F-2,Block, Amity Campus

Sec-125, Nodia (UP) India

201303
ASSIGNMENTS
PROGRAM: Post Graduate Diploma in IT
SEMESTER-I
Subject Name
Study COUNTRY
Permanent Enrollment Number (PEN)
Roll Number
Student Name

Introduction to IT and CS
SOMALIA LC
DIT02512012-2013014
Mohamed Abdullahi Khalaf

INSTRUCTIONS
a) Students are required to submit all three assignment sets.
ASSIGNMENT
Assignment A
Assignment B
Assignment C

DETAILS
Five Subjective Questions
Three Subjective Questions + Case Study
45 Objective Questions

MARKS
10
10
10

b)
c)
d)
e)

Total weightage given to these assignments is 30%. OR 30 Marks

All assignments are to be completed as typed in word/pdf.
All questions are required to be attempted.
All the three assignments are to be completed by due dates (specified
from time to time) and need to be submitted for evaluation by Amity
University.
f) The evaluated assignment marks will be made available within six
weeks. Thereafter, these will be destroyed at the end of each
semester.
g) The students have to attached a scan signature in the form.
Signature:
12/12/2012
Date:
( ) Tick mark in front of the assignments submitted
Page | 2

Assignment A

Assignment B

Assignment C

Page | 3

INTRODUCTION TO IT AND CS
Assignment A
Q: 1).

Explain register transfer language..

Answer:
In computer science, register transfer language (RTL) is a kind of
intermediate representation (IR) that is very close to assembly language,
such as that which is used in a compiler. Academic papers and textbooks
also often use a form of RTL as an architecture-neutral assembly
language. RTL is also the name of a specific IR used in the GNU Compiler
Collection, and several other compilers, such as Zephyr.
The symbolic notation used to describe the micro -operation transfer
among registers is known as register transfer language. A register transfer
language is a system for expressing in symbolic form the micro-operation
sequences among the registers of digital module.
RTL is a simple, human-oriented language to specify the operations,
register communication and timing of the steps that take place within a
CPU to carry out higher level (user programmable) instructions.
Computer registers are designated by capital letters to denote the function
of registers eg. The register that holds an address for the memory unit is
usually called a memory address register and is designated by the name
MAR. Other designation for registers are PC (for programme counter), IR
(for instruction register), and R1 (for processor register). The individual flip
flops is an n-bit register are 3 numbered in sequence from zero through n1, starting from zero is the right most position and increasing the number
towards the left.
Block diagram of register

Copying the contents of one register to another is a register transfer

A register transfer is indicated as R2 R1

 In this case the contents of register R2 are copied (loaded) into

register R1
A simultaneous transfer of all bits from the source R1 to the
destination register R2, during one clock pulse.
Note that this is a non-destructive; i.e. the contents of R1 are
not altered by copying (loading) them to R2
Q: 2).

What are peripheral devices list them.

Answer:
Peripheral Devices are computer devices, such as a CD-ROM drive or
printer, that is not part of the essential computer, i.e., the memory and
microprocessor. Peripheral devices can be external - such as a mouse,
keyboard, printer, monitor, external Zip drive or scanner - or internal,
such as a CD-ROM drive, CD-R drive or internal modem. Internal
peripheral devices are often referred to as integrated peripherals.
List of peripheral devices include:

Keyboard
Mouse
Monitor
Printer
Scanner
Microphone
Speaker
CD-ROM drive
Joystick
Modem

Q: 3).

Describe the circuit implementation of function xy+yz.

Answer:
Combinatorial Logic
DeMorgans Law

Circuit

that

implements

the

function

xy+yz

(ab)=a+b
(a+b)=ab

Property for generating equivalent functions

Page | 4

y
xy' + yz
z

Allows conversion of AND function to an equivalent OR function and

vice-versa
It may allow the simplification of complex functions, that will allow a
simpler design
It is useful in generating the complement of a function.
(xy + yz) = (xy)(yz) = (x + y)(y + z) = xy + xz + yy + yz (because
yy=0) => (xy+yz) = xy + xz + yz
x

x'y'

x'z'

yz'

x'y + y'z + yz'

Q: 4).
What is the difference between assembler, compiler and
interpreter?
Answer:
The difference between assembler, compiler and interpreter is that:
Compiler: is a program that translates English-like words of high-level
language into the machine language of a computer. A compiler reads a
given program called a Source Code and then, translates the program into
the machine language, which is called an Object Code.

Eg. When you run a program in C or high level language, it is done

through compiler to convert them automatically into the machine level
language.

A computer translates an assembly language program from mnemonics to

the binary machine code of a computer. It is used when we write a
program in assembly level language and execution is performed, It
converts the that assembly level language into computer understandable
level language i.e. binary machine code.
Compiler translates high-level instructions directly into machine language.
Compiled programs generally run faster than interpreted programs.
The compiler has a number of phases plus symbol table manager and an
error handler.
Input Source Program -> Lexical Analyzer -> Syntax Analyzer -> Symbol
Table Manager Semantic Analyzer Error Handler -> Intermediate Code
Generator -> Code Optimizer -> Code Generator -> Out Target Program
Structure of a compiler
Compilers bridge source programs in high-level languages with the
underlying hardware. A compiler requires 1) determining the correctness
of the syntax of programs, 2) generating correct and efficient object code,
3) run-time organization, and 4) formatting output according to assembler
and/or linker conventions.
A compiler consists of three main parts: the frontend, the middle-end,
and the backend.
The front end checks whether the program is correctly written in terms of
the programming language syntax and semantics. Here legal and illegal
programs are recognized. Errors are reported, if any, in a useful way. Type
checking is also performed by collecting type information. The frontend
then generates an intermediate representation or IR of the source code for
processing by the middle-end.
The middle end is
where optimization takes place. Typical
transformations for optimization are removal of useless or unreachable
code, discovery and propagation of constant values, relocation of
computation to a less frequently executed place (e.g., out of a loop), or
specialization of computation based on the context. The middle-end
generates another IR for the following backend. Most optimization efforts
are focused on this part.

The back end is responsible for translating the IR from the middle-end
into assembly code. The target instruction(s) are chosen for each IR
instruction. Register allocation assigns processor registers for the program
variables where possible. The backend utilizes the hardware by figuring

out how to keep parallel execution units busy, filling delay slots, and so
on. Although most algorithms for optimization are in NP, heuristic
techniques are well-developed.
Interpreter: is a program that translates the English-like statements of a
high-level language into the machine language of a computer. It translates
high-level instructions into an intermediate form, which it then executes.
An interpreter translates one statement at a time from a source code to an
object code.
Interpretation does not replace compilation completely. It only hides it
from the user and makes it gradual. Even though an interpreter can itself
be interpreted, a directly executed program is needed somewhere at the
bottom of the stack (see machine language). Modern trends toward justin-time compilation and bytecode interpretation at times blur the
traditional categorizations of compilers and interpreters.
Other languages have features that are very easy to implement in an
interpreter, but make writing a compiler much harder; for example, APL,
SNOBOL4, and many scripting languages allow programs to construct
arbitrary source code at runtime with regular string operations, and then
execute that code by passing it to a special evaluation function.
Assembler: Assembler is a program that translates programs from
assembly language to machine language is called as Assembler.
An assembly language is a low-level programming language for
computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other programmable
devices. It implements a symbolic representation of the machine codes
and other constants needed to program a given CPU architecture. This
representation is usually defined by the hardware manufacturer, and is
based on mnemonics.
Q: 5).

What are the different level of programming languages?

Answer:
A programming language is used by a human programmer to direct a
computer to accomplish a specific set of steps which
lead to a desired outcome.
The figure at right illustrates several key points
design
about programming languages. First, programming
languages are built upon and relate directly to the
underlying computer (hardware). In fact, they are

ed to control the operation of the hardware.

Page | 7

Second, these programming languages can be divided into three different

levels. They are:

Machine Languages
Assembly Languages and
High-level Languages

Machine language is the "native tongue" of the computer, the language

closest to the hardware itself. Each unique computer has a unique
machine language. A machine language program is made up of a series of
binary patterns (e.g., 01011100) which represent simple operations that
can be accomplished by the computer (e.g., add two operands, move data
to a memory location). Machine language programs are executable,
meaning that they can be run directly. Programming in machine language
requires memorization of the binary codes and can be difficult for the
human programmer.

Machine Language is the fundamental language of the computers

processor. It is also called Low Level Language.
All programs are converted into machine language before they can
be executed.
Consists of combination of 0s and 1s that represent high and low
electrical voltage.

Assembly language represents an effort to make programming easier for

the human. The machine language instructions are replaced with simple
pneumonic abbreviations (e.g., ADD, MOV). Thus assembly languages are
unique to a specific computer (machine). Prior to execution, an assembly
language program requires translation to machine language. This
translation is accomplished by a computer program known as an
Assembler. Assemblers are written for each unique machine language.

Assembly Language is low level language that is similar to machine

language.
Uses symbolic operation code to represent the machine operation
code.

High-level languages are more English-like and, therefore, make it easier

for programmers to "think" in the programming language. High-level
languages also require translation to machine language before execution.
This translation is accomplished by either a compiler or an interpreter.
Compilers translate the entire source code program before execution.
Interpreters translate source code programs one line at a time.
Interpreters are more interactive than compilers.

Page | 8

High-level Language is Computer programming languages that is

easier to learn.
Uses English like statements.
Examples are C ++, Visual Basic, Pascal, Fortran and

Page | 9

Assignment B
Q: 1).

Explain memory hierarchy in brief.

Answer:
The memory unit is an essential components in any digital computer since
it is needed for strong progress and data.
The hierarchical arrangement of storage in current computer architectures
is called the memory hierarchy. It is designed to take advantage of
memory locality in computer programs. Each level of the hierarchy is of
higher speed and lower latency, and is of smaller size, than lower levels.
Most modern CPUs are so fast that for most program workloads the
locality of reference of memory accesses, and the efficiency of the caching
and memory transfer between different levels of the hierarchy, is the
practical limitation on processing speed. As a result, the CPU spends
much of its time idling, waiting for memory I/O to complete.
The memory hierarchy in most computers is as follows:
Processor registers fastest possible access (usually 1 CPU cycle), only
hundreds of bytes in size
Level 1 (L1) cache often accessed in just a few cycles, usually tens of
kilobytes .
Level 2 (L2) cache higher latency than L1 by 2 to 10, often 512KB or
more .
Level 3 (L3) cache (optional) higher latency than L2, often multiple MB's
Main memory (DRAM) may take hundreds of cycles, but can be multiple
gigabytes .
Disk storage hundreds of thousands of cycles latency, but very large.
The term memory hierarchy is used in computer architecture when
discussing performance issues in computer architectural design,
algorithm predictions, and the lower level programming constructs such
as involving locality of reference. A 'memory hierarchy' in computer
storage distinguishes each level in the 'hierarchy' by response time. Since
response time, complexity, and capacity are related, the levels may also be
distinguished by the controlling technology.

Page | 10

The many trade-offs in designing for high performance will include the
structure of the memory hierarchy, i.e. the size and technology of each
component. So the various components can be viewed as forming a
hierarchy of memories (m 1,m2,...,mn) in which each member mi is in a
sense subordinate to the next highest member m i-1 of the hierarchy. To
limit waiting by higher levels, a lower level will respond by filling a buffer
and then signaling to activate the transfer.
There are four major storage levels.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Internal Processor registers and cache.

Main the system RAM and controller cards.
On-line mass storage Secondary storage.
Off-line bulk storage Tertiary and Off-line storage.

This is a most general memory hierarchy structuring. Many other

structures are useful. For example, a paging algorithm may be considered
as a level for virtual memory when designing a computer architecture.
Most general purpose computer would run more efficiently if they were
equipped with additional storage device beyond the capacity of main
memory. The main memory unit that communicates directly with CPU is
called the MAIN MEMORY . Devices that provide backup storage are
called AUXILARY MEMORY. Most common auxiliary devices are magnetic
disks and tapes they are used for strong system programs, large data files
and other backup information. Only programs and data currently needed
by the processor resides in main memory. All other informations are
stored in auxiliary memory and transferred to the main memory when
needed.
The main memory hierarchy system consists of all storage devices
employed in a computer system from the slow but high capacity auxiliary
memory to a relatively faster main memory, to an even smaller and faster
cache memory accessible to the high-speed processing logic. Memory
Hierarchy is to obtain the highest possible access speed while minimizing
the total cost of the memory system.
Memory Hierarchy in computer system

Page | 11

A very high speed memory is called cache memory used to increase the
speed of processing by making current programs and data available to
the CPU at rapid rate. The cache memory is employed in the system to
compensates the speed differential between main memory access time
and processor logic.
Q: 2).

What do you understand by parallel processing?

Answer:
Parallel processing is a term used to denote a large class of techniques
that are used to provide simultaneous data processing tasks for the
purpose of increasing the computational speed of computer. The purpose
of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing capability
and increased its throughput that is, the amount of processing can be
accomplished during a interval of time the amount of hardware increases
with parallel processing and with it the cost of system increases.
Processor with multiple functional units 8.1

Parallel processing at a higher level of complexity can be achieved by

having a multiplicity of functional units that perform identical or different
operation simultaneously. Parallel processing
is established by
distributing the data among the multiple functional units. . For example,
the arithmetic, logic, and shift operations can be separated into three
units and the operands diverted to each unit under the supervision of a
control unit . The normal operation of a computer is to fetch instructions
from memory and execute them in the processor.
The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes an instruction
stream. The operations performed on the data in the processor constitutes

Page | 12

a data stream. Parallel processing may occur in the instruction stream, in

the data stream, or in both. Flynn's classification divides computers into
four major groups as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD)

Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD)
Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD)
Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD)

SISD represents the organization of single computer containing a control

unit, a processor unit and memory unit. Instruction are executed
sequentially and system may or may not have internal parallel processing
capabilities. Parallel processing in this case may be achieved by means of
multiple functional units or by pipeline processing.
SIMD represents an organization that includes many processing units
under the supervision of a common control unit .All processor receive the
same instruction from the control unit but operate on the different items
of data. The shared memory unit must contain multiple modules so that it
can communicate with all the processors simultaneously. MISD structure
is only of theoretical interest since no practical system has been
constructed using this organization. MIMD organization refer to computer
system capable of processing several programs at the same time. Most
multiprocessor and multicomputer systems can be classified in this
category.
Flynn's classification depends on the distinction between the performance
of the control unit and the data-processing unit. It emphasizes the
behavior
characteristics of the computer system rather than its
operational and structural interconnections. One type of parallel
processing that does not fit Flynn's classification is pipelining.
Q: 3).
What is array processor and what is the role of attached
array processor?
Answer:
An array processor also called a vector processor is a microprocessor that
executes one instruction at a time but on an array or table of data at the
same time rather than on single data elements. It is a central processing
unit (CPU) that implements an instruction set containing instructions that
operate on one-dimensional arrays of data called vectors. This is in
contrast to a scalar processor, whose instructions operate on single data
items. Array processors can greatly improve performance on certain
workloads, notably numerical simulation and similar tasks.

Page | 13

An Array processor performs computations on large arrays of data. The

term is used to refer two different types of processor . An attach array
processor is an auxiliary processor attached to general purpose computer.
It is intended to improve the performance
of the host computer in
specific numerical computation tasks. An SIMD processor is a processor
that has single instruction multiple data organization. It manipulates
vector instructions by means of multiple functional units responding to a
common instruction . Although both types of array processors manipulate
vector , their organization is different.
Attached Array Processor
An attached array processor is designed as a peripheral for conventional
host computer, and its purpose is to enhance the performance of
computer by providing Vector processing for complex applications. It
achieves high performance by means of parallel processing with multiple
functional units. It includes an arithmetic unit containing one or more
pipelined floating point adders and multipliers. The array processor can
be programmed by the user to accommodate variety of complex arithmetic
problems.
Attached array processor with host computer

SIMD Array Processor

An SIMD array processor is a computer with multiple processing units
operating in parallel. The processing units are synchronized to perform
the same operation under the control of common control unit, thus
providing a single instruction stream, multiple data stream organization.
A general block diagrams of an array is shown in the below diagram. It
contains a set of identical processing elements (PE),each having a local
memory M. Each processor includes an ALU, a floating point arithmetic
unit , and working registers. The master control unit controls
the
operations in the processor elements. The main memory is used for
storage of the program. The Function of the master control unit is decode

the instructions and determine how the instructions and determine how
the instruction is to be executed. Scalar and program control instructions
Page | 14

are directly executed within the master control units. Vector instructions
are broad cast to all PEs simultaneously. Each PE uses operand stored in
its local memory. Vector operands distributed to the local memories prior
to parallel execution of the instruction.

There is no case study

Page | 15

Assignment C
(Multiple Choice Question)
Q: 1).
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 2).
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 3).
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 4).
a)
b)
c)
d)

The worlds fastest and most advanced computer.

Main frames Computers
Super Computers ()
Personal Computers
Mini Computers
Who is the father of computers.
Blaise Pascal
Charles Babbage ()
Konrad Zuse
John Atanasoff
Who invented Pascalin.
Blaise Pascal ()
Charles Babbage
Konrad Zuse
John Atanasoff
Who invented ABC .
Blaise Pascal
Charles Babbage
Konrad Zuse
John Atanasoff ()

Q: 5).
earned the semiofficial title of "inventor of the
modern computer"
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 6).
a)
b)
c)
d)

Blaise Pascal
Charles Babbage
Konrad Zuse ()
John Atanasoff
MARK series of computers was designed by
Konrad Zuse
John Atanasoff
Howard Aiken ()
Blaise Pascal

Page | 16

Q: 7).
The computers of
tubes with transistors.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 8).

generation replaced vacuum

1st
2nd ()
3rd
4th
EDVAC stand for

a) Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer ()

b) Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator.
c)
Electric Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.
d) Electric Dependent Variable Automatic Calculator.
Q: 9).
type of computers recognizes data by
counting discrete signal of (0 0r 1), they are high speed
programmable; they compute values and stores results.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Digital computer ()
Analog Computer
Hybrid Computer
Super Computer

Q: 10). In the decimal number system, there are _

possible values.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 11).
the
a)
b)
c)
d)

2
10 ()
8
16
In a positional notation system, the number base is called
.
radix ()
radius
remix
base value

Q: 12). The decimal number 163 would be represented in BCD as

follows.
a)
b)
c)
d)

0001 0110 0011 ()

0001 0011 0110
0001 0011 0001
0001 0001 0110
Page | 17

Q: 13). When a fixed precision binary number is used to hold only

positive values, it is said to be
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 14).
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 15).
a)
b)
c)
d)

unsigned ()
Signed
Positive
Negitave
The binary number system is

numbering system.

positional notation ()
non-positional notation
signed
unsigned
Convert 3710 to binary
100100
100101 ()
101101
100110

Q: 16). Convert the binary number 01011011 to a hexadecimal

number.
a)
b)
c)
d)

B5
5B ()
4B
B6

Q: 17). Sometimes called

, memory consists of one or
more chips on the motherboard or some other circuit board in
the computer.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 18).
a)
b)
c)
d)

primary storage ()
auxiliary storage
secondary storage
permanent storage
Examples of storage media are all of the following except
.
floppy disks
expansion cards ()
compact disks
tape
Page | 18

Q: 19). A
, is a narrow recording band that forms a
full circle on the surface of a disk.
a)
b)
c)
d)

track ()
cluster
shutter
sector

Q: 20). A disks storage locations consist of pie-shaped sections,

which break the tracks into small arcs called
.
a)
b)
c)
d)

backups
clusters
shutters
sectors ()

Q: 21). Hard disks provide for

disks.
a)
b)
c)
d)

access times than floppy

lesser storage capacities and much slower

greater storage capacities but much slower
lesser storage capacities but much faster
greater storage capacities and much faster ()

Q: 22). Below are the major structural components of CPU

except:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Control Unit
ALU
Registers ()
RAM

Q: 23). A hypothesis that states transistor densities in a single

chip will double every 18 months
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 24).
a)
b)
c)
d)

Mores Law
CPUs Law
Moores Law ()
Transistors Law
RISC stands for

Reduced Instruction Set Computer ()

Redundant Instruction Set Computer
Reduced Information Set Computer
Reduced Instruction Set Chip

Page | 19

Q: 25).
a)
b)
c)
d)

is not an auxiliary memory.

RAM ()
Hard Disk
Tapes
DVD

Q: 26).
is most commonly used to store system-level
programs that we want to have available to the computer at all
times.
a) ROM ()
b) RAM
c)
Hard Disk
d) CD
Q: 27). The purpose of
is to act as a buffer between
the very limited, very high-speed CPU registers and the relatively
slower and much larger main system memory.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 28).
a)
b)
c)
d)

cache memory ()
RAM
Virtual memory
ROM
When data are found in the cache, it is called a
Cache miss
Cache found
Cache hit ()
Cache data

Q: 29). By placing some parts that should be in memory inside

your hard-disk one can extend the memory capacity of a
computer way beyond what is installed; this is called
.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 30).
a)
b)
c)
d)

virtual memory ()
cache memory
primary memory
secondary memory
is not an input device.
MICR
OMR
Touch Screen
Plotter ()
Page | 20

Q: 31).
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 32).

is not an output device.

Projector
Printer
Plotter
Scanner ()
All are Variants of the Mouse except.

a)
Track ball
b) Track pad
c)
integrated pointing device
d) Game pad ()
Q: 33).
is a device that can read text or illustrations
and translate the information into a form the computer can use.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 34).
a)
b)
c)
d)

Printer
Plotter
Scanner ()
Reader
MICR stands for

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition ()

Magnetic Ink Character Reader
Mechanical Ink Character Recognition
Mechanical Ink Character Reader

Q: 35).
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 36).
a)
b)
c)
d)

is not an operating system.

Unix
Linux
DOS
Internet Explorer ()
COBOL is

language.

1st
2nd
3rd ()
4th

Page | 21

Q: 37).

converts source code into object code.

a)
Compiler ()
b) Interpreter
c)
Translator
d) Converter
Q: 38).
is a software program that enables the
computer hardware to communicate and operate with the
computer software.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Application Software
Translators
Languages
Operating System ()

Q: 39). An Operating systems that is capable of allowing multiple

software processes to be run at the same time is.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q: 40).

Multiuser OS
Multiprocessing
Multitasking ()
Multithreading
A
is a language that provides little or no

abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture.

a)
b)
c)
d)

low-level programming language ()

High- level programming language
Assembly level programming language
Real programming language

Page | 22