EE 295

Smarter Electric Energy Systems

Part 2: Smart Grid and Power
Supply

Dr. Paul Hines

University of Vermont
School of Engineering

NY City, Nov. 9, 1965

Bob Gomel, Life

Balancing supply and demand

1/10 sec

1 sec

Inertia

Droop
control

10 sec
Auto.
Gen.
Control

Minutes

Hours

Load
Hourly
Following
Markets
Adjustments OPF

Days

Unit
Commit-
ment

Months
Seasonal
Planning

Years
Investment
planning.
Policy.

EE 295
Smarter Electric Energy Systems
Part 2A Some Basics of Power
Supply Economics

Dr. Paul Hines

University of Vermont
School of Engineering

NY City, Nov. 9, 1965

Bob Gomel, Life

A thermal power plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_plant
4

Power plant costs

Capital cost (under Fixed O&M)
Annualized cost

Operations and Maintenance

Variable O&M

Costs that increase/decrease with plant output

e.g. wear and tear on machines.
Taxes
Emissions permits

Fixed O&M

Costs that dont vary

e.g. Personnel

50 MW McNeil has 40 on staff

Smaller (<10MW) VT hydro plants can have 1-5 on staff

Land permits, etc.

Fuel

Power plant heat rate curve

5

Power plant revenue sources

Energy sales
Ancillary services (e.g. reserves or reactive power)
Capacity payments
Renewable Energy Credits
Emissions Permits (if it owns more than it consumes)
Direct sales of CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery, or
processes
Process heat sales
Sales of post-combustion solids
Renewable Energy Credits (for qualifying plants)
Tax Credits
6

Incremental & Average Cost

Incremental costs are typically driven by a plants
heat rate curve and fuel prices
Average costs include O&M

Power flow and contingency analysis

Power flow
How does the power get from here to there?

Contingency analysis
If any one of these n components break, how will the
power get from here to there?

OPF and its friends

Economic Dispatch
Optimal power flow

Adds power flow constraints to ED

AC vs. DC

Unit commitment

Add time (ramp rates, shut down/startup costs) to the ED

problem

Security constrained OPF

Add the contingency constraints to OPF

Security constrained unit commitment

Combines SCOPF and Unit commitment

Stochastic unit commitment will discuss from SIAM

paper on Monday
9

10

MISO LMP map

https://www.misoenergy.org/LMPContourMap/MISO_All.html
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Smart Grid and Power Supply

Demand Response, Renewables
and Bulk Storage

Dr. Paul Hines

University of Vermont
School of Engineering

NY City, Nov. 9, 1965

Bob Gomel, Life

Three smart grid balancing technologies

Renewables
Demand response
Using IT (both prices and direct control) to reduce
peak demand

Storage

13

Renewables

Dr. Paul Hines

University of Vermont
School of Engineering

NY City, Nov. 9, 1965

Bob Gomel, Life

15

16

Non-hydro renewable generation

US Non-hydro renewable generation
as a percent of total
9.0%
8.0%
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

17

Solar
Extra-terrestrial:
P = ~1353 W/m2
Terrestrial:
P = ~1000 W/m2
Find the daily energy
from the sun. Compare
this to ~80 million bpd oil
production.
mean radius of earth =
6,371 km

18

19

A VT day in January
200

180

160

140

120
Global

100

Direct

80

60

40

20

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

A day in June
800

700

600

500
Series1
400

Series2
Series3

300

200

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

21

For a fixed angle collector

22

Types of solar conversion

Passive solar
Solar hot water
Solar process heat
Concentrating solar thermal plant

Active solar
Solar PV

23

Solar thermal plant

24

Passive solar hot water

ra2energy.com
25

Solar PV

26

PV characteristic

27

Solar PV & intermittency

Not Gaussian as book
Indicates

28

Wind resources

29

30

31

Intermittency

Source: Jay Apt

32

Wind turbines

33

Tidal energy

Alternate is to dam up a small body of water (fjords in Norway)

34

Demand Response
(Using data from BED)

Dr. Paul Hines

University of Vermont
School of Engineering

NY City, Nov. 9, 1965

Bob Gomel, Life

What is Demand Response?

Demand Response is a
program through which
customers can receive
payments for voluntarily
reducing their electricity use
at times when costs related to
maintaining New England
generating capability and
transmission capability are
high (which are also typically
the times when wholesale
electricity prices are high as
well). For BED the program is
driven by economics (rather
than by concerns about BED
system reliability).

9/30/15

36

DR Impact

65

Actual Load

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25

Burlington Electric Department

11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Monitoring event day loads

ISO-NE loads are

monitored on potential DR
event days to see how
closely the actual load is
tracking the forecasted
load. A real-time chart for
New England is available
on the CONVEX website.
Intra-day activation
decisions (i.e. stop early or
extend period) are made
utilizing this data.

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37

Burlington Electric Department

June 2009 New England Loads

ISO-NE YTD Peak: 20,701 MW (Jan)

9/30/15

38

Burlington Electric Department

June 2009 Vermont System Loads

One BEDR event on June (6/25)

Vermont YTD Peak: 973 MW (Jan. 1, 2009)

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39

Burlington Electric Department

Event 1 June 25, 2009

Payment for performance is based on estimated values unless a
demand response event is called. BED desired to establish a
baseline of actual versus estimated performance prior to entering
July and August (when more significant loads were expected)
If monthly transmission costs could be reduced at the same time it
would be an added benefit.
Run DR program from 12:01-4:00pm to target the Vermont peak
hour.
Current nomination: 2,305 kW

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40

Burlington Electric Department

Event 1 - Performance: 2,176 kW (94.4%)

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Burlington Electric Department

Event 1 Impact on BED system load

65

DR Impact

Actual Load

60

Megawatts

55
50
45
40
35
30
25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

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42

Burlington Electric Department

Event 7 August 21, 2009

Initial load projections for August 21 did not indicate a new
peak, but morning loads on August 21 were running higher
than expected, and a new peak was looking possible.
Run DR program from 3:00-4:00 pm to target the New England,
Vermont and BED peak hours.
Current Nomination (kW): 2,045

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43

Burlington Electric Department

Event 7 Performance (kW): 356 (17.4%)

BED DR Program Event Summary - System Aggregate
August 21, 2009 3:00 PM - 4:00 PM (EDT)

Event End

Event Start

15 MW

Baseline Usage
Actual Usage
Committed Capacity

10 MW

5 MW

0 MW
1:00 PM

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2:00 PM

44

3:00 PM

4:00 PM

Burlington Electric Department

5:00 PM

6:00 PM

Event 7 Results & Comments

Very little participation from customers. The large customer
mentioned in the last event remained unable to participate.
Customer fatigue increasing.
Peak load for the day never reached annual peak levels but did
reach 24,934 MW 99.5% of peak from August 18
Peak Day

BEDR Impact

ISO Annual

No

---

VT Annual

No

---

BED Annual

No

---

VT Monthly

No

---

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45

Burlington Electric Department

Bulk storage

Dr. Paul Hines

University of Vermont
School of Engineering

NY City, Nov. 9, 1965

Bob Gomel, Life

Rationale for storage

High power, lower energy:
Smooth out the short term fluctuations in
wind/solar/load
E.g., Li ion batteries

Lower power, high energy:

Arbitrage: buy energy at night, sell during the day
e.g.: Niagara falls

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Bulk storage
Types of storage

Batteries
Thermal
Compressed air
Pumped hydro
Flywheels

Size

kW
kWh

Cost metrics
$/kW
$/kWh

Density

kW/kg
kWh/kg
48

From PNNL:

Kintner-Meyer et al.
Energy Storage for Power Systems Applications: A regional
assessment for the Northwest Power Pool.
PNNL, April 2010
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Power and Energy Density

50

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Typical capacity factors, operating hours

Capacity factor = (average power)/capacity
Peaking plants: 10-2000 hours per year
Shoulder plants: 2000-6000 hours per year
Base load plants: 6000 8500 hours/year
What if we could use the full capacity of our
infrastructure?
How could we do that?
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