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Addressing endogeneity
When faced with the prospect of unobserved endogeneity,
we can:
1. ignore the problem, and suffer the consequences of biased and
inconsistent estimators;
2. try to find and use a suitable proxy variable for the unobserved
variable (e.g., IQ is a good proxy for ability in the regression of
wage on education);
3. assume that the unobservables do not change over time, and use
fixed effects or first-differencing;
4. leave the unobserved variable in the error term, but use
instrumental variables estimation, (a.k.a. two-stage least squares,
or 2SLS), which recognizes the presence of the omitted variable.
Sample table
Model
(2)
Model
(3)
Independent variable of
interest
Coefficient
(standard error)
Coefficient
(standard error)
Coefficient
(standard error)
Control 1
Coefficient
(standard error)
Coefficient
(standard error)
Coefficient
(standard error)
Control 2
Coefficient
(standard error)
Coefficient
(standard error)
Coefficient
(standard error)
Number
Number
Number
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Number of observations
Fixed effects
Statistical significance
The most common convention to convey statistical
significance is to place a number of stars next to
the estimated coefficient as follows:
* for 10% significance;
** for 5% significance;
*** for 1% significance;
Questions?
11