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The electronegative value of oxygen is 3.5 and that of an elements Q is 2.5. Is the oxide of
element Q acidic or basic? Explain.
- Lime (calcium oxide = CaO) is roasted with clay to make cement. Cement is then used to
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The carbonates of group II elements when heated decompose to their respective oxides and carbon
dioxide given off.
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g).
Exercise: Check-up 4 page 181
The temperature at which the carbonates decompose increases down group II. This is an indication
that the thermal stability of group II carbonates increases down the group.
The nitrates of group II elements when heated decompose to their respective oxides and giving off
toxic brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide together with oxygen.
2Ca(NO3)2(s) 2CaO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g).
The temperature at which the nitrates decompose increases down group II. This is an indication
that the thermal stability of group II nitrates increases down the group.
Definition: A p-block element is an element whose last electron fills the p-subshell.
Variation in melting point (Mpt), boiling point (Bpt), density, metallic radius (r m) first down group VII
is shown on the table below.
Density
Mpt
Bpt
Colour
State at
Element
Symbol
rm
3
/C
/C
25C
/nm in g/cm
Fluorine
1.11
-220
-188
Pale
yellow
F
0.072
gas
Chlorine
1.56
-101
-35
Green/yellow
Cl
0.099
Gas
Bromine
3.12
-7
59
Orange/brown
Br
0.114
liquid
Iodine
I
0.133
3.94
114
184
Grey/black
Solid
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The properties on the table are those of the diatomic molecules in which only a single bond exists
between two atoms of a halogen in a molecule.
All the group VII elements have a simple molecular structure with only weak van der waals forces
existing between their molecules.
Volatility and boiling point are inversely related. The volatility of the group VII elements
decreases while their boiling points increase down the group. This is because the strength of van
der waals forces increases as thr number of electrons in each molecule increases down the group.
The colours of the group VII elements get darker down the group.
Group VII elements exhibit their oxidising properties in their reactions with metals and many nonmetals. In such reactions, the group VII are reduced from zero (0) oxidation number to -1.
Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s).
H2(s) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g).