1

Turbojet
IITKanpur

a
Pi >Pa
ui <u
high
u,Pa
speed
Pi =Pa
ui =u
design
u,Pa
point

turbine
compressor
intake
combustor nozzle
1
4 e
2
i
3

ui,Pi

ai:airisbroughttointakefromfarupstream(wherepressure
isambientpressureandrelativevelocityisflightspeed)with
possibleaccelerationordeceleration
i1:airisdeceleratedasitpassesthroughtheintake(diffuser)
andreachescompressorinlet
12:airiscompressedinadynamiccompressor

ui,Pi

23:air(gases)isheatedbyburningfuel
34:air(gases)isexpandedthroughaturbine,justenoughto
obtainpowertodrivethecompressor

Pi <Pa
low ui >u
speed

ui,Pi

4e:air(gases)isacceleratedandexhaustedthroughthe
exhaustnozzle(ifnotfullyexpanded,Pe Pa)

u,Pa
beforeintake(subsonic)

IdealJetPropulsionCycle
3
turbine

IITKanpur

Temperature(T)

4
nozzle

e underexpanded(Pe >Pa)
turbine
compressor
intake
2
combustor nozzle
e fullyexpanded(Pe =Pa)
a
compressor
a i
1
4 e
2
3
Opencycle
IdealBrayton cycle:Isentropiccompression intake1
i
(compressor)andexpansion(turbine),
a
Pi canbe<,=or>Pa,dependingon
theflightspeedanddesignspeed
Isobaricheataddition(combustor)andheat
rejection(closedcycle)
Specificentropy(s)
Inidealjetpropulsioncyclethegasesareexpandedinaturbinetoapressuresuchthatthe
powerproducedbytheturbineisjustsufficienttodrivethecompressor
Duetoflightspeed,somecompressioncanbeachievedindiffuser,priortocompressorentry
Assume:
o compression(diffuser+compressor)andexpansion(turbine+nozzle)isadiabaticand
reversible,i.e.isentropic
o Intakeentrypressure(Pi)=ambientpressure(Pa),nozzleisfullyexpanded(Pe =Pa)
o Heataddition(combustor)isisobaric(simplefrictionlessheaters)
o Velocitiesthroughsections14(incompressor,combustorandturbine)arenegligible
o Workingfluidisair(caloricallyperfect,constantcp)withconstantspecificheatratio()

Intake
IITKanpur
Ambient:temperature(Ta)andpressure(Pa)
/
Flightspeed(u)=
Ma
Intake(i1),ambientconditionsati:
o Asvelocityat1(compressorinlet)isassumed0,P1 andT1 arethestagnation
pressure(isentropicflow)andtemperatureforconditionsa,i and1
o Noshaftworkorheattransferintheintake
T1,P1
Ta,Pa
,

diffuser
i=a 1

0,adiabatic 0,noshaft
work
0

0,neglected

0,neglected

Compressor
IITKanpur
Compressor(12):
o Isentropiccompression(adiabatic+reversible)withgivenpressureratio(rp =P2/P1),
alsovelocitiesinthecompressorareassumednegligible
o Noheattransferinthecompressor(adiabatic),theshaftworkdoneonthe
compressorresultsintheenthalpyriseofair
T2,P2
T1,P1
/

compressor
1

0,adiabatic

0,neglected

0,neglected

Combustor
IITKanpur
Combustor(23):
o Withgivenfuelairratio

andheatingvalueoffuel

o Nopressurelossinthecombustor(isobaricheataddition)
o Assumedheatadditiontoair

,assumingf<<1:
T2,P2

T3,P3

combustor
2
3

0,noshaft
work

0,neglected

0,neglected

Turbine
IITKanpur
Turbine(34):
o Turbinesuppliesjustenoughpowertosupplythecompressorrequirement:
o Sincetheprocessisadiabatic(noheattransfer),work(shaft)donebytheturbine
resultsinenthalpydrop(assumingsameairflowrate, )
o Attheendoftheturbinewestillhavehightemperatureandpressuregastobe
furtherexpandedinthenozzletogeneratehighvelocitystream
T4,P4
T3,P3

equatingcompressorandturbinework
turbine
3 4

0,adiabatic

0,neglected

0,neglected

Nozzle
IITKanpur
Nozzle(4e),fullyexpanded(Pe =Pa):
o Atnozzleinletwehavehighpressure(P4)andtemperature(T4)gas
o Nozzleinletisassumedtohavenearzerovelocity,nozzleexitatvelocity(ue)
o Inthenozzlethereisnoworkorheatinteraction,hencestagnation
temperatureisconstant
o Theprocessisassumedtobeisentropic
Te,Pe =Pa
T4,P4

forfullyexpandedcase
ambientpressure

using:

0,adiabatic 0,noshaft
work
0

nozzle
4 e

0,neglected

0,neglected

Example(idealjetpropulsioncycle)
IITKanpur
Given:
Turbojetflightspeed(u)=260m/s
Ambientpressure(Pa)=35kPa,ambienttemperature(Ta)=40C(233K)
Compressorpressureratio(rp)=10,turbineinlettemperatureT3 =1100C(1373K)
Massflowrateofair( )=45kg/s
cP =1.005kJ/kgK(1005J/kgK),specificheatratio( =1.4)
Heatingvalueoffuel(QR)=45MJ/kg
Find:
Thrust(Th)
Velocityofgasesatnozzleexit(ue)
Thrustpower(Thu)
Propulsionefficiency(p)
Rateofadditionofkineticenergy
Thermalefficiency(th)
Chemicalenergyconsumptionrate
Overallefficiency(o)
Fuelairratio(f)
Solution:
Compressorinlet(diffuseroutlet)condition(velocity~0):processa1
/

233

267

35

. / .

56.4

Example(idealjetpropulsioncycle)
IITKanpur
Combustorinlet(compressoroutlet)condition(velocity~0):process12
10
/

56.4

564
.

267 10

/ .

515

Turbineinlet(combustoroutlet)condition(velocity~0):process23
564

1373

Nozzleinlet(turbineoutlet)condition(velocity~0):process34
1373

515
.
.

564

267

1125

281

Nozzleexitcondition(fullyexpanded,Pe =Pa):process4e
.

.
1125
620
2

1005 1125
1.4

287

620
620

1007

500 m/s

~2

10

Example(idealjetpropulsioncycle)
IITKanpur
Solution:
Propulsionefficiency:

Thrustpower:

260

8.74

Rateofadditionofkineticenergy:

Thermalefficiency:
/

33615

41%

55%

/2
/2
45 1007 /2 260 /2

21.30

Chemicalenergyconsumptionrate:
Overallefficiency:

0.41

0.55

38.8

22.5%

45

1005 1373

515

Fuelairratio(f):

Unusableenthalpypercentage:

Assumingheatingvalue(QR)=45MJ/kg:
45%
0.02

Thrust:
45 1007

260

33.6

Fuelflowrateisonly2%ofairflowrate