Lecture 1 - Physics

Chapter 1 Lecture
physics
FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
a strategic approach
THIRD EDITION
randall d. knight
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1 Concepts of Motion
Pickup PSE3e
Photo from page 2, snowboarder jump.
Chapter Goal: To introduce the fundamental

concepts of motion.
Slide 1-2
Four basic types of motion

Slide 1-19
Making a Motion Diagram

Consider a movie of a
moving object.
A movie camera takes
photographs at a fixed
rate (i.e., 30 photographs
every second).
Each separate photo is
called a frame.
The car is in a different
position in each frame.
Shown are four frames in
a filmstrip.
Slide 1-20
Making a Motion Diagram

Cut individual frames of the filmstrip apart.
Stack them on top of each other.
This composite photo shows an objects position at
several equally spaced instants of time.
This is called a motion diagram.
Slide 1-21
Examples of Motion Diagrams

An object that has a single position in a motion
diagram is at rest.
Example: A stationary ball on the ground.
An object with images that are equally spaced is

moving with constant speed.
Example: A skateboarder rolling down the sidewalk.
Slide 1-22

An object with images that have increasing distance
between them is speeding up.
Example: A sprinter starting the 100 meter dash.
An object with images that have decreasing distance

between them is slowing down.
Example: A car stopping for a red light.
Slide 1-23

A motion diagram can show more complex motion in
two dimensions.
Example: A jump shot from center court.
In this case the ball is
slowing down as it rises,
and speeding up as it falls.
Slide 1-24
QuickCheck 1.1
Car A
Car B
Motion diagrams are made of two cars. Both have the

same time interval between photos. Which car, A or B,
is going slower?
Slide 1-25
QuickCheck 1.1
Car A
Car B
Motion diagrams are made of two cars. Both have the

same time interval between photos. Which car, A or B,
is going slower?
Slide 1-26
The Particle Model

Often motion of the object as a whole is not influenced by
details of the objects size and shape.
We only need to keep track of a single point on the
object.
So we can treat the object as if all its mass were
concentrated into a single point.
A mass at a single point in space is called a particle.
Particles have no size, no shape and no top, bottom,
front or back.
Below is a motion diagram of a car stopping, using the
particle model.
Slide 1-27
The Particle Model

Motion Diagram in which the object is
represented as a particle
Motion diagram of a rocket launch

Slide 1-26
QuickCheck 1.2
Three motion diagrams are shown. Which is a dust
particle settling to the floor at constant speed, which
is a ball dropped from the roof of a building, and
which is a descending rocket slowing to make a soft
landing on Mars?
A. (a) is dust, (b) is ball, (c) is rocket.
B. (a) is ball, (b) is dust, (c) is rocket.
C. (a) is rocket, (b) is dust, (c) is ball.
D. (a) is rocket, (b) is ball, (c) is dust.
E. (a) is ball, (b) is rocket, (c) is dust.
Slide 1-29
QuickCheck 1.2
Three motion diagrams are shown. Which is a dust
particle settling to the floor at constant speed, which
is a ball dropped from the roof of a building, and
which is a descending rocket slowing to make a soft
landing on Mars?
A. (a) is dust, (b) is ball, (c) is rocket.
B. (a) is ball, (b) is dust, (c) is rocket.
C. (a) is rocket, (b) is dust, (c) is ball.
D. (a) is rocket, (b) is ball, (c) is dust.
E. (a) is ball, (b) is rocket, (c) is dust.
Slide 1-30
Position and Time

In a motion diagram it is useful
to add numbers to specify where
the object is and when the object
was at that position.
Shown is the motion diagram of
a basketball, with 0.5 s intervals
between frames.
A coordinate system has been
added to show (x, y).
The frame at t = 0 is frame 0, when the ball is at the origin.
The balls position in frame 4 can be specified with
coordinates (x4, y4) = (12 m, 9 m) at time t4 = 2.0 s.
Slide 1-31
Position as a Vector
Another way to locate the ball is to draw an arrow from the
origin to the point representing the ball.
You can then specify the length and direction of the arrow.
This arrow is called the position
vector of the object.
The position vector is
an alternative form of
specifying position.
It does not tell us
anything different than
the coordinates (x, y).
Slide 1-32
Tactics: Vector Addition
Slide 1-33
Vector Addition Example: Displacement

Sam is standing 50 ft east of the corner of 12th Street and
Vine. He then walks northeast for 100 ft to a second
point. What is Sams change of position?
Sams initial position is the
vector .
Vector is his position after
he finishes walking.
Sam has changed position,
and a change in position is
called a displacement.
His displacement is the
vector labeled .
Slide 1-34
Definition of Displacement
The displacement
of an object as it moves from
an initial position to a final position is
The definition of
involves vector subtraction.
With numbers, subtraction

is the same as the addition
of a negative number.
The negative of a vector.
Similarly, with vectors
Slide 1-35
Tactics: Vector Subtraction
Slide 1-36
QuickCheck 1.3
Given vectors
and
, what is
Slide 1-37
QuickCheck 1.3
Given vectors
and
, what is
Slide 1-38
QuickCheck 1.4
Given vectors
and
, what is
Slide 1-39
QuickCheck 1.4
Given vectors
and
, what is
Slide 1-40
Time Interval
Its useful to consider a
change in time.
An object may move from an
initial position at time ti to a
final position at time tf.
A stopwatch is used to measure a time
interval.
Different observers may choose different coordinate

systems and different clocks, however, all
observers find the same values for the
displacement and the time interval t.
Slide 1-41
Average Speed, Average Velocity

To quantify an objects fastness
or slowness, we define a ratio:
The victory goes to the runner with

the highest average speed.
Average speed does not

include information about
direction of motion.
The average velocity of an
object during a time interval t,
in which the object undergoes
a displacement , is the
vector:
Slide 1-42
Motion Diagrams with Velocity Vectors

The velocity vector is in the same direction as the
displacement .
The length of is directly proportional to the length of .
Consequently, we may label the vectors connecting the
dots on a motion diagram as velocity vectors .
Below is a motion diagram for a tortoise racing a hare.
The arrows are average velocity vectors.
The length of each arrow represents the average speed.
Slide 1-43
EXAMPLE 1.2 Accelerating Up a Hill
Motion diagram of a car accelerating up a hill.
Slide 1-44
Acceleration
Sometimes an objects velocity is constant as it moves.
More often, an objects velocity changes as it moves.
Acceleration describes a change in velocity.
Consider an object whose velocity changes from to
during the time interval t.
The quantity
is the change in velocity.
The rate of change of velocity is called the average
acceleration:
The Audi TT accelerates from 0 to 60

mph in 6 s.
Slide 1-45
Tactics: Finding the Acceleration Vector
Slide 1-46
Tactics: Finding the Acceleration Vector
Notice that the acceleration vectors goes beside the

dots, not beside the velocity vectors.
That is because each acceleration vector is the
difference between two velocity vectors on either side
of a dot.
Slide 1-47
QuickCheck 1.5
A particle has velocity as it accelerates from 1 to 2.
What is its velocity vector as it moves away from
point 2 on its way to point 3?
Slide 1-48
QuickCheck 1.5
A particle has velocity as it accelerates from 1 to 2.
What is its velocity vector as it moves away from
point 2 on its way to point 3?
Slide 1-49
The Complete Motion Diagram
Slide 1-50
Example 1.5 Skiing Through the Woods
Slide 1-51
Example 1.5 Skiing Through the Woods
Slide 1-52
Speeding Up or Slowing Down?

When an object is speeding up, the acceleration and
velocity vectors point in the same direction.
When an object is slowing down, the acceleration
and velocity vectors point in opposite directions.
An objects velocity is constant if and only if its
acceleration is zero.
In the motion diagrams
to the right, one object
is speeding up and the
other is slowing down,
but they both have
acceleration vectors
toward the right.
Slide 1-53
QuickCheck 1.6
A cyclist riding at 20 mph sees a stop sign and actually comes to a
complete stop in 4 s. He then, in 6 s, returns to a speed of 15 mph.
Which is his motion diagram?
Slide 1-54
QuickCheck 1.6
A cyclist riding at 20 mph sees a stop sign and actually comes to a
complete stop in 4 s. He then, in 6 s, returns to a speed of 15 mph.
Which is his motion diagram?
Slide 1-55
Tactics: Determining the Sign of the Position,

Velocity, and Acceleration
Slide 1-56

Slide 1-57

Slide 1-58
QuickCheck 1.7
A ball is tossed straight up in the air. At its very
highest point, the balls acceleration vector
A. Points up.
B. Is zero.
C. Points down.
Slide 1-59
QuickCheck 1.7
A ball is tossed straight up in
the air. At its very highest
point, the balls acceleration
vector
A. Points up.
B. Is zero.
C. Points down.
In fact, the acceleration vector
points down as the ball rises, at the
highest point, and as it falls.
Slide 1-60
QuickCheck 1.8
The motion diagram shows a particle that is slowing

down. The sign of the position x and the sign of the
velocity vx are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Position is positive, velocity is positive.

Position is positive, velocity is negative.
Position is negative, velocity is positive.
Position is negative, velocity is negative.
Slide 1-61
QuickCheck 1.8

down. The sign of the position x and the sign of the
velocity vx are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Position is positive, velocity is positive.

Position is positive, velocity is negative.
Position is negative, velocity is positive.
Position is negative, velocity is negative.
Slide 1-62
QuickCheck 1.9

down. The sign of the acceleration ax is:
A. Acceleration is positive.
B. Acceleration is negative.
Slide 1-63
QuickCheck 1.9

down. The sign of the acceleration ax is:
A. Acceleration is positive.
B. Acceleration is negative.
Slide 1-64
Position-versus-Time Graphs
Below is a motion diagram, made at 1 frame per minute,
of a student walking to school.
A motion diagram is one way to represent the students

motion.
Another way is to make a graph of x versus t for the
student:
Slide 1-65
Example 1.7 Interpreting a Position Graph
Slide 1-66
Example 1.7 Interpreting a Position Graph
Slide 1-67
QuickCheck 1.10
This is a graph of an object
moving along a straight line.
The most likely interpretation is:
A. A person walking down a
steep mountain.
B. A car that drives and stops
and drives and stops.
C. An elevator descending.
D. A rock that falls, bounces,
and falls some more.
E. A ball that is hit, caught,
and thrown to someone else.
Slide 1-68
QuickCheck 1.10
This is a graph of an object
moving along a straight line.
The most likely interpretation is:
A. A person walking down a
steep mountain.
Vertical motion
About 150 feet in 50 s
B. A car that drives and stops

and drives and stops.
C. An elevator descending.
D. A rock that falls, bounces,
and falls some more.
E. A ball that is hit, caught,
and thrown to someone else.
Slide 1-69
Solving Problems in Physics

Physics problems are often presented
using words, which can be imprecise
or ambiguous.
Part of problem-solving involves
using symbols and drawings to
create a representation, which
is clear and precise.
A verbal representation is a problem
statement or re-statement using words.
A new building requires careful planning. The

architects visualization and drawings have to be
complete before the detailed procedures of
construction get under way. The same is true for
solving problems in physics.
A pictorial representation includes motion

diagrams, coordinate systems, simple drawings, and symbols.
A graphical representation uses graphs when appropriate.
A mathematical representation uses specific equations which must
be solved.
Slide 1-70
Tactics: Drawing a Pictorial Representation
Slide 1-71
Tactics: Drawing a Pictorial Representation
Slide 1-72
General Problem-Solving Strategy
Slide 1-73
Example 1.9 Launching a Weather Rocket
Slide 1-74
Slide 1-75
Slide 1-76
Slide 1-77
Units
Science is based on experimental measurements,
and measurements require units.
The system of units in science is called le Systme
Internationale dunits or SI units.
The SI unit of time is the
second, abbreviated s.
1 s is defined as the time
required for 9,192,631,770
oscillations of the radio wave
An atomic clock at the National Institute of
Standards and Technology is the primary
absorbed by a cesium-133 atom.
standard of time.
The SI unit of length is the meter, abbreviated m.
1 m is defined as the distance traveled by light in a
vacuum during 1/299,292,458 of a second.
Slide 1-78
Units
The SI unit of mass is the
kilogram, abbreviated kg.
1 kg is defined as the mass of
the international standard
kilogram, a polished platinumiridium cylinder stored in Paris.
Many lengths, times, and
masses are either much less or
much greater than the
standards of 1 m, 1 s, and 1 kg.
We use prefixes to denote
various powers of 10, which
make it easier to talk about
quantities.
Slide 1-79
Unit Conversions
It is important to be able to
convert back and forth between
SI units and other units.
One effective method is
to write the conversion
factor as a ratio equal to one.
Because multiplying by 1 does
not change a value, these ratios
are easily used for unit conversions.
For example, to convert the length 2.00 feet to
meters, use the ratio:
So that:
Slide 1-80
Assessment
When problem solving, it is important to decide whether or
not your final answer makes sense.
For example, if you are working a
problem about automobile speeds
and reach an answer of
35 m/s, is this a realistic speed?
The table shows some approximate
conversion factors that can be used
to assess answers.
Using 1 m/s 2 mph, you find that 35 m/s is roughly 20 mph,
a reasonable speed for a car.
If you reached an answer of 350 m/s, this would correspond
to an unreasonable 700 mph, indicating that perhaps you
made a calculation error.
Slide 1-81
Significant Figures
Its important in science and engineering to state clearly what
you know about a situationno less, and no more.
For example, if you report a length as 6.2 m, you imply that the
actual value is between 6.15 m and 6.25 m and has been
rounded to 6.2.
The number 6.2 has two significant figures.
More precise measurement could give more significant figures.
The appropriate number of significant figures is determined
by the data provided.
Calculations follow the weakest link rule: The input value
with the smallest number of significant figures determines
the number of significant figures to use in reporting the
output value.
Slide 1-82
Determining significant figures.
Slide 1-83
Tactics: Using Significant Figures
Slide 1-84
EXAMPLE 1.10 Using significant figures
Slide 1-85
Orders of Magnitude and Estimating

Some approximate lengths and masses
Distance you can drive in 1 hour
~105 m
Distance across a college campus
~1000 m
Length of your arm
~1 m
Length of your little fingernail
~0.01 m
Thickness of a sheet of paper
~104 m
Small car
~1000 kg
Large human
~100 kg
Science textbook
~1 kg
Apple
~0.1 kg
Raisin
~103 kg
In many cases a very

rough estimate of a
number is sufficient.
A one-significant-figure
estimate or calculation
is called an order-ofmagnitude estimate.
An order-of-magnitude
estimate is indicated by
the symbol ~, which
indicates even less
precision than .
Slide 1-86
QuickCheck 1.11
Rank in order, from the most to the least, the number of
significant figures in the following numbers. For example, if
b has more than c, c has the same number as a, and a has
more than d, you would give your answer as b > c = a > d.
a. 8200
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
b. 0.0052
c. 0.430
d. 4.321 1010
d>c>b=a
a=b=d>c
b=d>c>a
d>c>a>b
a=d>c>b
Slide 1-87
QuickCheck 1.11
Rank in order, from the most to the least, the number of
significant figures in the following numbers. For example, if
b has more than c, c has the same number as a, and a has
more than d, you would give your answer as b > c = a > d.
a. 8200
2? Ambiguous
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
b. 0.0052
2
c. 0.430
3
d. 4.321 1010
4
d>c>b=a
a=b=d>c
b=d>c>a
d>c>a>b
a=d>c>b
Slide 1-88
Chapter 1 Summary Slides
Slide 1-89
General Strategy
Slide 1-90
General Strategy
Slide 1-91
Important Concepts
Slide 1-92
Important Concepts
Slide 1-93

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Chapter 1 Lecture

Chapter 1 Concepts of Motion

Chapter Goal: To introduce the fundamental

Four basic types of motion

Making a Motion Diagram

Making a Motion Diagram

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Examples of Motion Diagrams

An object with images that are equally spaced is

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Examples of Motion Diagrams

An object with images that have decreasing distance

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Examples of Motion Diagrams

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Motion diagrams are made of two cars. Both have the

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Motion diagrams are made of two cars. Both have the

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Particle Model

The Particle Model

Motion diagram of a rocket launch

Position and Time

Tactics: Vector Addition

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Vector Addition Example: Displacement

involves vector subtraction.

With numbers, subtraction

The negative of a vector.

Similarly, with vectors

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tactics: Vector Subtraction

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Different observers may choose different coordinate

Average Speed, Average Velocity

The victory goes to the runner with

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Average speed does not

Motion Diagrams with Velocity Vectors

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXAMPLE 1.2 Accelerating Up a Hill

Motion diagram of a car accelerating up a hill.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Audi TT accelerates from 0 to 60

Tactics: Finding the Acceleration Vector

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tactics: Finding the Acceleration Vector

Notice that the acceleration vectors goes beside the

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Complete Motion Diagram

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 1.5 Skiing Through the Woods

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 1.5 Skiing Through the Woods

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Speeding Up or Slowing Down?

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tactics: Determining the Sign of the Position,