PLANNING

PLANNING
Planning

deals with selecting missions and

objectives and the actions to achieve them. It
requires decision-making, that is, choosing from
among alternative future courses of action.

Plan

provide a rational approach to achieving

pre-selected objectives. Planning bridges the
gap from where we are now and where we
want to be.

PLANNING
Planning

is an intellectually demanding
process, because it requires deliberate course
of action where decisions are based on
purpose, knowledge and considerable degree
of estimates.

Planning

minimizes costs. Its emphasis is on

efficient and effective operations and
consistency of procedures and methods.

PLANNING
According

to George A Steiner, planning is a

process which begins with objectives, and
defines strategies, policies, and detailed plans
to achieve them.
This establishes an
organization to implement decisions, and
includes a review of performance and
feedback to introduce a new planning cycle.

NATURE OF PLANNING
Its

contribution to purpose and objectives

Its

primacy among the managers tasks

Its

pervasiveness

Efficiency

of resulting plans

KINDS OF PLAN
Mission

The mission or purpose identifies the basic

function of the organization. Every agency or
institution has a mission statement, defining the
specific task it has to perform.

Goals

or Purpose

and Objectives

Goals and objectives are the results or

achievements toward which effort is directed.

KINDS OF PLAN
Strategies

Involves a plan or a series of maneuvers for

obtaining a specific goal. The objective of
strategies is to determine and communicate,
through a system of major purposes and policies,
the picture of the kind of enterprise that is
envisioned.

Policies

General statements that guide or channel the

thinking of managers in decision-making.

KINDS OF PLAN
Procedures

Are plan spelled out in a detailed manner in

which certain activities must be accomplished.

Rules

Usually the simplest type of plan which spell out

specific required action or non-action.

KINDS OF PLAN
Programs

Are plan or schedules to be followed

Budgets

Is an itemized estimate of expected income and

expenses

PERSPECTIVE OF PLANNING
Satisfying

Perspective

this term is coined by Herbert Simon to designate

effort to attain a level of satisfaction, but not
necessarily to exceed it. Tosatisfy is to do well
enough
The objective should be feasible and attainable.
This is so when objectives are measurable. The
planner uses his past experience. He places
emphasis on the financial aspects of planning
and usually, this is all he has to show for a plan.
Research is not crucial to him.

PERSPECTIVE OF PLANNING
Optimizing

Perspective

A lot of mathematical formulae and models are

used as integral part of planning. Goals that
cannot be quantified are not considered.
Mathematical models are used extensively by
the optimizing planner to seek the best policies,
programs, and projects.
The primary objective is to use minimum
resources for maximum results.
Values and
human relations are not given much importance
since these cannot be broken down into
formulae by mathematical computations.

PERSPECTIVE OF PLANNING
Innovative

Perspective

People participate actively, and begin to

understand the system, and arrive at possible
solutions themselves, tough it may not be the
best alternative. The important point is that the
participants go to the process of planning.

No matter what the plan is or what kind of future

states are projected, planning is flexible.

KINDS OF PLANNING
Strategic

Planning

This is a process of deciding on the objectives of

the organization; the resources necessary to
accomplish the objectives, the policies that
should govern the acquisition, use and the
disposition of the resources.

Strategic planning
and linkages with
and should involve
and establishment
objectives.

requires productive relations

other agencies and groups
the determination of policies
of new revised goals and

KINDS OF PLANNING
Management

Control

This is the process by which managers are certain

that resources are obtained and utilized
effectively and efficiently in accordance with the
attainment of the objectives of the organization.

The management control covers such activities

like formulating the budget, planning staff levels,
formulating personnel policies, working capital
expenditure, deciding on plant rearrangement
and deciding routing expenditures.

KINDS OF PLANNING
Operational

Planning

This is the process of assuring that specific

projects are carried out effectively and
efficiently. The operational planning covers such
activities like controlling of hiring personnel,
monitoring
the
implementation
policies,
controlling credit extension and scheduling of
production.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND GUIDELINES

IN PLANNING
The

responsibility for leadership in planning

programs and activities properly belongs to
and should be assumed by the regularly
constituted agencies and authorities at the
proper level.

The

planning procedure and process should be

carefully
formulated,
unified,
and
systematically carried out.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND GUIDELINES

IN PLANNING

Planning should be recognized and carried out as an

integral aspect of the community where the
organizations operate.

Definite provisions for planning must be made in order

that planning may proceed satisfactorily and attain
tangible results

One phase of planning is that it should provide the basis

for organized research. Another, it should be built on
and utilize fully the results of research.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND GUIDELINES

IN PLANNING

Planning must be thought of and established as a

continuous process requiring constant adaptation to
plans in order to meet emerging needs
Planning, to be functional, must be realistic and
practical but should not be needlessly limited by existing
situations
There should be a continuing evaluation of the planning
process
A good plan should facilitate action; otherwise, it will just
be a statement of the ideals and aspirations of the
organization which are only products of imagination.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND GUIDELINES

IN PLANNING

In
the
planning
process,
communication are very crucial

coordination

and

To be flexible, all plans may be tentative. Intervening

variables and other circumstances change and
environment
factors
may
require
totally
new
approaches after one or three years.
Alternative
courses of action should be ready for emergency
situations or during a crisis

Planning is the first function of management before the

functions of organizing, directing, controlling and
leading.

STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS

Be aware of opportunities. The real starting point for

planning is an awareness of the opportunities and the
possible problems in the environment

Establish objectives. The second step is to establish

objectives for the entire organization and its subordinate
work unit. Objectives specify the expected results and
indicate the end points to be done.

Develop premises. The third step is to develop the

critical premises for planning; e. forecast, applicable
basic policies, and existing agency plan.

STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS

Determine alternatives. The fourth step is to look for and

examine critically alternative course of action, especially
those that are not apparently seen.

Evaluate alternative courses of action.

When the
alternative courses have been sought and their strong
and weak point have been examined, the next step is to
evaluate the alternatives by weighing them in terms of
premises and goals.

Select course of action. This is the crucial point when the

plan is to be adopted.
This, in essence, is the
importance of decision-making.

STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS

Implement the plan. After the decision has been made

on the best option, the selected alternative is now
programmed for implementation. It may be a project
plan matched with a budget plan.

Evaluation. Once the plan is implemented, it may even

undergo some revisions and other adjustments. Close
monitoring and control are extremely necessary so that
proper evaluation can be made to see the gaps
between plans and executions.