4.

9 Calculation of the mooring system

In the following pages, the calculation of a mooring system for an oil tanker will be
presented. For ship dimensions will be used LS Annes dimensions.

Chapter 1
Primary dimensions determination
1.1 Length of the vessel [m]
L = 105.5 m
1.2 Service speed [m/s]
v= vN *0.514= 6.168 m/s

(1.1)

vN - ships service speed; vN = 13 Nd

1.3 Froudes number
v

6.168

Fr = gL = 9.81105.5 = 0.1917 (1.2)

v- service speed
g- gravitational acceleration (9.81m/s2)
L- length of the vessel
1.4 Finesse block coefficient:
The block coefficient will be calculated using Logacevs formula for tankers and bulk
carriers.
CB = 1.105 1.68 * Fr = 0.782

(1.3)

1.5 Length over breadth fraction:

There are used the ships dimensions.
L
B =

105.5
16.8

= 6.28

(1.4)

B breadth of the ship; B=16.8 m

1.6 Draft of the vessel:
Also, taken from ships particulars, T = 6.3 m
1.7 Displacement [m3]
= L*B*T*CB

(1.5)

= 105.5*16.8*6.3*0.782 = 8731.905 m3
1.8 Height [m]
H = 7.4 m
1.9 Freeboard [mm]
F = (H-T)*103

(1.6)

F= (7.4-6.3)*103= 1100 mm
Because the block coefficient is greater than 0.68, the freeboard will be multiplied with m,
where:
Cb+0.68
m= 1.36
=1.075

(1.7)

Therefore,
F1= F*m (1.8)
F1= 1100*1.075 = 1182.5 mm

L
15 =7.03, the freeboard will be

Also, because the height of the ship is greater than

increased with m , where:
L
m= (H- 15 *

m = (7.4

L
0.48

105.5
15 )*

(1.9)

105.5
0.48 = 80.6

Therefore,
F2 = F1 + m (1.10)
F2= 1182.5+80.6 = 1263.1 mm
1.10 Technical characteristics
- Sail area [m2], determined by the relation:
-3

Av= 1.6*F2*10 *L (sin +

B
L

cos ) [m2]

(1.11)

[degrees] the angle of inclination between the sheer draft and surface of the sea
will be

2 .

Av= 1.6*1263.1*10-3*105.5(sin

2 +

16.8
105.5

cos

2
2 ) = 213.21 m

Na= 2/3+2*B*h+0.1*Av (1.12)

h [m] height measured from the summer load waterline to the upmost part of the
superstructure
h=a+

hi

(1.13)

hi = 15m ; h=16.2m
a[m] - distance measured on the midship section from summer load waterline to the upmost face
of main deck coating
a= F2 = 1.2 m
Therefore,
Na=8731.9052/3+2*16.8*16.2+0.1*231.21
Na=991.48
From the Romanian Maritime Register we select according to Na= 991.48
-main anchors 3 pcs;
-weight of an anchor: Q= 3060 kg
-total length of the anchor chain: L= 495m
-caliber of the chain: d=50 mm
-length of the towing line 200 m
-total breaking strength of the steel rope 604 kn
-mooring line 4 pcs
-length of a mooring line 180 m
-total breaking strength of the mooring lines 230 kn

Chapter 2
Anchors

The Gruson anchor is chosen, a conventional type stockless anchor.

Chapter 3
Anchor cable
It is composed of a cable shackle, common links joined by joining links and an end link.
Length of a shackle is 27.5 m and the cable has 18 shackles.
LBb= 245 m

LTb = 250 m

LBb length of the port side anchor chain

LTb length of the starboard side anchor chain

Specific weight:
q= 0.0198*d2 = 49.5 kg/m (3.1)
3.1 Stoppers
Cable stoppers, usually known as slips, are provided to hold the cable prior to letting go an
anchor, or to act as preventers when the ship is riding on the brake of the cable holder, or to hold
the cable temporarily so that the inboard part of the cable can be handled, or to house the anchor
securely in the hawsepipe.
Choosing the stoppers for our installation, will require finding the value of strength test of the
stopper, given by the relation:

Qi=(Q+q*lTb)*a (3.2)
a value depending on the running speed of the cable, which will be considered 10 m/min, and
the cable caliber
2
a= v /d = 100/50 = 2

Qi=(3060+49.5*250)*2 = 30870 KN
And for the port side:

Qi = (Q+q*lBb)*a

(3.3)

Qi = (3060+49.5*245)*2 = 30375 KN

3.2 The anchor hawse

According to the Romanian Naval Register, the thickness of wall of the anchor hawse must
respect the condition:
s 0.4d

therefore,

s= 20 mm
The thickness of the inferior part of the hawse will be:
sinf=25 mm
The diameter of the hawse, according to the R.N.R, is:
Dn=33

3 Q = 479.1 mm (3.4)

Q= 3060 KN
We calculate a larger diameter:
Dna = Dn + 20.9 = 500 mm (3.5)

3.3 The chain well

There will be two circular wells, having the diameter:
Dp= K*d = 30*50 = 1500 mm (3.6)
k structural coefficient : 3039
The volume of the chain well is given by the relation:

VTb=lTb*ku*d2*10-6 (3.7)
ku filling coefficient; ku= 8.5
VTb=250*8.5*2500*10-6 = 5.3 m3
The height of taluzare zone:
Dp

H2= 2
where,

* tg

(3.8)

=45
H2=

1500
1=750 mm
2

The volume of taluzare zone:

1
D 2pH 2
3
V 2=
4

V2=

Complete filling volume:

1
2
1.5 0.75
3
4

(3.9)

= 0.44 m3

V1=V-V2 = 4.86 m3 (3.10)

Height of the complete filling zone:
H 1=

H 1=

4V 1
D 2p

(3.11)

44.86
=2.75 m
1.5 2

Free zone height

This zone is designed for maintenance and observation of the cable
H 3 15d ;
So, H3 = 750 mm
But,

H=H1+H2+H3 (3.12)

must be an integer, therefore, H3= 1.5 m

H=2.75+0.75+1.5 = 5 m
The volume of this zone is given by the relation:
H 3D2p
V 3=
= 2.65 m3 (3.13)
4
The volume of the chain well will be:
Vt=V+V3= 5.3+2.65 = 7.95 m3 (3.14)

Chapter 4
Mooring equipment

Windlasses
The force of the cable holder must be at least:
P1=9.8a d 2=9.84.2550 2=104.125 KN
Thrust force on a cable holder:
Ft =1.5P1=156.2 KN

4.1 Calculation of the gipsy wheel

(4.2)

(4.1)

Pitch of the cable is:

p=8d ; p=400 mm
Diameter of the cable holder:
D cb =

8d
=680.5 mm
sin 36

(4.3)

4.2 The nominal RPM of the gipsy wheel, measured in Rot/min, is:
nb =

nb =

v
40d103

(4.4)

10
=5 m/min
4050103

v speed of lifting the cable; v=10 m/min

4.3 Momentum of the gipsy wheel

M b=

M b=

P1DCb
2

(4.5)

104.125680.5
=35428 Nm
2

4.4 Power of gipsy wheel

P b=

M bnb
30

(4.6)

Pb=

354285
=18550 W
30

Chapter 5
Calculation of anchoring depth

The relation is:

) (

K s Q
hmax =
+l 2 f +
q

max

K s Q
+l 2 f + l20
q

max

where: ksmax break out coefficient of the anchor; Ksmax=3

q specific mass of the cable
Q total mass of the anchor
f friction coefficient of the cable; f=0.025
l2 shackle length; l2=27.5 m
l0 length of the free cable

l 0=l Tb 2l 2

(5.2)

l 0=250227.5=195 m

(5.1)

hmax =

) (

33060
+27.50.025 +
49.5

2
33060
+27.50.025 + 1952=83.438 m
49.5

5.1 Fixation limits:

0.87qg( l20h2max )
Rmax =
2hmax
2

Rmax =

(5.3)

0.8749.59.81(195 83.438 )
=73364 N
283.438

5.2 Friction between cable and ground coefficient:

ql 20 qh2max 2 hmaxK s Q
f =
2hmaxql 2
'

f '=

max

49.5195249.583.4382 283.43833060
=0.0251
283.43849.527.5

Condition:

|f ' f |< 103

Chapter 6

is respected

(5.4)

Determination of the tension variation in the gipsy wheel when heaving the
anchor at depth h

This determination consists in going through 4 steps:

a) Pulling the ship on the anchoring line in the same time with heaving the shackles:
Tension at the hawse pipe will be:
T =0.87g ( K s Q+ql 2 f +qh ) +qg h
max

(6.1)

where,
h anchorage depth will be 30 meters;
The tension at the gipsy wheel is calculated with:
T b1 =

TN1
h awse

(6.2)

where, hawse- 0.98

These tensions will be calculated for l2=27.5 and l2=0 meters.
For l2=27.5 :
(1)

T N =0.879.81( 33060+ 49.527.50.025+ 49.530 ) +49.59.813 0

I

TNI(1) = 105880 N
(1)

Tb =
I

105880
=108041 N
0.98

For l2=0:

TNI(2) = 105590 N and TbI(2)= 107744 N

b) Pulling the ship in anchoring line, while dumping the shank of the anchor, respecting
the next conditions:

TNII{1}=TNI(2)=105590 N;
TNII(2)=TNIII;
TbII(1)=TbI(2)=107744 N;
TbII(2)=TbIII;

c) Breaking ground, using the next conditions:

T N =0.87g ( k s Q+qh ) +0.87k dg (Q+ qh)
III

min

Tb =
III

TN
h awse
III

(6.4)

where: kd- dynamic coefficient; kd=2

ksmin- minimum breaking coefficient; ksmin=1

T N =0.879.81( 13060+ 49.530 )+ 0.8729.81(3060+ 49.530)

III

N III =
116370 N
T

(6.3)

T b =
III

118745 N

The next condition must be respected:

P1 < Tbi(1) <=> 104125 N < 108041 N
Ft < TbIII(1)<=> 156187 N < 118745 N
The second condition is not fulfilled, so Mb and Pb from the gipsy wheel calculation will be
modified:
M b=

P1Dcb
2

M b=

1125410.68
=38263 Nm
2

Therefore, we recalculate the power on the gipsy wheel:

Pb=

P b=

M bnb
30

(6.5)

382635
=20035 W
30

d) Housing the anchor by respecting these conditions:

T N =0.87g(Q+ qh' )
IV

where 0 h' h

Tb =
IV

TN
h awse
IV

(6.7)

(6.6)

For h=h=30 m
(1)
T N =0.879.81( 3060+49.530 ) =38790 N
IV

(1)

Tb =
IV

38790
=39582 N
0.98

For h=0
T (2)
N
=26116 N and
IV

T (2)
b
=26649 N
IV

Chapter 7
Determination of external forces that act upon the ship and verification of the
heaving line

7.1 Water force is composed of the friction force (Faf) and the waste force (Far)

Fa=Faf+Far (7.1)
The friction force is defined by:

1
Faf = a( c f + cf )Suv 2a [KN]
2

(7.2)

where,
a=1.026 t /m3
cf - friction coefficient depending on the marine fouling from the hull)
2
lg 2

0.075
cf =

(7.3)

v aL
a

(7.4)

cf =

2105.5
=1.771108
6
;
1.19110

0.075

( lg 1.77110 2 )

=1.9210

Su wet surface;
S u=L ( C bB+1.7T )
S u=105.5 ( 0.78216.8+ 1.76.3 )=2516 m3

(7.5)

va speed of water; 2 m/s

cf correction term for the hull covered with clamshells;
cf =1.9103

So,
1
Faf = 1.026( 1.92103 +1.9103 )25164=19.7 KN
2
Residual force is given by the relation:
1
2/ 3
2
Far = ac r( LBT ) v a [KN ]
2
where,

(7.6)

cr usual residual coefficient; cf = 0.7*10-3

cr coefficient depending on the breadth, the draft of the ship and the

residual

coefficient
c 'r=c r +0.16

c 'r=0.7103+ 0.16

( TB 2.5 )10

2.5 )10
( 16.8
6.3

(7.7)

=7.266104

Therefore,
1
Far = 1.0260.7103( 105.516.86.3 )2 /34=0.717 KN
2
The friction force is added to the residual force so that the water force will be found.

Fa =19.7+0.717=20.415 KN

7.2 The wind force

F v =0.001p vA v [ KN ]

(7.8)

where, Av reef surface;

pv wind pressure; pv = 57 N/m2
The reef surface will be calculated with the following relation:

A v =1.6103F2L sin +

B
cos [m2 ]
L

The calculations of Fv and Av will be made for =0; 2

(7.9)

L
and arctg B .

For =0,
16.8
1 )=33.95 m
( 105.5

A v =1.61031263.1105.5

F v =0.0015733.95=1.935 KN

For = 2 ,
Av = 213.21 m2

Fv = 12.15 KN

 =arctg

For

L
B ,
Av = 215.89 m2

Fv = 12.3 KN

7.3 Wave forces

F w =p wA i
where,

[KN]

(7.10)

pw wave pressure;
Ai wet area;
pw =

ag2 h 2 4 z

()

(7.11)

z=2/3*T; = 35 m; h = 2 m;
B
A i=0.7LT sin + cos
L

Like the previous determination, will take the values 0,

1.0269.812 2 2
pw =

e
35
2

()

(7.12)

and respectively arctg

4
4.2
35

=0.399

For =0,
16.8
1 )=72.765 m
( 105.5

A i=0.7105.56.3

L
B .

F w =0.39972.765=29.03 KN

For

2 ,
Ai = 465.255 m2

Fw = 185.63 KN

Ai = 471.022 m2

Fw = 187.93 KN

For =82.1 ,

7.4 Verifying the mooring line

There are 2 possibilities to moor. is chosen 25 .
a) mooring on both lines, where:
T N=
T N=

F a + F v+ F w
2cos

(7.13)

20.415+1.935+29.03
=28.34 KN
2cos 25

b) mooring on a single line, taking into account the condition

-for

R T N

2 ;

R2=F 2a + F v + F w 22F a F v + F w cos 180

(7.14)

R =20.415 + ( 12.15+185.63 ) 220.415( 12.15+ 185.63 )0.87862=180.106 KN

The condition

R T N

is not fulfilled so mooring on two mooring lines will be choosen.