Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter-9
Electrons in Atoms
Part-1
25 October 2002
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is it and why are we interested?
Electromagnetic Radiation
Learn about about electronic structure
of atoms and molecules using
electromagnetic radiation as a probe.
What are common types of
electromagnetic radiation?
• visible light
• radio waves
• X-rays
• microwaves
Interference of Waves
• Wavelength:
• Frequency: frequency increasing
Visible light consists of a broad range of colors– corresponding to different wavelengths,
frequencies (& energies); these different colors can probe atoms & molecules!
Blackbody radiation:
Classical physics predicts that
intensity of heated body should
increase continuously with
decreasing wavelength– it does not!
Energy-Frequency Relationship
Planck’s work implies that the energy of a unit– quantum– of
electromagnetic radiation is proportional to frequency:
E = hν
Photoelectric Effect
Observations/Key Findings:
• electron emission only occurs when the
frequency of the incident light exceeds a
particular threshold value, νo.
• Above threshold, the kinetic energies of
emitted electrons depends on frequency, and
• the number of electrons emitted depends on
intensity of light.
• These observations
consistent with quantized
nature of light, and
moreover, led Einstein to
propose that light
particle-like concept of
photon.
Description of Atoms: Bohr
AZ 2
En = −
n2
Hydrogen Atom: Bohr
Energy Levels in H
• In the hydrogen atom, Z=1
• From experimental observations can define
constant in Bohr model:
Absorption/Emission Energy
• The hydrogen atom can absorb energy to
promote electron to higher energy level or
emit energy if in excited state.
• The difference in energy, ∆E, or transition
energy is
∆E = Ef – Ei = -RH(1/nf2 – 1/ni2) (= hν)
Ionization
• To completly remove an electron– ionize
the atom– promote to n = ∞ level as final
state.
Optical Spectra of Hydrogen & Other Atoms
Demonstration– Observations?
• Hydrogen
• Helium
• Neon