7 forre
'v' e

is

is

lil(.

W,

i::

h,
D(, Wz

B
:'-'
...
\:j"

SurFare fo.re

ur,r.t bar
Classifrcafion

oF

e>-

Loads.Lr

E:

tn
ril

&

w
a
@
A

u@

Page 4 of 314

t-

>-

ro

JJ

a
=

.E'
!u

,.IJ

Jn Ii,
(o

Ern

158

sc
.a)
f-xE
I
oo

-J

o
3

Qo
co
aJQ

f E et
\4- l*
L* 5s j
g,E

JJ

((Jo

'@

I "=

UB

.'E F

!.-sJ

!-O

-Pb

\q.,

6g'
r\
4..,
\n
-iJ tD
(-

-<,

L
-3
c_[

3E
L

oU

\a.

.E
Fv)
.

.E

.\,

t'

\n

w)

-s-

r,,

c
g
.\,
.trl

-E

4.,

)-

oE.

(o

s.

o
U.

I
{

-(J
r(,

q, (tr
.EE

FS

E
l-

.O

x
vt

T,

\-g
3J
|q

EU)
(oc

\.\.4

-ts ..
..!2 .9- ., '..$:','!i
.t.E'r'6
a,

:,

l)-

a S -+J

\r-

q.}

(o

-lJ

II

ri

yC

-rc
I

ie

&\)

,q
a.-

c
.-+..
-t1 t-

* a;
8 6Ebg*
-,

\J1

(rC,

-.c
(J

o
co

rL

cr6-0

',8
o

).
t,.

r&

Page 5 of 314

-iJ

50\r)
9

-,
I

.Jt

Stabic Loads :- Loodg trhose

E}(i) Dead

L,oat

rnon

of d

dirD bnd magnihrcle remains.

conEhnt w.r.t time,

on a chair.

':

t-oads

f--,

, .. ^
rrrJ

,9 repreWnle

apptrul

Qracludty

ik

d bv'maxh)

foad

LooOi:_
Stahc lood

Ioad
Lrqug 8

foi

Wt

,,

drrn

iE sarne

of m/c corltponenfs
,,.gtrucfural

arhose mag 8

rlirn 'f.emd,n5 consLant

dfler p366ipg max. V6lqe

.J.
b reach max. value, tirne baken

,r

:* Wt of
pulley 8 shaft on *he

I's me,r6
,.{

,Tnr1ryF 'lpsds:t

{+

loac,s uchirh dre

d$ng on

very

Sfu:rh

spn ol time.

Stopc

ts tnore

',

Ap is more

Unre reg

reach

fh0x

rAlu,e

is

(ii

le'eS

(.

i^r
'tFf
loads

whth

Eg-tforpy

E\&

S-Izod Tesr,.
6-

are u,!h?g,
?=

r.

lwt

|*.

-P=lo*N-

interva| -.,ef.. ti
*

rr.re,-

Irnpacb

Loacts

Eo:-

--!

SprtnE

$9

used

lC ,_ryi*

todE:
t:

't:=
l.:
\li -

L"n--t
Qtradualty+,,ni

qre

ln

shcx';k

k-

Abnrber

/at}:-

ptebn

.+),

Pregvrre

of++*

(::i

gas

au,ng

power

6h
Ein

stnofefs;n a very short span

't* sgr gears ane .fqltedr,

" '9Jsra
Page 6 of 314
f!Isr{:.ixi-i=iY:.

f*.ta:1.Y,.?1,W"i.f178:-4tr frffi-F?+q*Vii!:r,:r+]:-<,i,{.$r.:-':r.a--:ij:3iY:ilrt.,?:}

a
,:

f""B

F/

i-

,ry
weakest blernenc t,r L,r\

a:L

e
@

@
@

@
Dynamic Load (rrnpact Load)-? @use5

&

the

vitrrahon

' L 1 T-------'**--l.---=--.

' Z

p5

\tv

Time

r-r.lhrrh lood

Aor
@

br
is

=-r rrnPac t

lime period ot [he vrbra[,on

load

| > 3T --p st.iht loacl'

ackng

llme [-o re?rh max Value

e
.@

lf

uue frur,6,

caritaibtinguish the toocf '

@
6S

6.n
kj'

rn

u?.

-2

rase

o+

.,*
ts
6

the toad

os

any

cloubt regordtng the slaht

irnpart

&rlynanrfi loc-td

loacl berouge r'f ls the

borst

it rs betber [o

ossurne

Ioaciing condihion than the

Static loa d.

e
-,

obtalned by

using

5otvl

'I.F'=

ltlAi
. ' {4.r" - :\

Page 7 of 314

herllhtfnm

tofall

rphrch

tJre load ls allooed

1 ,f h is no.t

givep

v'- tt' ,2qh

t, lh=tl
I ^eI
r_____v_

Stepsi-.

Ii)

tt)

6s66(

T.F

L> ,ldhen h

2b

&r
tir))

et

rr Ulhen h
.:
I.F

=.

-, \rtlnpt,tt =.OsiXl.F.
Redure

f.F

the lrnpact

Failure

is

i'
vcry very small

=2

{*in,)

ig

lorge
!t

large

:'

-r Desrgn the

producF by l<eeping

the impact s1ess$ oDfainer1.

trmpacb Load:Impactloacl

(t<ff

zl

Prisrnaljc bar

This irnputtoacl failen

Y-v--:Y

qn the

J/

(rosc se*iott

ts

same Oil

,:: pv.qi-'Xhe

i:

: . ,l.B'ar::i5'flgngqtecf

-.

Iength

disptvls6

6irpu.u

Irnpact

delcormahon oF

the prism?hc bar

Uniformo

i
I

rl:

-'

dr6o

knourn

6s

the

cross- secf,o, througtp

ut

the l.ngh oF .$,-r

ffrember".
d)splacernent of the roilan

Page 8 of 314

Assumptiorrs

b
+
L>

made m Sorl

Memben assumed . to be
pnematfc

'l6o-

Body forres dre neglected

LoacJ

rs ossumecl to be sbahr

l+ Ivlaterial obey's
H00kES IAW

l.

Matenal ib assumetl to

be

horyngenous

intnpic

i'I

i,

Work done rePrc'cr

L> cxtcr-y6l p4.,g

in thrs

w
WL

. , + III thi: bar 5 -no6

A
A+

t atled

.
.

Eney

e r{l hr8,l
!t
.

aparrLy ol lhe rrre

&r. uuher r rl .is siait
s.E

2L

a
.. ..-'

For .na* sbes

,

quad

^2
--Y-

2L

\
X

AXL

rahc

eon
. ...-i: : ..j ..-:
t ' .:- .'

root sbou(d

be

aken fVe

la-!

Page 9 of 314

oDe

.
.

Energy absorpbon :

C,
' L\irrlp

='-;(n*p)z

v.
Dbititg lo.absor6.

.. .......:9tpin etcrgg)
'+

LI
EJ

{,

'

o-imp

ragc

'\,

Vol

6= [FrL
\-'\-

-\;

tirp

#l,n

{rp =61

2h AE

l--,o

WL

(;i

I,.fr@l

-\

fi

lf

e4,

.,[

oir

i:

frrp

.,

=%r

'[,*Jr+J

,
I

.t

;.'t,:"''''''''-'\'"''
orr
'

F rl

unarr

cr<rar

rorrring

un,

,,)

properhe';

iiaeprrnrlpnt of kngth of

l.

rnaterlal

'(,,

buf
''uL

6u
impart

->

g material

clepcndenL on length

y.,.
Y

Condusrbn

>!5

ii) Friri cgtr) %r = U

DcEign Eng,nepr

setechrgir) lou:er

t, IndEalent of h&E
:

1,,)

to
,

Select the

'I

L (yottng,s mdutus)

1u,,--* f
otrp

4f Iw,Art"E,hJ

(--,.

of {bilure

Absorpho energg

{:

-P *

chanes

redure tjre

Es

tt\

#i

&

,1.F

-cr
Page 10 of 314
1-:a*1'Ii:r':;;-?r:::q::T:-:

(:,".':

l'sus

.altnpact
materra,

[ir) tnore L

r., 4n (a)
ci*p

urtl,l r

::r

--1:;t':)a r+z;::' : - r. a?:

Lt

When

charxes

of

imprt

ffi

failure *

1tL

tencls to zero

h*t6

issub;ertlo 4._-:----.=.-1
'{, ..
rnust be kepb
imprt loacling.
long

IF --t 2 --+ Tmpact

---t

t+ l+ I F is too lou_r

loar]

+
Suddenly

(,

,o..

--2

\.{herr h

.,r"
:

l+

.--p U-)
Loocl

Surlrtenly fupljec/

O (is rrppy -uery Srrl.,lt)

-,

f--'*

kla

is

Loacl

applied lcat.

'

-..@

'

(hnuirc min'raltte)
.&

':
rc kla

-:

Suddpn Appl16(l

'loalr

L/' 5

-)O
- L(Dst

A.L

I
J

)[

usc

pr;xidc oD( rnor(.

5trppor

bst'-'

'1,

oi.,,p_-rf

'
@

(0rr)Beam..

' t

!.

,CAI
u:t

\-@

mv

(a
qi,

L'

-@

,i

\,
, @LP
'i 6L&

YEtrt

r)l

65;f-- LF +

6n, = (Bsr) Beam r I S") spring

ampo,,

supportocl by, ruQirl sup:ort 6erilr.Ee ihey

d fe

is supporfccl

Autornobrle

-l

by

are being sublerted to

staft ttailng

ftexible support.

fn

-l
-t
'11

(frif. of

stahc

benc)ing, bearng ore iluprrrrted

d.mernber

is

strbJected

supported

by

tlextble

IJ

to

impacted bending

suppr

the mernber should

defu rmohbo

'ti

t
.

Page 11 of 314
irTffi

T-ft;::,*.1:?I:1,:u-ali::

'...:'.

be

by & the sboht

irnpact shesj
i

.,

3l

by rigid support::_ urhereog uuhen

-.

Fatigue Load;xg:-

A load iE said to be

fabigue

Or boHr magnitude

load either

rtg

-t direclion Lndnges
w,r.t

apphed tp,r.t trme.

rnagnitude or 'rts direclion

firne. 8

these

loacJg

are

,-

repea_dt

Pushinq

3
, ,)
pulltna
('

:l

ia),.-.ahr
ir

: ,

I '
loacl

JPPlr,"i

lirrrl

4 ;l

'--+ .t

P
F

,l

-: ':

rsed

Faliguc
-l toact5 I$!
( onty drrctiio, ,tjb,
tknges)

ri

i)t't

Ii

;l

/ tttt[i'

-".iJ
i---+ I to

--<J-

:i,!

'(. nllu.'in4ir',
r J

ttonf

. -'
-----/
n'n*l:"'.irLigt*.loaf:

.
i
,*" .'!- e
il'-rY,ifJ!
.. .
' '{'- :-inv')

...r.,'.,. ' . '.' '.

..
ii

-=--

t
'i
(d) r\ttprnate

'

t*<ica'i',
, a:i,,
i to^,:,,'n,o,'
l-+pt,)-p
--*l aro :
v;tryrr,3)

Fahgue

d-lr

"SPnu.n

---:,

s;',t:'
A

i.'t1ev1tsl.i1" Crivon

tl

j,)T,7>73> T,t
-t

0t
)l
/_/

lt:
.

.f'

rro
s.cfrapi;1i,9 {,orn
Js{
'g..l.fo'lV"'th '

o
"-'2\r\i'r' t,
"N(NriNr<N
?or''rrdazeloperl

''

9eal..

i.nfCcngina P=fa; =ccnstaDtI

i.,

corrsfa#

i_1..-.....--..-..-.--_

ro'
[." ,: l+- 'or

Lo&t.,

- (ortsL
\;.,

':i'

',

tr\
P

l-.

((!Y

x-+ EL=tooMb l

Y-*
the
.:-

E.L

--

Hryhern

conducbecJ

AFter test
---r

E.L

=2cr,tq,ea

tn"

Crna

-+ n.
"lM

(:

t.:

IooMPa -+

S-2ooMhr--r

Infi'rrite,t,fu
-:'

0:r:

'

Jnfinite

.,LiFe

life

;uDder CornpleLely
ra/e@d

stress

oitrl'be dra*en'

6J

Page 12 of 314
t:.:'.1:4:9i:.aa-Wffii:ai5r;!erJ";:?v..t.W=Xta;y.S*Zav*SF3?a:!aqzi-

(,?

!:rffi";yifffir:r,Iarett:l*:a.+.

F^

tr

DArA

E.T---

--r

E.L*-+ L---\tr'L-+
LrJlq
fr-fs,T-;]
r--11--l

:_

@
T
@

ti) Normal

ii')shed!

1ey

log,oN-+
ro9roN_+

N,r.t direction of load

E,L

Loadl- -rr
-Lr to the lare
load

:-

'r

)- @

r]gr

arlrnq tl ro

{hc obrq.f

* ih*r,

Losr/
rs acltocl_l
-oq",r

;[o,rzootat

, r-,o,,.

lc-,

Tri.l,

d!:::i;;ii.:;r^,,;1r-].
rtdotf
t

zlacl Ar' t'd

''
xzl'irn: <.
11
/(
to,n,n r^ .;. Verhral
:l
it
dYti
"in- l,l
l (r''
'
t
-- t
"'
iul, t,trtjri*(ttndiori.t
=, a,'=:11\--:ftj-I^u
pianc-

l,trtf
:

)- e

to the fare.

Lccrcl ,5

('"1

';',.o'o

--frrz{?$+;r
,/-L^#)'

_l_ -

()tiodlhccrnhcrd

)-@

)-e

(_x_+ horl76p16f
cenhordat axre

((::,:^:n,
(
u.tVerhcol

p.r_ y_y_*
verhcal

)'e

ProFire ptaner-

).@
)r@

_ro;;;,";;"
z-z-->;;;J.;, r,.,hrrh ,s
crosE*serhon

)-

I'

JA

..,',''i,

',',,'

ln fo the

plar-re

ol

or

'or

'

J@

flane o[. {-s.tho,:,

knboid

.".
[ongitudi6]

j@

axiS

-'

fenhordal axes uibich are

in
the piane .9f .x*s1c

Longituctinal

Ig

-fae

(G}

)6
)@
P,
i
]@
-iep511"
A*al
<J*
)@

lr

Load
.i

,1?z

load5

Ect..Axidl
Tensile Load

,.',.,.i

Page 13 of 314
.1_*._

t{-re Fate

Shcar loar]

ll to the

8 fr
fo th"Jongihlrru
K-Sodjoo

'iv

, ;

P, ,P, )

l[l

P5

.tv\
f5L TsL
{+
(Verhtai R) (HoR rsg

Shear loacls.

-1

'!

\
vt

Ecc

I5L
-4

(enlror(l lor

\
t
-t
$

iI

-,i

1
:J
-.i

v
LOAD

LoNq . Axt5

FACE/ x- s/c

-i

-Jl

Axial load

along

the

_lI

long,axl5

Ecc. Axlal

loacj

-[r:

Parallel

:., ;-- . .. .

,...

,:....,....

lo the long axis

j.1r ,$ ,paaelrg .throUgh fie

-i
,

.lr

.rI

_ _ long. axis
to ihe

ECC. T5L

llel

./

1ong.0xi5

1r(8uaroay

fmm

the

long.

axl.5

-l

Jr

ina

-ll

plane rphich
longifudinat
along the
axis

,5

a )lane:,"cDhich

rs

dcb

tt
il

_*y(

.-'d
-.*
ri#

lq
.-"6i

Page 14 of 314

"-)

-->

(B
/J.

(,

Lonqlfudinal AXI6

of

member AB

'7e>
-'-/
/
{

_\i

l-or DC--r Axial lensrle load.

BC--r
AB

--

TS

L
s

Ecc..

Axial

(ornpressivr

bis

I
I

i
.L;-1

..

ri

'rf,??i:r..:i lf.r)5 rlt LO.V

(,': = Of;

Sheartoad (tS,L)
lEnEile Load.

Plrnig,.ti,b

6n.r.r_)

,. ..':-..,.

lingle

*>

:,. _- 1_'. .'. .,'t..O.

Jo ln t-

_Riveted

L'4,, ,h.

are arragged in Slngle

rot_,.

w->tsL

t+

)B

B,earn is defiped os

sutryc{rc/

qtors.n,

Page 15 of 314

to

-a"'s6161sp.1

mernben

Tiansyerse Shear load

"

-5
j
-"t
Column is defi"ned aq the verhral sbuctu ra I
Glumnl-

si"tbjectbd

b an axiai. compreesive

mernben

:)

{oad.

:)

j
rFqI

\.

cl
q;

I'r

el

I r ,(ol$r
..1

,tt

. I )t'c l\!
I

n,

./

t/
l(

lR-e

t'

'l

I
j
I

^-@,

'n/

Cross-eflhon
. :-

.Yi

of t he shofh

,I

t-r
Fg

EI

EI ?
-t
I

fii

,
,

Q;t

T5L

6i

A.C.L

Ei

T5L

v
v
V

Shaft
Ecc.

fil
et
diitl

-J

dl

T5L
H:I

ci
el

:ibl

',bl
,*l
AI
\

el
-.t

v
I
I
,
I
t
,t

I
,

!r -r,
l:,t_

:<

a
F(
P7

l-^\

:lY\

hl
rr
:
"&t'

Page 16 of 314

-t,

lre

lr(
;(

11

-#..
t;!:..i{.1

ff

rB

Bending

r@

ie
@

Coupte:-

Eyudt,ll Eqp bod

,t,

bu/e

Ttr:istfng Couple -

16tt

6
@
@
6
si,
@
irs
E

P,

Magnrtude

C, =

Pa Ii,

CWclrrection]

Ir to

t
I

L^=(t=Pa.

VP

.6'
@

,a

s
=.'@

_e

-@&

e2-

Qb t in anti cW df

lv pJ

@
@
@

'e

@,

'@
-@
@

,@

e
ic

uz-

q = Rctr

ln

.I

Acw dirn 1r,Hg)

t@
1,..,

e.

From

P.P

|f:,,,,

Page 17 of 314

it is

R H.s

clo&tpise

dI

*r}

..
- -----+\^Oututzrd

(.r

=('
= I.d
'Y-Ls

& --+

- 6
ts

rnu.rard - G
-

Ii" HP ACWdiroJ
I

.t

r ,,

.I

l-..

lr

sr=i_
T

r:-:
v::;

',:
., T.

.;

--:

v:.-'.

. (y#= c, = J-.d,-,

Ii" H.P ctv

t-

Bending[ouple
A couqfe r's.sard to. be

i
,i

'

along

the

i.

-'

dir"l
J

'3,

bending couple' .urhen piaoe of "the

longitudinal .axl's of .#ie. membgr. . .
'l

'.'

r
when ptane
of/'

,t
the

. OA. ,

.l

"'

ts.

,\U

..,.a:'.,

..1

- ,

couple, ,is : :;
-'

..'. '' .

{j
f:

is 1r to the prane of cross- sefbn

;
oR_
U
When couple is u,h{ about a cenhoiclal
axis rrrhrcl, ,, in thel
- -/t"is usd
t x- sechbn .(rg X g y-axis)
jetermrnlv,
JT
fro,i l,^ tr
J
Norrnal shesse| ( Normal Load
f- (>
)
couple

Eri

tvvv

d tr"uistrng couple urhen plane

1r to 'the longrtudrnal ax,s oF the member

"+

th;
'

When plane of

.:

coupre

j,

ORt-

lt to the piunu

,*:,9'!
.. .,.,,-ra;,
i..*,:,,.;:.i-.,,,r1!9
;: .i j:!..i.::
,;|,.1.r, ,rl;,-',.i.;,.,.i.,,:1;,1-.-,.1
,r .
$'.l,,1
:alra
i:,..,i;:.-,ri,,4i:::i.

Page 18 of 314

couple

ri

,q(_
t.':

fr
\:-

of X-sqhbn

q_

,,

Li

e
.)

t-

,J
@

plane of X- sechon

i-e longitudirnl

J,

@
@

.(

Tu:isbing Couple--+ is ach.ng atong

a
@

the potar plane (i.e in the

Z.direchon)

t,

We

e
@

1ry

Sheor Shesses ( Sneor lood)

or polar axis)

take polar rnornenb of inerha (L)

Obligue flane:-

A rnember
of couple
When

the

iE

is

to

subjeclnd

bofh bendinrt
8
J

to the longitudinal

inclrned

:a

couple is arh'ng
75Y lHorrzontdl

[r-

'

in d '

trr-,istrng (ouple

axis

*'

'

the lnembe

pM]

obtigue

plane).

X,\

the tpha; p la

,q

@'

e
@

xz

IVerhcal plooc)

@
l

*l

'*l

(Mo)^

= Cx :6os9

I
I

-,

I
I
I

.
,l

-:.'

- l.
*l
I

,-l"l

[Mu)* = Cy'=

gcosQ

e."
':'.:.'
@

e
I

-1
I

@
@

@
I

@
1

ted

I
It. @

-'
.:::

Page 19 of 314
::j5*=nY

by arc of circle

r,

?uc

Bending

member

irs

:..

13

sail to

be

urnder

and opposife couplee

in
( Bend

ing

pure bendrog

a plane a/ong fhe

touples)

uuhen

.it is subiecLd to

longiLudinal axrt

-6

turc egual x*

of the mernbo. *
v_..i

;A rnem ber is sa,d

bo be uncler pure torslbn when it iE subjected hl
buo egual E opp
couples in a plane
t-r to thq longibudinal
axis of the l"ru.
/. -b." (^r,*ishng
rcuptes)
Pure lorgigp

j.:

.ft

':'

l.trtoyptq

{oimed"by
,l
too egua/, parailel &

Bending couple faloryo.iith Z-

opposite

axtt)

t,:.

(''
(Y

(/>

Pure Bending (N =ronrb 8 s.F

M*-, = Mx = Px

F:

_d

dt
Shear force in

{orrc is thae ohich

a)

-Lr to

the

CD

\i>
't:

I Px cD]

f.-

rt

ti-

Nofialions

{.:

6:

t1.

ub :
Yro<

l-xx -

'1^

Mx
Z*^.

I xx
Ymax.

.-i

is

6xis

is lero.,

pure'bendrry

No

a de
-4It=.
'dlz

1.-'

Normal

Stress

+ Shear ,,

Ia3 \
; 32

-"

t::

Er

\EJ
f2.

Page 20 of 314
E

ieE=t{g,ffi;F.=EF1r:i1yAifff;.!-5r*::,a

:r.g.i.q-=r-t:I-r',

'a
@

-----.--_-----

k-

,@
@

=Pxa

e
B

T.j4=zso

e
e

AL = zero
5.1.

5FD

1 L[,

M.= M =PxCD

e
@
I

Bi'4D

,'/

If./

r)

, :@
-@

lrl

.5 igo[atvenhon -)-ve
M

@
-g

a
aTnunil. -

f^".._--_.rEW

.@
*@
_@
-@

/afW=t=PxcDI

[*,
AC
l*_--r___--?
I

Pure

Magnrtude T-*-*.=

r = pxcD

outrpam

...r
tl

..

'll6l
@
.r

15 :

@
,

-r

=Mr-z*'

=+

'i

"rl!L:ff.

6'b

| @

Zn=

L, =

dzzJfuarrrx'rygntofrne*ia

J
R

---**

"-----"

Page 21 of 314

Iorsion

A.L = zerc>

t
!l

=tgSJ

(u

rm

='cDi

65

-R

Parameter

I,c

Long. Axis
Plane

T.C

Slong

lr

-lr

tt

of x-slc

(1

Lli:

a:P

-- !:

'.:

Cenhordal Axis

lies in
p'tane

the

.lies' in the
plane of Z:cenfroaa!

'o{ x trYcenhodai

dxr5

oxJg

kpreoerrbah-pn

EXa

6r

shss6,sg

arl

oI

of

=S ,,
/-x^

Mv

.Zy

:'J't
.:
v:

'

t
0r( of^elltpse ;
^

cirtteg

Tt
.

5tmr1ls5(.1'l

= 14. o.
L..

.Z?

f':

{.

Eguivalent Loads
under

\-;

Yarious loads:-

f1l

[i) n^ial loods:-

rq!+

tu-

' "(,:-'
{=-E&._
L-r
\i*

L-.

'_
@

g': It
AE

Page 22 of 314

r:

wiv

'o
Eccentnt

.@

'Axral
Load

i-

dinal Axis

Loogitt

Applied load

Reachon

,.@

rFx

T=dtz

@
@

(i) &hrrnination
or renbroid oF piarre oF.
fn caEe ol

e
@

uiop =oh

1g*'4--

F+^',
Mx=P.e

x_

(
Reoction

unstlrnm etrical

obiects

&y

I
i

A;tAlt-.-

@
@
@

axts

tn

@
@
@

*l

.taenhicrty:-

Ir dstarrc b/w LOA 6{-

e
l@

frog Slorytldrol

axts.

'-t
-l

ie

Shear

lo

=i.

Pt

@..

1-9

lo
lc
'l

r
',O

Case

Pz:.,

+'l!lx : -.p:A =,Lonit: '

of Muthple Loading

. .'. Use Principle oi

Superposihon

,o
I

ro

t1) Consider only

ATf
P74
@ 0'p =o; =

Ii+"
Page 23 of 314

,' .' -.,, -'

( g.M uri$

forrc+
.. ..,.:..2
^

"

CW ,i,-rd)'

zero

1
(li) (onside rin o
J

tensioo

BM

it

is

at

we

'-6

:-

-,*
duc

--&
v-

to comyessno

],

-.lf

'

sBott

:!
I

:.

''\l-A

.-

g:B
:

t
t

Orru^

orop

gutfB

.q.

_;

s-rnax =

+ ,M^,
Lx*.

f**
Zu= :_.-.Y-r*.

(!)
e,,

!"bdo

D.

6:

d12

?.e

r,,/y*r*
=

hd'

e;'

*z,x

{T

frrl

= Tvy

L;;

Yrnu^

ul

For

obiechve gueshons

__->

:,;&t=9b4li.9}rb.

{rif

t::'

. l{z

db'

{.
'trr-

E.:
\:v

Y.*

t."
\-

Q.t=

o
-q+ou

= -2a+3o

e
&

CR=CrrBx =:-Cn-A6

t:2o-39

:-50

g:

.l

i'

qE

\.

io sOM, m0g.

ist

being
'!.
'::.j

roniijlgd
., i I

':. : r'.:;
..:-.;...i,.:;

nob,

the ;

&,
w

r' .,
.,.J
:r.
".r.'1"'
-:..r.. ;,,:2r --

Page 24 of 314
-::_-i_j-;-re1r'--.

Loads

Under TSLi

J ,/n

Vefical T5L [ iinrc itis arhng fn

y
yerlial ccnhoidal
axts)

66b

q =& = P
P8?,2

makeg

couple

'Ab'1
.:

"t

Pr +
Shear forre

is

I M, -. Px
:.-..' .

(Varrable B,M) Ccw)

_:.

:Q * Mr=0

=L') Mr=PL i
P = consL.

I ircn by'[=
!-J

const.. 5F

Bending Momrnt
5.F uaies with lhe

ts,M

-:At F;cd end

-.!

9U

.1.

-1

1
I

1'
I

-l
I

.I
t

badinaJ

.Diagrams{I

used to

Idenbfy the

'r

crih?o

X- sechq6
T
I

tte oitsol

X: s/c

"1

'I

is

in the

rnembqr

1.
i

Page 25 of 314

lgr

-rE

(ro)

Mt
Zro

t4r

M*

ad3lof atz

L*f y*a*

f.f

--

v(i

TA
dA

T
dlz

v.'.";

I [-

dl2

vjj

4t
r:ri

-3

vit

pz

"rr-t
bl2 q2
$

l, Jn thig
,

r-i,

couple

is

ochrg

InLroduce p, = pz = p
P

in

horizontal ' plane

or

oipng

the

Y- axts

ii
:

I * My lin H.PJ @-w)

fi:

Pz

lr-:.f..,

frx

tt

.5,F.f

(-i

rs
\::;

o-p

My

My

Zy(

lw

lYrnax

lvla= pL

b !i;h,ut
!l+:EguivalenL

'

..Fird errd,, : , :-

,. .: *l . -. 1. . ..:...,..; ,.

Loads Under Ecc.

TSL

:I

r!

Page 26 of 314

ioo'
-Ir = blz
Yrra^

t;
le

BL---+

*acret,

l*

16L

le
l@
le
le
le

Pr=P

tntpduce

PSpz+M2 -?..e, =IM

=consb.

f,.,.=P = TSL (Hon'zonta)

I
L+ variabte

ie
i,
I

.:

ie

ie
ie

B.M

8 d conEt" S,F

1e

ie
i

FB

ie

tL

1= pe'(A,cw

,3

l'g
. GBi

tn p.p ttns)

J
-rPt='P fflorironlatT5t.J

#s
w

e
e
e
e

P8

Pr

h=

+Hv = Pr

(a

s. F

o
,,

'3'.

o
3

c
e

o'
o
a

a*E os leverf

= P,a
.6r=p
TM

\*^ =

P,

Page 27 of 314

Variabte B.|4)

I
f;
s
s

-t

EI
!9

-t

g
g

-t

i!
JF

:t

.1r

H
il

:I

:l

Lt
VE

Crilical et:d-+ Fixd End

fl:l

:l
T

SFD

iI

II

:l

l,l

'-i

.t

B,M=Pr-

.,

'

.j

{
{
I

I
I

I to.
t,

lrr,ds

I
I
t
I

.'

!
it'
I
I

.hE,
t

f.-:'.
\
v

AL

JP

U,

)4
t..

EAL

rP

---j-.

(onst pe

--:'

rlz

T5L

consb P

'a,=

, ' : :.',

--..1..

':--

..t

/.

!:_

Ecc

rft-

consb P

\6_

Vartable
(Max -- pl'l
,,/

'-

_(lu.u.Bunatno)

two

Eta{

Fnallel,

EAL

*,

:
jPa

i!

@nsf

const

r-

(e

")

r?:\

etg:J

@-

;,1.!

w
i:

iv

@t,

&Page 28 of 314

Iuo ogual, llel

kro

opp

const = Pa

Ecc. TSL

1 7o--

(Pure Torsi6)

ABCD

AB, Bc ,

as slnwn

in

the f,g. d,4,ermine various 1oadg

CD

A.L

s.F

:P

Axial

= r/zp

'r'-q =

qnsb (px0Q

--=--91

cb =y* Bend,T-

T.t{

+P

% =f

B.M

fl,

'

Shtr Tvosfing-6s9

F-

Page 29 of 314
F,;5.gr.=T.:t:..|114q-"T|.T..a':-!3:,:??.e={f;.'7.17'.#j?.:;.=1:]::']]ajIYIja;ffi:?:-i],r

a)

,A

2a

u--l--:$

.P

q. bads

TSL(Vertia)

, , tF.'

AL

tuT*"
DC

':l 'l

BC
I

Eaenhic . A.rL

" B,l'1 . ' ''

t,

..,

,'

,l

:j

@nst

EP

iaht{

Varioble{Pxa)

o'

Erbb*e+t@

.AB

Tlr1

,.

'

...)^
-. .-

Variable

coffiI

ao

lexF)'

r \.

ii)v/\t'']
(r
E.T.5 L (e

o)

E.T.5.L

(e=a)

(:

. Q. uaas

AL

Dc

5F

roost P

rM

8.M

Q;'

Yarabk

Gtix rxcol
r|

(r xa)
-

BC

r-:

\:r _

'i'.

tr_
@_
@

ronst,p

w
Varlabk
w

Page 30 of 314