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ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay

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[Environment]LandslidesinHimalayas:Reasons,Solutions

[Environment]LandslidesinHimalayas:Reasons,Solutions
Environment3yearsAgo16Comments
ForAptitude,Irecommend
Maths:FasttrackRajesh Reasoning:MKPandey English:SPBakshi
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1. ClassificationofHimalayas
2. HazardsintheHimalayanEcoSystem
1. Regionsanddisasters
2. Landslides:Reasons
3. Landslides:Damage
4. Suggestionstofixproblem
3. E1:AvalancheMitigation

ClassificationofHimalayas
ThreemaingeologicaldivisionsofIndia.
1. Himalayas,alsoknownastheExtraPeninsula
2. IndoGangeticPlains
3. Peninsula
Further,Himalayasclassifiedviatwomethods:
Method#1
Himalayasareclassified,fromwesttoeast,intofourregions:
1. PunjabHimalayaareabetweenIndusandSutlejrivers.
2. KumaonHimalayaareabetweenSutlejandKalirivers
3. NepalHimalayaareabetweenKaliandTistarivers.
4. AssamHimalayaareabetweenTistaandBrahamputrarivers.
Method#2

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MapIndiaLandslideEarthquakeproneareas

threeregions:theWestern,CentralandEasternHimalaya
NepalHimalayaconstitutestheCentralHimalayaandthemountainousareatoitswestandeastare
knownasWesternandEasternHimalayarespectively

HazardsintheHimalayanEcoSystem
Allmajortypesofdisasters,prominently
1. earthquakes,
2. landslides,
3. avalanches,
4. flashfloods
5. forestfires
6. soilerosion
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Regionsanddisasters
Altitude
Typeofdisaster
Over3500m snowavalanchesandglaciallakeoutburstfloods(GLOFs)
500to3500m flashfloodslandslidesandmudflows

Landslides:Reasons
1. indiscriminatechoppingdownoftrees.
2. slashandburncultivationtechniquecalledJHUM,
3. Roadconstructionandmining.
4. Everyincreasingpopulation,grazing,urbanizationetc.hasdestroyedthedensenaturalevergreenforest
cover.
Suchactivitieshavedisruptedtheecologicalbalance,therebyresultinginlooseningofthesoil.Duringthe
heavyrain,thisleadstosoilerosionandfrequentlandslides

Landslides:Damage
Everyyear,landslidesintheregionkilldozensofpeopleandcausewidespreaddamagetoseveral
villagessuchthattheyhavenowbecomealmostunfitforhabitation.
Theycreateblockadesintheroadnetworkandriversystem,whichinturn,causefloods.
Theterracedfarmfieldshavebeendestroyedthatcannotbeeasilyrenovatedormadeproductiveagain.
Theroadnetworkremainsclosedforlongperiodscausingindescribablehardshiptothevillagerswhoget
theirbasicsuppliesandprovisionsfromtheneighbouringareas.
Watersourcesaredisruptedandchockedbydebrisfromlandslides.
Theriversedimentloadisincreasedconsiderably,causingirregularcoursesandfrequentbreachingofthe
banksresultingintounexpectedfloods.
Thewaterchannelsareaffectedfromtheuphillsideduetowhichthevillagersaredevoidofwaterfor
irrigationpurposes.Thisadverselyaffectsagricultureproductionintheregion.

Suggestionstofixproblem
1. StoreExcesswaterincatchmentsareastoreducethefuryofflashfloods,rechargethegroundwaterand
improvetheenvironment.
2. Digrunoffcollectionpondsinthecatchments.
3. Growfuel/foddertreesinallofthecommonlands.
4. Plantationinbarrenareas,especiallyonslopes,withgrasscoverisanimportantcomponentofintegrated
watershedmanagementprogramme.
5. Grazingshouldbecompletelyrestricted.Aftertheareaiscompletelyprotectedfromgrazing,better
grassescanbeplanted.
6. Thegrassesofindustrialimportanceshouldalsobeplantedsothatthereissomeeconomicreturntothe
farmersaswell.
7. Usethesurfacevegetativecovertoprotectthelandfromraindropsbeatingaction,bindthesoilparticles
anddecreasethevelocityofflowingwater.
Reference:IGNOUMPA018/Chapter3.

AvalancheMitigation
TopicinnewsbecauseinApril2014,~dozenNepaliSherpadiedduringanavalancheinMt.Everestbasecamp.
Thisleadtoprotestsandothersherpasrefusingtoguidethetourists.
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Q.Listthefactorsresponsibleforavalanchesandsuggestdisastermitigationmeasures.(200words)
Rapiddownslopemovementofsnow,rocksanddebrisiscalledAvalanche.
Largeavalancheshavespeedofupto200kmph,resultinginmassivedestructionofforests,highways,houses
andpowerlines.

Factors
Whenevergravitationalforceexceedthemechanicalstrengthofsnowcoveravalancheoccurs.Thishappensby
triggersnaturalandartificial
Naturaltriggers
Largemassoffreshsnowfall
blizzards
GlobalWarming,Rain
earthquakes

Artificialtriggers
Skiingandmountaineering
Deforestation
loudsounds
Shouts
machinenoise
sonicbooms

MitigationinAvalancheproneAreas
1. Dontconstructbuildingsforwinteroccupancy
2. Avoidconstructionofpowerlines,highwaysandrailroads.Ittheymustbeconstructedthendesignfor
minimumimpact.
3. Itispossibletoforecastavalanche,bystudyingSnowdepositiondata,heatinput,slopeangle.
4. UseRemotesensingtechnology&satelliteimagerytoobtainsuchdata.
5. Onlyallowagricultureandrecreationalactivitiesduringsummerandspring.
6. Useexplosivestocreatesmaller,controlledavalanchesandthusavoidbuildingupofsnowforlarge
unpredictabledestructiveavalanches.
7. Quickresponseteams(QRT)fromlocaladministrationandNDRF,withstandardAvalancheequipment
anddeviceslikeGPS,RadioBeacons,shovelsandsnifferdogs.
~180words.

Alreadydone:
1. SnowandAvalancheStudyEstablishment(SASE):forecastssnowavalanches
2. Borderroadorganization(BRO):keepsthehighwaypathsclearafteravalanchesparticularlythe
RohtangPassandBaralachlaPass.

Factoids:
1. MostAvalanchevictimsdieofsuffocation(lackofoxygen)andnothypothermia(extremecold
temperature)
2. After35minutes,thesurvivalchanceis30%
3. Aftertwohours,survivalchangeis~0%
4. Thereforeselfrescueorcompanionrescueisvital,becauseNDRF/sarkaarihelpwilltakehoursto
reach.
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MockMCQ:Whichofthefollowingcancauseavalanches?
1. Shouting
2. sonicbooms
3. Earthquakes
Answerchoice
a. Only3
b. Only1and3
c. Only2and3
d. Allofthem
Tags:EnvNaturalDisasters

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Sofar16Commentsposted
1. Reply
shaileshkumar
ireallyappreciateyourwayofunderstandingregardingthetopics.Andtheseareveryusefulforquick
revisionandbriefknowledge.
2. Reply
neha
sir,
anerror500internalservererroroccuredwhileusingurwebsite.urwebsiteisofgr8helptome,so
pleasehelpmebylettingmeknoanythingimighthavedonethatmayhavecausedtheerror.
3. Reply
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ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay

SOSONCHONGLOI
MRUNALYOUARETRUELYABLESSINGFORME.MAYTHEGOODGODBLESSYOUAND
GUIDEYOUALWAYS
4. Reply
KAPIL
MRUNALCOULDUPLEASEEXPLAINTHECLIMATICFEATURESANDSOILOFINDIA.
5. Reply
Niharika
MrunalSir,Thanksforyournotes.Ifounditreallyhelpful.
6. Reply
vikas
Sir
Howerosioncanbetermedasadisaster,itisaveryslowprocessandthuscanbetermedasacauseof
disaster.
7. Reply
RANJODHSINGH
sir,iwanttheinfo.aboutthetop6worstlandslidesinindiasince1970,plshelp!!!
8. Reply
radha
nonsense
9. Reply
Bin2
Mrunalsirthanksalot
10. Reply
Olivia
thnkusirithelpedmegreatly!!!
11. Reply
divyasharma
thanksalotmrunalsir
12. Reply
bharti
hellosir.thankyoufortheinformationonavlanchesinthepresentdisastertopicwithabrief
backgroundinfoonhimalayas..kindlysupplementitwiththeinfoonpresentdisasterofNepal
earthquakeasyouprovideaverytothepointinformation(afacthighlyappreciated)..
13. Reply
preeti
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ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay

sirforthisprelimforenvironmentthematerialyouprovidedisalltobedoneassuchgivenorthetopics
likedisaster,faunaflora,agri,energypolutionarewillbecoveredbycurrentstudy?
sirplzreply.
thanku
14. Reply
preeti
sirforthisprelimforenvironmentthematerialyouprovidedisalltobedoneassuchgivenorthetopics
likedisaster,faunaflora,agri,energypolutionarewillbecoveredbycurrentstudy?
sirplzreply.
thanku
15. Reply
rupal
Thankyousirandmadamforyourlecturesofeconomyandgeography..itisagreathelp..andalso
thanksforguidanceforpreparationofupsc..yourtestseries..yournotestheyarereallyhelpfulto
studentsofremoteplacesandpoorfinancialconditionduetowhichtheycannotaffordhighlypaid
coachings..Iwishwecouldhavesuchlecturesforotherssubjectstoo..
16. Reply
jitendar
Siriwantknowreasonandsolutionofhimalayanregionsearthquakeandlandslidesandialsoknowall
listofeffectedregionindetailsbyachart.

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