CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are words used as joiners.

Different kinds of conjunctions join different kinds of grammatical structures.
The following are the kinds of conjunctions:

A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS)

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Coordinating conjunctions join equals to one another:
words to words,

phrases to phrases,

clauses to clauses.

Coordinating conjunctions usually form looser connections than other conjunctions do.

Coordinating conjunctions go in between items joined, not at the beginning or end.

Punctuation with coordinating conjunctions:

When a coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no
comma should be placed before the conjunction.

A coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or subordinate

clauses creates a series and requires commas between the elements.

A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a compound

sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating conjunction

B. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
either. . .or

both. . . and

neither. . . nor

not only. . . but also

These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one.

C. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
These conjunctions join independent clauses together.
The following are frequently used conjunctive adverbs:
after all

in addition

next

also

incidentally

nonetheless

as a result

indeed

on the contrary

besides

in fact

on the other hand

consequently

in other words

otherwise

finally

instead

still

for example

likewise

then

furthermore

meanwhile

therefore

hence

moreover

thus

however

nevertheless

Punctuation
:

Place a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after

theconjunctive adverb.

D. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
These words are commonly used as subordinating conjunctions

after

in order (that)

unless

although

insofar as

until

as

in that

when

as far as

lest

whenever

as soon as

no matter how

where

as if

now that

wherever

as though

once

whether

because

provided (that)

while

before

since

why

even if

so that

even though

supposing (that)

how

than

if

that

inasmuch as

though

in case (that)

till

Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they make
one clause dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.

A subordinating conjunction may appear at a sentence beginning or between two

clauses in a sentence.

A subordinate conjunction usually provides a tighter connection between clauses than a

coordinating conjunctions does.
Loose:
Tight:

It is raining, so we have an umbrella.

Because it is raining, we have an umbrella.

Punctuation Note:

When the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two
clauses. When the independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause second, do not
separate the two clauses with a comma.

Bibliography
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exerciseconjunctions.php#.VBr-c5SSzk5
http://www.towson.edu/ows/conjunctions.htm

Conjunction exerise

1 You can come to the meeting ______ you don't say anything.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
2 I'm not leaving ______ I get an apology from you.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
3 I came her ______ you could give me an explanation.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
4 Bob is very tall ______ Bill is very short.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
5 You look ______ you've seen a ghost.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if

6 I refuse to pay anything ______ you do the work properly.

so that
as long as
while
until
as if
7 I'm going shopping for food this evening ______ I don't have to go at the
weekend.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
8 You look ______ you haven't eaten for a week.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
9 I came early ______ I could talk to you privately.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
10 ______ I don't think she's perfect for the job, she's certainly better
qualified than Steve.
so that
as long as
while
until

as if
11 I don't mind if you go out for lunch ______ you're back for the meeting at
two.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
12 Are you OK? You look ______ you have a problem.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
13 ______ the job is very interesting, it's also very badly paid.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
14 We'll go to the mountains on Saturday ______ it doesn't rain.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
15 The winters here are very cold ______ the summers are very hot.
so that
as long as
while

until
as if
16 You can write the report when you want ______ it's ready by the end of
the month.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
17 It looks ______ the government has got a lot of problems.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
18 I want Mary to be in charge ______ I get back from holiday.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
19 ______ I don't approve of what you did, I'm not going to punish you for it.
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
20 I'm learning English ______ I can get a better job.
so that
as long as

while
until
as if

List of Interjections
The dictionary defines interjection as an exclamation inserted into an
utterance without grammatical connection to it or any of a class of words
used in this way (Ex.: ouch! well!) ... looking at a list of interjections may
further explain this definition. An interjection is essentially almost any word
in English that you can insert into a sentence to convey emotions.

List of Interjections
The list of interjections used in English is extremely long, just as the list of adjectives or
adverbs would be. Almost any word or phrase can be used as an interjection, if it is
inserted into a sentence to convey emotion. For example, if you hurt yourself, you might
say Darn! That hurt. Darn would be the interjection. You could, however, also say
Ouch! That hurt. Or Dang! That hurt. Or Gee! That hurt! or well, as you can see,
this could go on and on.
Interjections do not always have to come at the beginning of a sentence either. For
example, if you said So, you dont like spinach too much, huh? Huh" would be the
interjection on the end of that sentence, designed to convey the emotion or confusion
(or perhaps sarcasm or dismay at the dislike of spinach).
Interjections can even be found right in the middle of a sentence. For example, When I
think about the number of interjections in English, good gracious, I dont think I could
ever list them all. In this case, good gracious is the interjection, designed to convey
your amazement at the number of interjections, or your dismay at the prospect of listing
them all.

List of Common English Interjections

If you want to jazz up your formal writing with some interjections, here is a list to get you
started.
Absolutely
Ahoy
Alack

Achoo
Agreed
Amen

Ack
Alas
Anytime

Ahh
Alright
Argh

Aha
Alrighty
Anyhoo

Ahem
Alrighty-roo
Anyhow

As if
Bah humbug
Bravo

Attaboy
Behold
Cheers

Attagirl
Bingo
Crud

Awww
Blah
Darn

Awful
Bless you
Dang

Bam
Boo
Doh

Drat
Gee Whiz
Ha
Indeed
Oops
Shucks
Woah

Duh
Golly
Hallelujah
Jeez
Ouch
There
Woops

Eek
Goodnes
Hey
My gosh
Phew
Tut
Wow

Eh
Gee
Goodness Gracious
Hi
Hmm
No
Now
Please
Rats
Uggh
Waa
Yay
Yes

Geepers
Gosh
Huh
Nah
Shoot
What

What are interjections?

In grammar, an interjection is a part of speech or (a lexical category) which is used to

show a short sudden expression of emotion. Examples of common interjections in English
are hi and hey.
Using interjections

Interjections are rarely used in academic or formal writing. They are, however, common
in fiction or artistic writing.
Interjections are often used with exclamation mark.
Examples of interjections

This is a list of some English interjections:

Ah - Ah, what a delicious meal!

Aha - Aha, now I see what you mean!

Alas - I love football but, alas, I have no talent as a player.

Eh - Eh? Say it again - I wasn't listening.

Er - "Is he handsome?" " Er, well - he's got a nice friendly sort of face though he's
not exactly handsome."

Hello - Hello, Paul. I haven't seen you for ages.

Hey - Hey! What are you doing with my car?

Hi - Hi, there!

Hmm - "He says he's doing it for our benefit." " Hmm, I'm still not convinced."

Oh - Is that for me? Oh, you're so kind!

Well - Well, what shall we do now?

Bibliography
http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/interjections/list-ofinterjections.html
http://www.grammarinenglish.com/interjections/?lesson=exercises

Answers

Prepositions
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of
gerund verbs).
Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible.
One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation.
There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is
looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by
heart (study tips).
The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Prepositions Time
English

Usage

Example

on

days of the week

on Monday

in

months / seasons

in August / in winter

time of day

in the morning

year

in 2006

after a certain period of time (when?)

in an hour

for night

at night

for weekend

at the weekend

a certain point of time (when?)

at half past nine

since

from a certain point of time (past till now)

since 1980

for

over a certain period of time (past till now)

for 2 years

ago

a certain time in the past

2 years ago

befor

earlier than a certain point of time

before 2004

to

telling the time

ten to six (5:50)

past

telling the time

ten past six (6:10)

to /

marking the beginning and end of a period of

from Monday to/till

at

English

Usage

till / until

time

until

Friday
in the sense of how long something is going to

till /

Example

last

Friday.
in the sense of at the latest

by

I will be back by 6

oclock.

up to a certain time

He is on holiday until

By 11 o'clock, I had

read five pages.

Prepositions Place (Position and Direction)

English

in

Usage

Example

room, building, street, town, country

in the kitchen, in

book, paper etc.

car, taxi

in the book

picture, world

in the car, in a taxi

in the picture, in

London

the world

at

meaning next to, by an object

at the door, at the

for table

for events

at the table

place where you are to do something typical

at a concert, at the

station

party

(watch a film, study, work)

at the cinema, at

school, at work

on

attached

the picture on the

for a place with a river

being on a surface

for a certain side (left, right)

for a floor in a house

on the table

for public transport

on the left

for television, radio

on the first floor

on the bus, on a

wall

London lies on the

Thames.

plane

English

Usage

left or right of somebody or something

by, next

Example

on TV, on the radio

Jane is standing

to, beside

by / next to / beside the

car.
on the ground, lower than (or covered by)

under

lower than something else but above ground

below

the bag is under

something else

the table
the fish are below

the surface

over

covered by something else

meaning more than

getting to the other side (also across)

your shirt
over 16 years of

age

overcoming an obstacle

put a jacket over

walk over the

bridge

climb over the wall

higher than something else, but not directly over

above
it

lake
getting to the other side (also over)

across

walk across the

bridge

getting to the other side

a path above the

swim across the

lake

something with limits on top, bottom and the

through
sides

to

tunnel

movement to person or building

go to the cinema

movement to a place or country

go to London /

for bed

Ireland

into

drive through the

enter a room / a building

go to bed
go into the
kitchen / the house

towards

movement in the direction of something (but not

directly to it)

go 5 steps towards
the house

English

Usage

Example

onto

movement to the top of something

jump onto the table

from

in the sense of where from

a flower from the

garden

Other important Prepositions

English

from

Usage

who gave it

Example
a present from

Jane

of

who/what does it belong to

a page of the book

what does it show

the picture of a
palace

by

who made it

a book by Mark

Twain

on

walking or riding on horseback

on foot, on
horseback

entering a public transport vehicle

get on the bus

in

entering a car / Taxi

get in the car

off

leaving a public transport vehicle

get off the train

out of

leaving a car / Taxi

get out of the taxi

by

rise or fall of something

prices have risen

travelling (other than walking or horseriding)

at

for age

by 10 percent

by car, by bus

she learned
Russian at 45

about

for topics, meaning what about

we were talking
about you

Bibliography

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepositions
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepositions/exercises?07
Exercise

Answers

Forum
English Proficiency I : Forum-Is it always spoken?
Chairperson :Very good morning and assalamualaikum for all audience and panelist. It was
great day today to disscuss and debate about news. Nowaday, many diseases and health
problem happen around us. Besides, there are so many opinion about how to prevent or protect
our environment from this problem. So, today panelist that can shared an information between
us were invited. Theres Dr. Mohd Aidil bin Othman from Hospital Pusrawi. He work as chronic
lung diseases. In left side him, there is Datuk Muhammad Faris Aiman bin Mohd Zaki as
socialist on Pertubuhan Anti Dadah Malaysia. Next, Miss Nor Sharnida binti Daud from SMK
Seri Suria. She works as senior school councellor for 10 years.Lastly, I also invited psychologist
Universiti Malaya, Dr.Nor Hidayahne binti Jamil to hit us to a better and happy lifestyle.

Smoking is the problem among youth and adult is not peculiar to our country. Neither is it
a new phenomenon. Smoking is the largest preventable cause of premature death, illness and
disability. There is voluminous research to prove beyond and doubt that smoking is harmful to
the health of smokers to those around them. Besides, there are effecting a bad cause in human
being. Are there serious? For that, I would give the all questioning about the smoking
phenomenon that really worse to Dr. Aidil bin Othman.

1st panelist - Lung specialist:

Respiratory disease is common disease in the world.

Smoking can damage our respiratory system. Respiratory Disease is the term for diseases of
the respiratory system. These include diseases of the lung, pleural cavity, bronchial tubes,
trachea, and upper respiratory tract and of the nerves and muscles of breathing. Respiratory
diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening such as
bacterial pneumonia or pulmonary embolism.

The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology. A doctor who specializes in

respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist, a chest medicine specialist, a respiratory
medicine specialist, a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist.

Chairperson : How about the serious respiratory diseases that you can related with it? Please
explain to us.
Lung specialist:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most

common lung diseases. It makes it difficult to breathe. There are two main forms of COPD:

Chronic bronchitis, defined by a long-term cough with mucus

Emphysema, defined by destruction of the lungs over time

Most people with COPD have a combination of both conditions

The causes is form exposure to certain gases or fumes in the workplace, exposure to
heavy amounts of second-hand smoke and frequent use of cooking gas without proper
ventilation.
Cough with mucus, shortness of breath (dyspneadyspnea) that gets worse with mild
activity, fatigue, and frequent respiratory infections and wheezing. Since the symptoms of COPD
develop slowly, some people may be unaware that they are sick.
The best test for COPD is a simple lung function test called spirometer. This involves
blowing out as hard as one can into a small machine that tests lung capacity. The test can be
interpreted immediately and does not involve exercising, drawing blood, or exposure to
radiation.Using a stethoscope to listen to the lungs can also be helpful, although sometimes the
lungs sound normal even when COPD is present. Pictures of the lungs (such as X-rays and CT
scans) can be helpful but sometimes look normal even when a person has COPD. Sometimes it
is necessary to do a blood test (call a blood gas) to measure the amounts of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the blood.

Chairperson :Thats very helpful information from Dr. Aidil. We must keep it as a small advice
from a specialist in lung cancers. Nowaday, there are many campaign and seminars for

preventing the bad habit which is addiction on smoking that focusing the next generation,
teenagers and youngster. For the moment, we also have a governments advises that shown in
campaign. However, NGOs also have a serious commitment on this. So, I would like to debate
about this with our panelist, Datuk Faris Aiman to answer it.

2nd Panelist-socialist : Thank you for giving me an opportunity to shared the information about
today topic. I as a president of Anti-drug Organizations believe that addicton among teenagers
is the serious problem in Malaysia. Besides, we on NGOs also trust what we going held to give
all teenagers awareness about bad habits which is smoking. I also believe if we can give
support and encouragement between community, we will success to reduces this bad habit
especially among youth. Futhermore, in fact, in recent survey by Ministry Youth and Sport on
negative behaviours among 5 860 adolescents 80% indicated that they had ever experience in
smoking. So, I believe the bad habit can be control by community if we together bring a good
manner around us.

Otherwise, in my opinion, we should not only blamed the teenagers when they are
smoking but we should think wisely about the environtment of surrounding.

Chairperson : Are there have a statistic or other fact that you can shared with us?

Socialist : Yes, I have. For an examples, there is a statistic at Kelantan which that shown the
prevalence of male adolescent smoking in Malaysia reported as 30% by the National Health
Mobidity survey conducted nationwide in 1996. It shown that higher prevalence than national
level. I also believe this may be because of homogenity of study in participants. As conclusion, I
think the fact really help NGOs to give some information and awareness to prevent the more

serious negative influence among teenagers to join us in community activities such as rafting,
camping or seminar.

Although they have influence of friends, encouraging them to smoke, but there is more
strong, encouraging them to do this the smoking ads promising to attract interest. In addition,
fact shown that image such as Marlboro Man equate smoking with a macho ruggedness that is
appealing to men and boys. This theme mirror the pressure many boys face tobe tough. Boys
believe that smoking will give them the aura coolness that they are searching for.

Chairperson : Thank you. Datuk Faris Aiman.Everyone knows that smoking is bad for your
health, and tobacco prevention efforts are everywhere. So why do so many teens continue to do
it? Tobacco advertising may impact that decision more than we realize. We know that kids feel
peer pressure from other kids in their everyday lives. But the teens and adults in cigarette
advertising may be one of the most influential peer groups of all. Images such as the Marlboro
Man equate smoking with a macho ruggedness that is appealing to men and boys. This theme
mirrors the pressures many boys face to be tough. Boys may believe that smoking will give
them the aura of coolness they are searching for. I think thats being a mitos is too much for the
teenagers. Did you agreed with me Miss Nor Sharnida? How can we give something inside from
us to keep our generation from suffered this bad habit?

3rd panelist- school cauncellor : First and foremost, I would like to thanks organizer for
inviting me to deliver some benefit information on our forum today. A very good morning also to
Miss Chairman, panels and my beloved audience.

Today, right now..millions of children around the world and in our neighborhood
are on the verge of becoming hooked, not on phonics but on cigarette! I am a teacher,
counselor, social worker, member of society and also a mother of two boys which both
are teenagers.

As a parent, I am concerned that my sons may be influenced to use cigarette or

be involved in behaviors and activities that will derail their future!
What about you? Are you a parent like me who is concerned about the plague of
cigarette that threatens your son or daughter? Or are you a person who wants to make
a difference in the lives of children?
Since I am a counselor, Ive faced with so many problems related with smoking
and there are many persons who came to me and mentioned their intention to quit
smoking but they failed. Ive done some researches and find out a few ways that we can
do to help our teenagers to stop smoking or at least reduce addiction of cigarette among
them.
Chairperson : Puan, how about to reduce smoking addiction? Please plessure to explain it.

School cauncellor : The first step is if you are a smoker, put down your cigarette. If you
dont smoke, keep it that way. This is because teenagers who have parents that smoke,
they are tend to follow their parents habit. Secondly, roles play with your teenagers to
give practice at saying no. If you walk through this situation together, your teenagers will
be better equipped to say no when approached by a peer who smokes.

Other than that, remind your teenagers about the unattractive qualities of
smoking such as bad breath, yellow teeth, smelly clothes and chronic cough just might
be enough to turn your teenagers off to the idea of smoking. Apart from that, parents
can also talk to their teenagers about smoking. When you understand where your
teenagers might be looking to fit in, you can understand the doors that might be open to
the use of tobacco. You ought to encourage good behavior with positive praise.
As a counselor, I tried my best to play a vital role to help my client or school
students to stop smoking and reduce addiction of cigarette. For example, at first I will
have a frank discussion session with the students and offer them advices. At the same
time, I will motivate and promote them till they have the desire to quit smoking.

Its not easy to stop smoking but never forget that where theres a will, theres a
way !!
Chairperson : It was great motivation about the reality today. As an adult, we must keep mind
to give a good manner to the youngster. So, for the moment, we can see many research and
experiment on smoking habits. Others, doctors and psychologist found that disease not only
cause a physical effects but also on emotional caution. To the further information, I would invited
Dr. Nor Hidayahne Bt. Jamil to share with us about the addiction on smoking habits among
teenagers.

4th panelist- Psychologist : Firstly, a very good morning and thank you Miss Chairman for
inviting me to talk about this topic. We always heard people talk about smoking especially
among the teenagers so this is a very common issue that most people talk about. Im as the
psychologist will answer the question given by Miss Chairman.
There are many reasons why smokers among teenagers start to smoke. The major
cause is their family especially their parents. Children whose parents smoke are twice as likely
to start compared to those with non-smoking parents. There are a phrase like father, like son
that I think most suitable to be related with this situation.
As we know, teenagers having the nature of curiosity. When they see their family smoke
especially their father or brothers for the whole day, teenagers are wondering what is so
interesting with smoking. And the last solution for that question, the teenagers will try to smoke
themselves to find what is so special with cigarette.
When the teenagers start to smoke, they will influence their peers especially at the
school. During recess time, they will offer cigarettes to their friends and I think the usual and
most safe place to smoke is in the toilet. Their friends who do not want to follow, they will taunt
and challenge them until those teenagers follow.

Chairperson : What does if the teenagers feel when they are smoking,doctor?

Psychologist : Teenagers especially boys think smoke can make them matured. This is one of
the misconceptions of their minds. At this level, they still cannot differentiate which one is good
and bad for them. The teenagers assume that smoking will make they look smarter, cooler and
interesting. That is not true at all because smoking is only harmful to the teenagers.
Actually, those emotions of teenagers are normal because they have a curious nature,
influence of friends and try to change the appearance. To solve this problem, parents, teachers
and adults are responsible because they must take serious action to curb the addiction of
smoking among the teens.

In conclusion, the problems can be solved in so many ways. Emotionally, we need to

increase awareness among teenagers and youth to avoid them from bad influence. Before
everything becomes bad to worst, the society should be alert with their environment because
the teenagers today are always changed and easy to be influenced by peers, media and all bad
influences around them. We still have time to save our generation and have you ever heard
better late than never.

Chairperson : we will break a few minutes for give a chance to audience give a question to our
panelist today.

Second round
Chairperson : Puan Nor Sharnida, I have a curiousity about the teenagers in school
environment. For that, I have one question to you, what are recommendation programs to
prevent the tobacco addict?

School cauncellor : In my opinion, there a few recommendations that we can apply to

solve the smoking problem or reduce smoking addiction among students. Firstly, I will
motivate the student who smoke and have a frank discussion session with them
personally. I will also provide a complete information about smoking whether the

reasons, risks and any other disadvantages. Therefore, they will start to have a desire
for quitting smoking. Apart from that, parents should also give a fully support to their
smoking children and let they think that quitting smoking is the best thing that they have
done in their life. Dont ever force them to do it because teenagers will not change
without their own desire.
Audience : My name is Moni. I from Melaka.I would ask to Dr. Aidil. What is a
medication use to treat COPD diseases?
Lung cancer specialist : There is no cure for COPD. However, there are many things you can
do to relieve symptoms and keep the disease from getting worse. Persons with COPD must
stop smoking. This is the best way to slow down the lung damage. Medications used to treat
COPD include:

Inhalers (bronchodilators) to open the airways, such as ipratropium (Atrovent),

tiotropium (Spiriva), salmeterol (Serevent), or formoterol (Foradil)

Inhaled steroids to reduce lung inflammation

Chaiperson : That its a good answer for us. Thank you to our panellist today.
As concequence, I conclude that smoking give us a bad lifestyle. Perhaps social life can
be more unhappy because the bad habits. But despite such as strong evidence linking
to smoking to health problem and mortality rates, people still choose to subject their
bodies to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke. Aspecially among teenagers. That
unfortunely, will never happen as the tobacco industry is too big a money-maker to
forsaken.
So, it is better to quitting smoke to prevent our next generation from bad habit lifestyle.
Theres is the most effective way to do that. As a tips, there are some I would like to
share. First, quitting smoking can reduced health risk. Secondly, it is substantially
reduces the risk of developing and dying from cancer.

Thirdly, nicotine replacement products can help quitting smoking. The last but no least,
alternative approaches such as hypnosis,acupuncture,acupressure or laser therapy can
be use to quit smoking.
Thats all for the forum today. Thank you.

Listen to an Interview and Write down the

Opinion
Source of the interview

: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jl3zob-WPVE

Opinion on the interview:

Background of ECCE Council
-

The ECCE Council was set up under EPP1, Ramping Up Early Child Care and
Education, an initiative under the Economic Transformation Program (ETP), to

boost the countrys economy.

The main purposes of ECCE Council is for the Council to be the link between the
government and the early childhood care and education (ECCE) industry.

Reason why we need high quality early childhood care and education
-

The first 5 years of a childs life is the most critical period for development.
Children are born with over 100 billion neurons or brain cells. These cells need
experiences for them to connect to form synapses and neural pathways for the
brain to develop. Therefore, the kind of experiences a child has or is exposed to

determine the way the brain develops.

Stress can change the architecture of the brain. If a childs needs are not met,
stress hormones or cortisols are released. High, sustained levels of cortisols in
the brain do not only lead to impairment in learning and memory but also to
behavioural disorder. Thus, we may be nurturing an emotional monster.

What will ECCE Council do with the childhood care centers and preschools are
operating without proper licenses?
-

The Ministry of Education in collaboration with the Council had conducted road

shows to inform the importance of registration.

However, parents and society must play their part by sending their children to
registered childcare centres and registered preschools.

Parents need send their children to egistered childcare centres and preschools
are more likely to meet the standards required by the Department of Social
Welfare and Ministry of Education respectively

What are the things that current early childhood care and education operators can do to
upgrade their status so they will be recognized as qualified operators and educators?
-

The Council has been advocating for quality early childhood care and education.
To be a member of the ECCE Council, the minimum qualification is Diploma in

Early Childhood Education (ECE) or its equivalents.

However, in the interim period, working experiences are considered.

Advice to the existing early childhood care and education operators and educators
-

Love what you do and have self-respect. When a person respects him/herself,

the person will give his/her level best.

Early childhood educators and operators need to respect themselves before they
can demand respect from others.

Report Writing
ARTICLE: Factual
Haze: A Danger to Health by Loh Ming Wen
The haze is a constant phenomenon faced by Malaysia and her neighbouring countries.
The haze is basically pollution of atmosphere, which is clogged with pollutants and other
substances from forest fires.
The haze is a direct effect of forest fire in Kalimantan and other parts of Indonesia due to
slash and burn method of farming. The Indonesian authorities appear to have no power to
control farmers from practising such methods. The haze is further worsened by open burning
practised by most Malaysians. Open-field burning of rice straw by the rice planters and open
burning of dried leaves and garbage done by the public are a few examples that done by
Malaysian. Many are ignorant of the health effects of open burning.
During the haze, hospitals and clinic often report a dramatic increase in respiratory
problems, lung infections and asthma attack. The Air Pollution Index (API) usually indicates the
hazardous and dangerous levels of pollution during this period. The haze has long-term side
effects. Prolonged inhalation of polluted air will result in serious lung infection which particularly
affects the elderly.
The government must play its role to reduce the haze treat. It has to cooperate with the
Indonesian authorities to stamp out forest fires. The culprits must be brought to justice, either
through healthy fine or prison sentence. Constant vigilance would ensure the perpetrators do
not repeat their offence.
The government should also raise the public awareness of the dangers of forest fire.
Continuous campaign of the cause, solutions and steps-need-to-be-taken to reduce the haze
need to be promoted through all types of social media like television, radio, newspaper and
even via internet. The authorities should also provide assistance to farmers and introduce more
sophisticated forest clearing methods.
In Malaysia, strict laws must be imposed to penalise those who practise open burning.
On-going campaigns on the dangers of open burning should be intensified. Individuals too have

a role to play. They must participate in every campaign and stop burning. Students can advise
their parents not to practice open burning.
Every individual has to remember that we do not own the world, but instead we lent it
from our future generations. We must protect our world so that our grandchildren woulh have a
healthy earth to live.

Source from:
http://englishforallsmkbenut.blogspot.com/p/spm-sample-of-essays-directed-writing.html

ARTICLE: Article for School Magazine / Newsletter

How Internet Affects Life
By:Syawalynn Zain
Nowadays, the use of Internet is increasing especially among adolescence or more
accurately, students. The Internet issue is discussed by the adults and parents. Most of them
are worried that the use of Internet is dangerous to their kids. Some others said that Internet
may bring benefits to their children especially to those who will be sitting for an examination.
On my opinion, Internet has both benefits and drawbacks. First of all, let me talk about
the benefits first. As we know, Internet is mostly used by students. By surfing internet, students
can visit various websites to assist their studies. The examples of popular websites are
tutortv.com , unicliq.com , and tutor.com.my. They can visit the websites and revise their studies
in more exciting way. Some of them are free. Students can visit it anytime they want. The
websites also provide useful notes and exercises. At the same time, students can get additional
information that they cannot find it in books. For instance, they can go to 'Google' or 'Yahoo'
search engines to search for more ideas to write an essay. In short, Internet provides vast
informations and knowledge which is very beneficial for the students.
Next, Internet also provides lots of social networks such as Facebook , Twitter, MySpace
and many other. Through these social networks, we can add more friends and make new
friends. We can also know friends from other country as these social networks are used
internationally. Other than adding friends, we can also strengthen our relationship with our
friends and family who are staying far away from us using Skype. We can see them in front of
our eyes eventhough they are actually far away from us through web camera.
Besides, Internet also offers entertainment. We canwatch videos of our favourite artists by
just one click through 'Youtube' website. We can also watch favourite movies without paying.
Plus, there are many artists born from 'Youtube'. So, fans can know more about the artists from
Youtube. Meanwhile, 4shared.com provides tracks, videos and files that can be downloaded for
free!

Internet users can enjoy themselves at anytime watching their favourite artists'

performance for free.

Internet doen not only offersbenefits for students but also to those who want to gain more
money. It also provides business opportunities. As for example, mudah.my gives a wide room
for surfers to promote anything they want to sell. Through this, people with no job can gain
money and support their lives by doing the online business.
However, as I said earlier, Internet also brings bad effects to its users. Firstly, it can
encourage cyber crimes. Besides that, students who spend too much time on Internet may
neglect their studies and do not finish their homework. This should be avoided as studies are
important especially to teenagers.
Although Internet can add more friends to our list, yet, it still can develop anti-social
behaviour. Not all of the users use Internet to make friends, someof them only play video games
or just sit down wayching videos on Youtube. They will only sit and ignore what is happening
around them. The worst thing is, they may not realise that there is an earthquake out there! This
anti-social behaviour may leads to health problems. The users will just stay at home and sit in
front of computer and this will cause them to be lazy couch potatoes. It will also lead to obesity.
Next, most students will not attracted to surf knowledgeable websites, but wasting their
time on other non-beneficial things. Wasting timeon Internet can cause students to neglect their
studies. Not only time is wasted but also money. With the uses of more electricity non-stop,
utility bills may increase dramatically. We just not pay for the electric bills but also internet
monthly bills.
The conclusion is, everything has its own benefits and drawbacks. However, it depends on
how we are using it. If we spend more time using it for benefits, we will get positive effects. But if
we use it more to non-beneficial things, we will get negative effects. So, it depends on you.

DIRECTED: ARTICLE / REPORT: Newspaper Article / Report

RAIN EVERYWHERE BUT NOT A DROP IN THE SG SELANGOR DAM

BY PATRICK LEE

Low tide: The worryingly low level at the Sg Selangor Dam near Kuala Kubu Baru, Selangor.
Picture was taken yesterday.

PETALING JAYA: The Sungai Selangor dam, the states largest, has barely seen an increase in
its level despite the current rainy spell.
According to the Selangor Water Management Authority (LUAS) website, the dam was at
33.13% capacity as of 8am Saturday.
It has been hovering around this mark for weeks, still dangerously close to its 30% critical level.

Water experts said consumers must brace for any eventuality and that water must be
conserved.
Malaysian Water Association (MWA) president Syed Mohamad Adnan Alhabshi said a full dam
would act as a buffer during dry weather periods.
He said in January this year, the Sungai Selangor dam was at 70%, which was not enough to
stave off water rationing.
(If) the dam was at 100% in January, then the rest of the year would be quite stable, he said.
Syed Mohamad said it was hard to predict what capacity the dams would have by the end of the
year.
Association of Water and Energy Research (Awer) president S. Piarapakaran said longer
periods of rainfall was needed to prepare dams for dry seasons, adding that it was important
that rain must fall in the catchment areas.
He said states with low dam levels would be hard hit during droughts.
Meteorological Department spokesman Dr Hisham Mohd Anip said rainfall was expected during
the inter-monsoon period in October throughout the country.
However, he said it was hard to say if rain would fall in the catchment areas due to the
unpredictability of weather.
He said there was no sign of the El Nino phenomenon in Malaysia so far, adding that if it were to
arrive by the year end, it would be very weak and will not have a large effect on the weather
pattern.
A heat wave in the first quarter of the year and falling dam levels saw water rationing imposed in
many parts of the peninsula.
Selangor and the Klang Valley were the hardest hit, with more than 6.7 million people affected
by rationing.

Formal Letter
65 Market Street
Val Haven, CT 95135

______________________________________________________________________
Customer Service
Cool Sports, LLC
8423 Green Terrace Road
Asterville, WA 65435

June 30, 2004

Dear Sir or Madam:

I have recently ordered a new pair of soccer cleats (item #6542951) from your website on June
21. I received the order on June 26. Unfortunately, when I opened it, I saw that the cleats were
used. The cleats had dirt all over it and there was a small tear in front of the part where the left
toe would go. My order number is AF26168156.
To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged for my
cleats; I have already went out and bought a new pair of cleats at my local sporting goods store
so sending another would result in me having two pairs of the same cleats.
Than you for taking the time to read this letter. I have been a satisfied customer of your
company for many years and this is the first time I have encountered a problem. If you need to
contact me, you can reach me at (555) 555-5555.
Sincerely,
Signature
Ken Thomas

Chong Mei Lin,

40, JalanTempler,
Taman HatiBersih,
76 000 Seremban,
Negeri Sembilan
_________________________________________________________________________
The Manager,
Lim and Sons Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd.,
Lot 123, Interstate Industrial Area,
76 001 Nilai,
Negeri Sembilan

18 JULY 2010

Dear Sir / Madam,

Application for the Post of Accounts Assistant

I wish to apply for the post of Accounts Assistant as advertised in The New Strait Times dated
15th July 2011.
2.

I have the necessary qualifications as stated in my curriculum vitae which is attached to

this letter. I have experience working in both food manufacturing and also auto manufacturing
fields. I am currently working in Lazat Ice Cream Sdn. Bhd. in capacity of an Accounts Assistant
and have been here since January 2008. Before this, I was working in TFR Auto Enterprise as
an Accounts clerk. Since my present position offers little prospect for career advancement, I
would like to be attached to a fairly large organisation such as yours.
3.

I would like to work in Nilai as I intend to further my studies and get professional

qualification. I have registered with a college in Nilai to do ACCA on part-time basis. With this
high additional education level and knowledge, I can perform better in applying the accounts
knowledge in the future job.

4.

I can assure you that I am capable person who can work independently. I am able to

handle full sets of accounts, up to three sets at a time. I am interested in working with a
company like yours as I feel I can grow well with the company. I am a team player, adapt easily
to any working environments and can work with people from all works of life.
5.

I was active in extra-curricular activities and was considered as responsible and

dedicated worker. I led and organised many activities for the school clubs so I am confident that
I can be an asset to your company in this capacity. Furthermore, i have a good command of
English.
6.

In view of my qualification and experience, I would expect a salary more than RM 2 000.

And since I have my own car, I would have no problems travelling outstation should the job
require.
7.

I look forward to hearing from you and I am fully prepared to attend an interview at any

time convenient to you.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,
Raju
(RAJU a/l MANIAM)

INFORMAL LETTER
322C,Taman Danau Maluri
53300 Kuala Lumpur.

20 August 2013.

Dear Vince,

How are you? I hope you are fine. Please send my regards to father and mother. I miss you all
dearly. I heard that you did not do well in your recent PMR Trial Examination. Mother phoned
me a few days ago and told me about it. Father and mother are really worried about you
spending too much time on the Internet. So, I am writing this letter to give you some tips on how
to divide your time wisely.

First of all, young man, don't stay up late.Don't burn your midnight oil chatting on the Internet.
Go to bed early. Our body needs at least 8 to 10 hours of sleep everyday.Enough sleep will
enable your mind to stay sharp and productive the next day.Therefore, instead of sleeping
around 1 to 2 a.m. in the morning, call it a night around 10 p.m.

Next, don't spend too much time playing online games. There is nothing wrong in playing
online games but when it affects your studies then you should put a brake to it.My advice is
leave all your online gaming activities until you have finished your PMR Examination. Focus on
your studies first, you can continue playing once you have finished your examination.

Draft out a study timetable to help you manage your time wisely. On the timetable allocate one
to two hours to surf the Internet. Now, remember, the Internet contains a lot of useful
information for everyone. It can be used to gain knowledge and to sift through for
information useful for your PMR Examination.

Finally, join some outdoor physical activities rather than just being holed up in the house in
front of your computer the whole day. Go cycling or walking around the park. Play football or
badminton with your friends in the evenings. Physical activities help keep your body and mind
healthy. You need a healthy body and mind to do well in your PMR Examination.

I wish I could write more but I have to stop here for now. I have to prepare for my next week's
final term semester examination. I hope you will take my advice and mend your ways. I wish you
all the best in your PMR Examination. Hugs and kisses.

Your loving sister,

Bernice Gabriel.

No. 34, Street of Fame,

Taman Bukit Bintang,
Bukit Bintang,
67500 Ipoh,
Perak
14 January 2011
Dear John,
How are you? Im sorry to hear that your cousin had dengue fever. This problem seems
to have become very serious all of sudden. We always feel that the problem is not our concern
until someone close to us is affected.
My neighbours daughter who was in Standard 6 last year could not sit for UPSR
examination because she was down with dengue fever on the eve of the exam. Fortunately, the
authorities gave her an exemption so she is now in Form One. There were also a few students
taking the examination in the hospital.
According to the news, students made up nearly 30 per cent of the 1 500 suspected
cases over the first three weeks of the year. About 53 per cent of 621 confirmed cases last year
comprised children and youth under the age of 24. These statistics are quite worrying. This has
prompted the health ministry to increase checks on aedes breeding grounds in school and
public areas. The construction sites are largely to blamed. The problem is made worse by the
rainy season. The stagnating water attract the mosquitoes to lay egg and breeding on the areas.
The authorities have taken various steps to control the situation. Fogging has been
carried out in many public areas and most of the housing estates. Contractors at the
construction sites have been instructed to take appropriate actions and warned to clean up.
They could be fined up to RM 3 000 for breeding aedes mosquitoes. Lot of campaigns through
the television, radio and newspapers were taken to make people aware of the issue and take
precaution rather than cure them.
Before the long holidays for the Chinese New Year, schools all over Malaysia carried out
a clean-up campaign of the school compound. The residents association in my housing are also
organised a family day clean-up of the housing estate. There were huge piles of rubbish
especially old tyres and containers littered by the hawkers near the might market site.
The situation in Malaysia has improved since the end of January. There have been no
reports of new cases of dengue. So, dont worry. You can bring your family for a holiday here in
June. Im looking forward to seeing them again.
Send my regard to your mom and dad. Do take care.
Yours sincerely,
Harun

Choose Something Like a Star

by Robert Frost
O Star (the fairest one in sight),
We grant your loftiness the right
To some obscurity of cloud
It will not do to say of night,
Since dark is what brings out your light.
Some mystery becomes the proud.
But to be wholly taciturn
In your reserve is not allowed.
Say something to us we can learn
By heart and when alone repeat.
Say something! And it says, 'I burn.'
But say with what degree of heat.
Talk Fahrenheit, talk Centigrade.
Use language we can comprehend.
Tell us what elements you blend.
It gives us strangely little aid,
But does tell something in the end.
And steadfast as Keats' Eremite,
Not even stooping from its sphere,
It asks a little of us here.
It asks of us a certain height,
So when at times the mob is swayed
To carry praise or blame too far,
We may choose something like a star
To stay our minds on and be staid.

Analysis of the poem

The narrator speaks to a star in the sky and urges it to give him something to believe in.
Although he acknowledges that stars are naturally quiet, the narrator still begs the star to say
something to him. The star simply replies, I burn. The narrator is not satisfied with the stars
response and urges it to be even more specific. He explains that a few words from the star
would be enough to help humanity strive for greater heights and, at the very least, be comforted.
Analysis
In terms of form, this poem is relatively traditional, with a regular rhyme scheme and iambic
meter. Frost uses rhymes for -ight, -oud, -earn, -eat, -end, -aid, -ere, and -ar to
create the following pattern: AABAABCBCDCDEFFEFAGGAHIIH.
The poem focuses on humanitys need for reassurance from a higher power. Some individuals
use religion as a way to reassure themselves, while others emphasize science as a comfort.
Frost plays with these genres of thought by blending different aspects of each into the narrators
urgent plea to the star. In the very first line, Frost echoes a traditional prayer to God with the
reverential tone and the term O (which would normally precede God or Lord). Later, when
the star declares, I burn, Frost introduces the scientific genre of thought and describes the
narrators need for specific, scientific information about the star. Knowledge of the stars
existence is not enough; the narrator wants scientific evidence of the stars temperature and
elemental makeup.
In addition to creating this combination of religion and science, Frost expands the irony of the
narrators plea through the use of the term something. The narrator needs the star to say
something to him so badly that it does not even matter what the something is. When the star
speaks, its words have nothing to do with the narrators experience on earth. Instead, the pithy
I burn relates only to the star itself and, even more importantly, does not provide clear
evidence that the star possesses any intelligent thought. The star has no comprehension of
anything outside of its own existence and can only quantify its presence with I burn.
However, Frost asserts (ironically) that what the star says does not actually matter. The simple
existence of the words is enough to reassure mankind, because it proves that humans are not

isolated in the universe. Moreover, even the object of such reverence is not crucial to narrators
comfort: as the title reveals, an individual must only choose something like a star, not
necessarily the star itself.
In the last line of the poem, Frost uses the wordplay of the terms to stay and to be staid to
reiterate the narrators explanation in the poem. By selecting a distant object to idolize, no
matter what it is, an individual has the capacity to become stayed (comforted; rooted), even as
such devotion threatens to make humanity staid (old-fashioned; static).