Coordinates:185830N724933E

Mumbai
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Mumbai(/mmba/alsoknownasBombay,theofficial
nameuntil1995)isthecapitalcityoftheIndianstateof
Maharashtra.ItisthemostpopulouscityinIndiaandthe
ninthmostpopulousagglomerationintheworld,withan
estimatedcitypopulationof18.4million.Alongwiththe
neighbouringregionsoftheMumbaiMetropolitanRegion,
itisoneofthemostpopulousurbanregionsintheworld
andtheseondmostpopulousmetropolitanareainIndia,
withapopulationof20.7millionasof2011.[12][13]
MumbailiesonthewestcoastofIndiaandhasadeep
naturalharbour.In2009,Mumbaiwasnamedanalpha
worldcity.[14]ItisalsothewealthiestcityinIndia,[15]and
hasthehighestGDPofanycityinSouth,West,orCentral
Asia.[16]Mumbaihasthehighestnumberofbillionaires
andmillionairesamongallcitiesinIndia.[17][18]
ThesevenislandsthatcametoconstituteMumbaiwere
hometocommunitiesoffishingcolonies.[4]Forcenturies,
theislandswereunderthecontrolofsuccessive
indigenousempiresbeforebeingcededtothePortuguese
andsubsequentlytotheBritishEastIndiaCompanywhen
in1661KingCharlesIImarriedthePortugueseCatherine
ofBraganza,andaspartofherdowryCharlesreceivedthe
portsofTangierandsevenislandsofBombay.[19]During
themid18thcentury,Bombaywasreshapedbythe
HornbyVellardproject,[20]whichundertookreclamation
oftheareabetweenthesevenislandsfromthesea.[21]
Alongwithconstructionofmajorroadsandrailways,the
reclamationproject,completedin1845,transformed
BombayintoamajorseaportontheArabianSea.Bombay
inthe19thcenturywascharacterizedbyeconomicand
educationaldevelopment.Duringtheearly20thcenturyit
becameastrongbasefortheIndianindependence
movement.UponIndia'sindependencein1947thecity
wasincorporatedintoBombayState.In1960,following
theSamyuktaMaharashtramovement,anewstateof
MaharashtrawascreatedwithBombayasthecapital.[22]
Mumbaiisthefinancial,commercial[23]andentertainment
capitalofIndia.Itisalsooneoftheworld'stoptencentres
ofcommerceintermsofglobalfinancialflow,[24]
generating6.16%ofIndia'sGDP[25]andaccountingfor
25%ofindustrialoutput,70%ofmaritimetradeinIndia
(MumbaiPortTrustandJNPT),[26]and70%ofcapital
transactionstoIndia'seconomy.[27][28]Thecityhouses
importantfinancialinstitutionssuchastheReserveBank

Mumbai

Bombay

Metropolis

Clockwisefromtop:CuffeParadeskyline,Taj
MahalPalaceHotel,ChhatrapatiShivajiTerminus,
BandraWorliSeaLink,andtheGatewayofIndia.
Nickname(s):CityofSevenIslands,Cityof
Dreams,[1]GatewaytoIndia,HollywoodofIndia

Mumbai

LocationofMumbaiinMaharashtra,India

Coordinates:185830N724933E
Country

ofIndia,theBombayStockExchange,theNationalStock
ExchangeofIndia,theSEBIandthecorporate
headquartersofnumerousIndiancompaniesand
multinationalcorporations.Itisalsohometosomeof
India'spremierscientificandnuclearinstituteslikeBARC,
NPCL,IREL,TIFR,AERB,AECI,andtheDepartmentof
AtomicEnergy.ThecityalsohousesIndia'sHindi
(Bollywood)andMarathifilmandtelevisionindustry.
Mumbai'sbusinessopportunities,aswellasitspotentialto
offerahigherstandardofliving,[29]attractmigrantsfrom
alloverIndia,makingthecityameltingpotofmany
communitiesandcultures.

Contents

State
District
Formername
Official
Language
Native
Language

2.1 Earlyhistory
2.2 PortugueseandBritishrule
2.3 IndependentIndia
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Economy
5 Civicadministration
6 Politics
7 Transport
7.1 Publictransport
7.1.1 Rail
7.1.2 Bus
7.1.3 Water
7.2 Road
7.3 Air
7.4 Sea
8 Utilityservices
9 Architecture
10 Demographics
10.1 Ethnicgroupsandreligion

Marathi[2][3]
Marathi[4]

Firstsettled
Namedfor

1507
Mumbadevi

Government
Type
Body
Mayor

MayorCouncil
MCGM

Municipal
commissioner

1 Etymology
2 History

India
Maharashtra
MumbaiCity
MumbaiSuburban
Bombay

SnehalAmbekar[5](ShivSena)
AjoyMehta[6]

Area[7]
Metropolis

603km2(233sqmi)

Metro

4,355[7][8]km2(1,681.5sqmi)

Elevation

14m(46ft)

Population(2011)[9]
Metropolis
Rank
Density

12,478,447
1st
21,000/km2(54,000/sqmi)

Metro[10][11]
MetroRank

18,414,288
20,748,395(ExtendedUA)
1st

Demonym(s)

Mumbaikar

Timezone

IST(UTC+5:30)

ZIPcode(s)
Areacode(s)
Vehicle
registration

400001to400107
+9122
MH01(Central),MH02(West),
MH03(East),MH47(North)

Website

www.mcgm.gov.in
(http://www.mcgm.gov.in)

11 Culture
12 Media
13 Education
13.1 Schools
13.2 HigherEducation
14 Sports
15 Seealso
16 Notes
17 References
18 Externallinks

Etymology
ThenameMumbaiisderivedfromMumborMahAmbthenameofthepatrongoddess(Kuladevi)
MumbadeviofthenativeAgri,KoliandSomvanshiKshatriyacommunities[30]and'meaning"mother"in
theMarathilanguage,whichisthemothertongueofthekolisandtheofficiallanguageofMaharashtra.[4][31]
TheoldestknownnamesforthecityareKakamucheeandGalajunkjatheseare
sometimesstillused.[32][33]AliMuhammadKhan,intheMiratiAhmedi(1507)
referredtothecityasManbai.[34]In1508,PortuguesewriterGasparCorreia
usedthenameBombaim,inhisLendasdandia("LegendsofIndia").[35][36]This
namepossiblyoriginatedastheOldPortuguesephrasebombaim,meaning
"goodlittlebay",[37]andBombaimisstillcommonlyusedinPortuguese.[38]In
1516,PortugueseexplorerDuarteBarbosausedthenameTanaMaiambu:Tana
appearstorefertotheadjoiningtownofThaneandMaiambutoMumbadevi.[39]

ThetempleoflocalHindu
goddessMumbadevi,from
whomthecityofMumbai
derivesitsname

Othervariationsrecordedinthe16thandthe17thcenturiesinclude:Mombayn
(1525),Bombay(1538),Bombain(1552),Bombaym(1552),Monbaym(1554),
Mombaim(1563),Mombaym(1644),Bambaye(1666),Bombaiim(1666),
Bombeye(1676),BoonBay(1690),[38][40]andBonBahia.[41]AftertheBritish
gainedpossessionofthecityinthe17thcentury,thePortuguesenamewas
officiallyanglicisedasBombay.[42]

Bythelate20thcentury,thecitywasreferredtoasMumbaiorMambaiinthe
IndianstatewiseofficiallanguagesofMarathi,Konkani,Gujarati,Kannadaand
Sindhi,andasBambaiinHindi.[43]TheEnglishnamewasofficiallychangedto
MumbaiinNovember1995.[44]ThiscameattheinsistenceoftheMarathinationalistShivSenapartythathad
justwontheMaharashtrastateelectionsandmirroredsimilarnamechangesacrossthecountryandparticularly
inMaharashtra.[45]AccordingtoSlate,"theyarguedthat'Bombay'wasacorruptedEnglishversionof'Mumbai'
andanunwantedlegacyofBritishcolonialrule."[46]Slatealsosaid"ThepushtorenameBombaywaspartofa
largermovementtostrengthenMarathiidentityintheMaharashtraregion."[47]Whilethecityisstillreferredto

asBombaybysomeofitsresidentsandIndiansfromotherregions,[48][49]mentionofthecitybyanameother
thanMumbaihasbeencontroversial,resultinginemotionaloutburstssometimesofaviolentlypolitical
nature.[50][51]

History
Earlyhistory
Mumbaiisbuiltonwhatwasonceanarchipelagoofsevenislands:Bombay
Island,Parel,Mazagaon,Mahim,Colaba,Worli,andOldWoman'sIsland(also
knownasLittleColaba).[52]Itisnotexactlyknownwhentheseislandswerefirst
inhabited.PleistocenesedimentsfoundalongthecoastalareasaroundKandivali
innorthernMumbaisuggestthattheislandswereinhabitedsincetheStone
Age.[53]PerhapsatthebeginningoftheCommonera(2,000yearsago),or
possiblyearlier,theycametobeoccupiedbytheKolifishingcommunity.[54][55]

KanheriCavesservedasa
centreofBuddhismin
WesternIndiaduringancient
times

InthethirdcenturyBCE,theislandsformedpartoftheMauryaEmpire,during
itsexpansioninthesouth,ruledbytheBuddhistemperor,Ashokaof
Magadha.[56]TheKanheriCavesinBorivaliwereexcavatedinthemidthird
centuryBCE,[57]andservedasanimportantcentreofBuddhisminWestern
IndiaduringancientTimes.[58]ThecitythenwasknownasHeptanesia(Ancient
Greek:AClusterofSevenIslands)totheGreekgeographerPtolemyin
150CE.[59]TheMahakaliCavesinAndheriwerebuiltbetweenthe1stcentury
BCEandthe6thcenturyCE.[60][61]

BetweenthesecondcenturyBCEandninthcenturyCE,theislandscameunderthecontrolofsuccessive
indigenousdynasties:Satavahanas,WesternKshatrapas,Abhiras,Vakatakas,Kalachuris,KonkanMauryas,
ChalukyasandRashtrakutas,[62]beforebeingruledbytheSilharadynastyfrom810to1260.[63]Someofthe
oldestedificesinthecitybuiltduringthisperiodare,JogeshwariCaves(between520to525),[64]Elephanta
Caves(betweenthesixthtoseventhcentury),[65]WalkeshwarTemple(10thcentury),[66][67]andBangangaTank
(12thcentury).[68][69]
KingBhimdevfoundedhiskingdomintheregioninthelate13thcentury
andestablishedhiscapitalinMahikawati(presentdayMahim).[70]The
PatharePrabhus,amongtheearliestknownsettlersofthecity,were
broughttoMahikawatifromSaurashtrainGujarataround1298by
Bhimdev.[71]TheDelhiSultanateannexedtheislandsin134748and
controlledituntil1407.Duringthistime,theislandswereadministered
bytheMuslimGovernorsofGujarat,whowereappointedbytheDelhi
Sultanate.[72][73]
TheHajiAliDargahwasbuiltin

TheislandswerelatergovernedbytheindependentGujaratSultanate,
1431,whenMumbaiwasunderthe
whichwasestablishedin1407.TheSultanate'spatronageledtothe
ruleoftheGujaratSultanate
constructionofmanymosques,prominentbeingtheHajiAliDargahin
Worli,builtinhonouroftheMuslimsaintHajiAliin1431.[74]From
1429to1431,theislandswereasourceofcontentionbetweentheGujaratSultanateandtheBahamaniSultanate
ofDeccan.[75][76]In1493,BahadurKhanGilanioftheBahamaniSultanateattemptedtoconquertheislandsbut
wasdefeated.[77]

PortugueseandBritishrule

TheMughalEmpire,foundedin1526,wasthedominantpowerinthe
Indiansubcontinentduringthemid16thcentury.[78]Growing
apprehensiveofthepoweroftheMughalemperorHumayun,Sultan
BahadurShahoftheGujaratSultanatewasobligedtosigntheTreatyof
BasseinwiththePortugueseEmpireon23December1534.Accordingto
thetreaty,thesevenislandsofBombay,thenearbystrategictownof
BasseinanditsdependencieswereofferedtothePortuguese.The
territorieswerelatersurrenderedon25October1535.[79]
ThePortuguesewereactivelyinvolvedinthefoundationandgrowthof
theirRomanCatholicreligiousordersinBombay.[80]Theycalledthe
islandsbyvariousnames,whichfinallytookthewrittenformBombaim.
TheislandswereleasedtoseveralPortugueseofficersduringtheir
regime.ThePortugueseFranciscansandJesuitsbuiltseveralchurchesin
thecity,prominentbeingtheSt.Michael'sChurchatMahim(1534),[81]St.JohntheBaptistChurchatAndheri
(1579),[82]St.Andrew'sChurchatBandra(1580),[83]andGloriaChurchatByculla(1632).[84]ThePortuguese
alsobuiltseveralfortificationsaroundthecityliketheBombayCastle,CastelladeAguada(CastelodaAguada
orBandraFort),andMadhFort.TheEnglishwereinconstantstrugglewiththePortuguesevyingforhegemony
overBombay,astheyrecognizeditsstrategicnaturalharbouranditsnaturalisolationfromlandattacks.Bythe
middleofthe17thcenturythegrowingpoweroftheDutchEmpireforcedtheEnglishtoacquireastationin
westernIndia.On11May1661,themarriagetreatyofCharlesIIofEnglandandCatherineofBraganza,
daughterofKingJohnIVofPortugal,placedtheislandsinpossessionoftheEnglishEmpire,aspartof
Catherine'sdowrytoCharles.[85]However,Salsette,Bassein,Mazagaon,Parel,Worli,Sion,Dharavi,and
WadalastillremainedunderPortuguesepossession.From1665to1666,theEnglishmanagedtoacquireMahim,
Sion,Dharavi,andWadala.[86]
TheMadhFortbuiltbythe
Portuguese,wasoneofthemost
importantfortsinSalsette.

InaccordancewiththeRoyalCharterof27March1668,Englandleased
theseislandstotheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyin1668forasumof10
perannum.[87]Thepopulationquicklyrosefrom10,000in1661,to
60,000in1675.[88]TheislandsweresubsequentlyattackedbyYakut
Khan,theSiddiadmiraloftheMughalEmpire,inOctober1672,[89]
RickloffevanGoen,theGovernorGeneralofDutchIndiaon20
February1673,[90]andSiddiadmiralSambalon10October1673.[89]
In1687,theEnglishEastIndiaCompanytransferreditsheadquarters
fromSurattoBombay.Thecityeventuallybecametheheadquartersof
theBombayPresidency.[91]Followingthetransfer,Bombaywasplaced
TwoviewsoftheEnglishfortin
attheheadofalltheCompany'sestablishmentsinIndia.[92]Towardsthe
Bombay,c.1665
endofthe17thcentury,theislandsagainsufferedincursionsfromYakut
Khanin168990.[93]ThePortuguesepresenceendedinBombaywhen
theMarathasunderPeshwaBajiRaoIcapturedSalsettein1737,andBasseinin1739.[94]Bythemiddleofthe
18thcentury,Bombaybegantogrowintoamajortradingtown,andreceivedahugeinfluxofmigrantsfrom
acrossIndia.[95]Later,theBritishoccupiedSalsetteon28December1774.WiththeTreatyofSurat(1775),the
BritishformallygainedcontrolofSalsetteandBassein,resultingintheFirstAngloMarathaWar.[96]TheBritish
wereabletosecureSalsettefromtheMarathaswithoutviolencethroughtheTreatyofPurandar(1776),[97]and
laterthroughtheTreatyofSalbai(1782),signedtosettletheoutcomeoftheFirstAngloMarathaWar.[98]
From1782onwards,thecitywasreshapedwithlargescalecivilengineeringprojectsaimedatmergingallthe
sevenislandsintoasingleamalgamatedmass.Thisproject,knownasHornbyVellard,wascompletedby
1784.[20]In1817,theBritishEastIndiaCompanyunderMountstuartElphinstonedefeatedBajiRaoII,thelast