Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Department of Animal Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
Received:28.07.2010
Accepted:10.08.2010
Published:13.08.2010
Abstract
This trial was conducted to compare nutrient digestibility, performance, carcass traits and serum hormone profiles of pigs fed four alternative
protein sources with that of pigs fed soybean meal. Sixty crossbred pigs weighing an average of 24.3 + 2.6 kg were assigned on the basis of
sex, weight and litter to one of five dietary treatments in a 2 x 5 factorial design experiment (N=12). The main effects tested were sex of pig
(barrows vs. gilts) and protein source. The control diet was formulated using ground barley and soybean meal while four experimental diets
were formulated in which 20% of canola meal, wheat distillers grains with solubles, or 50:50 combinations of co-extruded full-fat flax seed
and peas (Linpro) or co-extruded canola seed and peas (Extrapro) was substituted for barley and soybean meal. During the entire
experimental period (24.3-112.5 kg), there were no differences in weight gain or feed intake due to treatment. Feed conversion was
significantly (P<0.05) improved for pigs fed the soybean and Linpro treatments compared with the other three protein sources. The
digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and energy in the Extrapro and wheat distillers grains with solubles diets were
significantly lower than for the other three treatments (P<0.05). There were no differences due to treatment in carcass traits. Plasma
prostaglandin was significantly higher for pigs fed Extrapro and Linpro than for pigs fed soybean meal. Plasma levels of growth hormone,
IGF-1, cortisol, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 were unaffected by dietary treatment. The overall results of this experiment indicate canola
meal, wheat distillers grains with solubles, Extrapro and Linpro all have considerable potential to replace soybean meal in diets fed to
growing-finishing pigs. Although, some of the protein sources reduced nutrient digestibility, the growth rate, feed intake and carcass traits of
the pigs were not affected by feeding the various protein sources. Further research should be conducted to determine whether or not dietary
inclusion of protein sources containing high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, alters immune function in pigs.
Keywords: Canola Meal, Extrapro, Linpro, Soybean Meal, Wheat Distillers Grains with Solubles
*
INTRODUCTION
Soybean meal is the most commonly used source of
supplementary protein for swine and it is generally a
consistent, high quality product (Swick 1994). However, as
transportation costs for feeds increase, swine producers will
have to maximize the use of locally produced feedstuffs.
Therefore, it is important that alternative sources of protein be
developed for use in swine production.
One potential alternative to soybean meal is canola meal
(Thacker 1990). Canola was initially derived from rapeseed
(B. napus and B. campestris) and was bred using standard
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Linpro and Extrapro (Oleet Processing Ltd., Regina,
Saskatchewan). Linpro is an extruded product produced
using a combination (50:50) of full-fat flax and peas, while
Extrapro is an extruded blend (50:50) of full-fat canola seed
and peas. In order to produce the final product, the
appropriate amount of peas were ground, mixed with the
various high oil products and then the mixtures were
extruded for 5-10 sec using an Instapro Extruder (Instapro
Inc., Des Moines, Iowa) at a temperature of 120-135 C. The
wheat distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) used in this
study were obtained from the Husky/Mohawk ethanol plant
located in Minnedosa, Manitoba. The canola meal was
obtained from a local feed mill (Cargill Crush Plant, Clavet,
Saskatchewan). A chemical analysis of the main ingredients
used in this experiment is shown in Table 1.
Growth Trial
The pigs used in this study were housed and managed
according to the Canadian Council on Animal Care (1993)
guidelines. A total of 60 crossbred pigs (Camborough 15
Line female x Canabred sire, Pig Improvement Canada Ltd,
Airdrie Alberta) weighing an average of 24.3 + 2.6 kg were
assigned on the basis of sex, weight and litter to one of five
dietary treatments in a 2 x 5 factorial design experiment. The
main effects tested were sex of pig (barrows vs. gilts) and
protein source in diet.
The control diet was formulated using ground barley and
soybean meal while four experimental diets were formulated
in which 20% of canola meal, wheat distillers grains with
solubles, Linpro or Extrapro was substituted for barley and
soybean meal. During the growing period (24.3 to 55.6 kg),
the experimental diets were formulated to supply 1.10%
lysine, 0.70% threonine and 0.75% methionine and cystine
while in the finishing period (55.6-112.5 kg), the diets were
formulated to supply 0.70% lysine, 0.55% threonine, and
0.60% methionine and cystine. These amino acid levels met
the requirements for pigs with a lean growth potential of 325
g day-1 as recommended by the National Research Council
(1998). Synthetic lysine was added to some diets to ensure
that all diets provided a similar balance of amino acids.
Canola oil was also added where necessary to ensure that all
diets provided a similar level of energy as the control diet.
All diets were supplemented with sufficient vitamins and
minerals to meet or exceed the levels recommended by the
National Research Council (1998). The diets were pelleted
using low-pressure steam at approximately 60oC.
The pigs were housed in unisex groups of four in 2.7 x 3.6 m
concrete floored pens and were provided water adlibitum.
The pens were equipped with four individual feeders. Each
pig was allowed access to its own individual feeder for 30min twice daily (08:00 h and 15:00 h). Individual body
weight, feed consumption and feed conversion were recorded
weekly.
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Table 1 Chemical and amino acid analysis of ingredients used to determine the effects of alternative protein sources on nutrient
digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing finishing pigs 1
Barley
Chemical analysis (% as fed)
Moisture
Ash
Crude Protein
Neutral detergent fibre
Ether extract
Calcium
Phosphorus
Amino acid analysis (% as fed)
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine+cysteine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Valine
1
Soybean
Meal
Linpro
Extrapro
Canola
Meal
Wheat
DDGS
9.59
1.91
10.91
17.46
1.89
0.05
0.34
7.89
6.54
47.43
8.67
1.04
0.34
0.72
7.77
3.35
21.36
13.50
19.24
0.19
0.45
7.50
4.11
19.91
16.50
20.50
0.22
0.52
10.56
7.26
36.61
25.84
2.27
0.65
1.14
7.35
4.61
35.67
33.16
5.38
0.18
0.91
0.57
0.32
0.39
0.85
0.38
0.45
0.48
0.33
0.58
3.58
1.21
2.41
3.91
3.15
1.51
2.30
1.93
2.43
1.79
0.48
0.57
1.24
1.12
0.60
0.74
0.80
0.68
1.34
0.53
0.94
1.65
1.40
0.68
0.86
0.81
1.21
2.41
0.99
1.49
2.62
2.06
1.67
1.49
1.77
1.87
1.59
0.77
1.42
2.45
0.92
1.50
1.03
1.12
1.64
Six castrates and six gilts were fed each diet. Pigs were
assigned to feeders in such a way as to minimize the potential
for treatment effects to be confounded with environmental
effects.
At the conclusion of the experiment, all pigs on the
soybean, Extrapro and Linpro treatments were bled by vena
cava puncture. Approximately 10 ml of blood was collected
from each pig into a heparinised vacutainer tube (Becton
Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ). The
samples were centrifuged (2500 x g for 10 min) to separate
plasma. The plasma from each pig was stored at -80oC until
analysis.
Digestibility Determination
Total tract digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude
protein and gross energy were determined using four barrows
per treatment starting at an average weight of 41.8 + 2.60 kg.
The pigs were housed under identical conditions as those used
in the growth trial and were fed the same diets as those used
during the growing stage modified only by the addition of
0.35% chromic oxide as a digestibility marker. Marked feed
was provided for a seven-day acclimatization period,
followed by a three-day faecal collection. Faecal collections
were made by bringing animals into a clean room
immediately after feeding and recovering freshly voided
feces. The faecal samples were frozen for storage. Prior to
analysis, the samples were dried in a forced air oven dryer at
66oC for 60 h, followed by fine grinding (0.5-mm screen).
Chemical Analysis
Samples of the main ingredients as well as the grower
and finisher rations were analyzed according to the methods
of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2007).
Analyses were conducted for moisture (AOAC method
930.15), crude protein (AOAC method 984.13), ash (AOAC
method 942.05), ether extract (AOAC method 920.39) and
neutral detergent fibre (AOAC method 202.04) The calcium
and phosphorus content of the experimental rations were
determined using the nitric-perchloric acid digestion method
of Zasoski and Burau (1977) with calcium determined on a
Perkin-Elmer
Model
4000
Atomic
Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AOAC method 968.08) and total
3
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Digestibility Determination
For digestibility determinations, samples of the grower
diets and feces were analyzed for moisture, gross energy,
crude protein and chromic oxide. An adiabatic oxygen bomb
calorimeter (Parr; Moline, Illinois) was used to determine
gross energy content while chromic oxide was determined by
the method of Fenton and Fenton (1979).
Hormone Analysis
All hormone analysis were conducted with commercially
available kits. Plasma interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 were
analyzed using a swine interleukin ELISA kit (Bio-Source,
Camarillo, CA). The minimum detectability of interleukin
was 15 pg/ml with an inter-assay CV less than 10%. Plasma
prostaglandin E2, cortisol, growth hormone and IGF-1 were
analyzed using 125I radioimmunoassay kits.
Porcine
prostaglandin was analyzed with a kit obtained from the
College of Medical Science of Suzhou University (Jiansu,
China) and the minimum detectability of prostaglandin E 2 was
6.25 pg/ml with an intra-assay CV less than 10%. Plasma
cortisol was analyzed using a kit from the Beijing Beimian
Dongya Institute of Biological Technology (Beijing, China)
and the minimum detectable dose of cortisol was 1 ng/ml with
an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 5%. Plasma growth
hormone was measured using a kit from the Beijing North
Institute of Biological Technology (Beijing, China). The
assay used human growth hormone and antibodies against
human growth hormone as the standard. The assay was
sensitive to 0.1 ng/ml of growth hormone with an intra-assay
CV of less than 10%. Plasma IGF-1 was analyzed using a kit
from Biocode S.A. (Liege, Belgium).
In the assay,
recombinant human IGF-1 and mouse anti-IGF-1
monocolonal antibody were used as the standard. Recovery
ranged from 92.3 to 110.0%. The within assay CV was less
than 10% and the minimum detectable concentration of IGF-1
was 5 ng/ml.
Statistical Analysis
The data from the performance trial and carcass data
were analysed as a 2 x 5 factorial using the General Linear
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Table 2 Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of grower diets (24.3 to 55.6 kg) formulated to determine the effect of
alternative protein sources on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs
Soybean
Meal
Linpro
Extrapro
Canola
meal
Wheat
DDGS
Ingredients (% as fed)
Barley
Protein source
Soybean meal
Limestone
Dicalcium phosphate
Salt
Vitamin-mineral premix1
Canola oil
Lysine-HCl
69.19
0.00
22.82
0.91
1.11
0.50
1.00
4.47
0.00
58.07
20.00
16.94
0.94
1.05
0.50
1.00
1.50
0.00
60.74
20.00
14.61
0.94
0.99
0.50
1.00
1.22
0.00
60.54
20.00
10.37
0.97
0.64
0.50
1.00
5.98
0.00
60.58
20.00
11.08
1.27
0.71
0.50
1.00
4.55
0.31
10.14
6.12
19.60
17.31
6.93
0.88
0.69
9.85
5.67
19.37
16.57
6.85
0.77
0.60
9.83
6.21
19.25
16.82
8.24
0.85
0.69
9.92
6.32
20.44
19.81
10.10
0.91
0.63
8.98
6.11
20.27
21.17
8.38
0.89
0.65
Supplied per kilogram of diet: 8250 IU vitamin A; 825 IU vitamin D 3; 40 IU vitamin E; 4 mg vitamin K; 1 mg thiamine; 5 mg riboflavin; 35 mg
niacin; 15 mg pantothenic acid; 2 mg folic acid; 12.5 g vitamin B12; 0.2 mg biotin; 80 mg iron; 25 mg manganese; 100 mg zinc; 50 mg Cu; 0.5
mg I; 0.1 mg selenium.
2
All analysis were conducted in duplicate
Table 3 Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of finisher diets (55.6-112.5 kg) formulated to determine the effect of
alternative protein sources on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs
Soybean
Meal
Linpro
Ingredients (%)
Barley
Protein source
Soybean meal
Limestone
Dicalcium phosphate
Salt
Vitamin-mineral premix1
Canola oil
Lysine-HCl
80.70
0.00
12.79
0.94
0.72
0.50
1.00
3.35
0.00
69.59
20.00
6.91
0.96
0.66
0.50
1.00
0.38
0.00
72.25
20.00
4.58
0.97
0.60
0.50
1.00
0.10
0.00
72.07
20.00
0.33
1.00
0.24
0.50
1.00
4.86
0.00
71.46
20.00
1.22
1.20
0.34
0.50
1.00
3.97
0.31
9.93
4.28
15.77
15.61
3.59
0.64
0.48
9.28
4.43
15.60
15.52
5.61
0.81
0.51
10.19
4.32
15.23
15.84
5.98
0.67
0.44
10.82
4.61
16.60
19.35
6.65
0.81
0.51
9.22
4.36
15.79
19.83
6.57
0.74
0.49
Extrapro
Canola
Meal
Wheat
DDGS
Supplied per kilogram of diet: 8250 IU vitamin A; 825 IU vitamin D3; 40 IU vitamin E; 4 mg vitamin K; 1 mg thiamine; 5 mg riboflavin; 35 mg niacin; 15
mg pantothenic acid; 2 mg folic acid; 12.5 g vitamin B12; 0.2 mg biotin; 80 mg iron; 25 mg manganese; 100 mg zinc; 50 mg Cu; 0.5 mg I; 0.1 mg
selenium
2
All analysis were conducted in duplicate
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Table 4 Amino acid analysis (% as fed) of diets formulated to determine the effects of alternative protein sources on nutrient
digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs1
Soybean
Meal
Linpro
1.57
0.66
1.13
1.80
1.26
0.92
0.68
0.91
1.14
1.54
0.55
1.02
1.63
1.08
0.87
0.58
0.78
1.27
1.34
0.55
0.97
1.57
1.19
0.77
0.55
0.74
0.95
1.32
0.61
1.04
1.66
1.22
0.88
0.61
0.79
0.96
1.18
0.54
0.95
1.63
1.15
0.79
0.58
0.69
1.06
0.88
0.37
0.65
1.14
0.73
0.60
0.87
0.58
0.82
0.90
0.35
0.62
1.06
0.71
0.58
0.82
0.56
0.79
0.81
0.35
0.60
1.09
0.68
0.59
0.82
0.55
0.77
0.85
0.40
0.64
1.17
0.73
0.73
0.84
0.63
0.87
0.70
0.33
0.54
1.05
0.69
0.64
0.80
0.51
0.76
Extrapro
Canola
Meal
Wheat
DDGS
Table 5 Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and energy of diets containing alternate protein sources fed to
growing-finishing pigs1
Soybean
Meal
Linpro
Extrapro
Canola
Meal
Wheat
DDGS
SEM
P value
79.16a
79.71a
79.41a
78.68a
77.51a
78.32a
74.73b
72.08b
74.79b
77.18a
77.86a
77.79a
73.03b
73.70b
73.32b
0.73
0.91
0.71
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Within treatment, means followed by same or not letter do not differ (P>0.05)
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Table 6 Plasma hormone levels in growing-finishing pigs fed alternative protein sources1
Soybean
Meal
Linpro
Extrapro
SEM
Barrows
Gilts
SEM
Treatment
Sex
TxS
3.89
233.90
68.17
31.18a
0.18
222.04
3.68
205.58
46.90
38.12b
0.18
234.92
4.06
201.50
49.09
40.03b
0.19
219.43
0.25
14.41
12.06
2.33
0.01
43.99
3.83
205.01
52.95
35.62
0.18
222.17
3.92
222.31
56.50
37.62
0.19
228.76
0.20
11.77
9.85
37.26
0.01
35.9
0.55
0.24
0.40
0.03
0.95
0.96
0.73
0.31
0.80
0.54
0.45
0.89
0.14
0.11
0.05
0.58
<0.01
0.33
Table 7 Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets based on alternative protein sources1
Soybean
Meal
Linpro
Extrpro
Canola
Meal
Wheat
DDGS
SEM
Barrows
Gilts
SEM
Treatment
Sex
TxS
0.93
1.68
1.80
0.87
1.60
1.85
0.87
1.65
1.89
0.87
1.64
1.88
0.03
0.07
0.03
0.90
1.64
1.82
0.89
1.66
1.87
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.34
0.91
0.11
0.58
0.79
0.05
0.99
0.79
0.18
1.14
3.19
2.80
1.09
3.24
2.97
1.09
3.23
2.98
1.03
2.99
2.93
0.04
0.10
0.06
1.16a
3.39a
2.94
1.05b
2.97b
2.85
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.08
0.36
0.06
<0.01
<0.01
0.12
0.89
0.91
0.36
0.03
0.06
0.04
1.05a
2.66a
2.54
0.98b
2.45b
2.50
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.09
0.55
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.37
0.96
0.76
0.35
Table 8 Carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing alternative protein sources1
Soybean
Meal
Linpro
Extrapro
Canola
Meal
Wheat
DDGS
SEM
Barrows
Gilts
SEM
Treatment
Sex
TxS
0.92
0.86
0.49
1.13
0.49
1.00
2.24
112.1
86.1
76.3
107.3a
59.4a
20.2a
52.1a
112.2
86.5
77.1
109.8b
61.13b
16.8b
56.5b
0.58
0.55
0.31
0.72
0.31
0.63
1.42
0.30
0.13
0.36
0.87
0.86
0.65
0.46
0.40
0.63
0.07
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.03
0.77
0.28
0.32
0.46
0.64
0.36
0.84
DISCUSSION
The results of the present study indicate that feeding 20%
canola meal as a replacement for soybean meal had no
significant effects on nutrient digestibility, weight gain, feed
intake, or carcass traits.
However, over the entire
experimental period, feed conversion was significantly poorer
for pigs fed canola meal than soybean meal. The poorer feed
conversion of pigs fed canola meal may be attributed to the
higher fibre content of the canola meal diet compared with
soybean meal. Fibre is not easily digested by the pig and its
presence also impairs the digestibility of energy and other
nutrients (Bell et al. 1983).
Dietary fibre also reduces
nutrient digestibility due to its physiochemical properties,
leading to a more rapid rate of passage which limits the
amount of time available for nutrient breakdown (Burkitt et
al. 1972).
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