Extra Material Matlab

MATLAB Basics The Reference
Durga Lal Shretha

Yunqing Xuan
Part-1
Entering Matrices
Enter an explicit list of elements

A = [10 20 30; 1 2 3; 2 4 8];
Load matrices from external data files

A = load('mymagic.txt'); % you need to create the file before
hand
Generate matrices using built-in functions.

A = magic(4)
Create matrices with your own functions in M-files.

A = myfunction(input1,input2) %
copyright Durga Lal Shrestha
Enter an explicit list of elements
Separate the elements of a row with blanks or commas.

Use a semicolon, ; , to indicate the end of each row.
Surround the entire list of elements with square brackets,
[ ].
Subscripts
Using parenthesis (row,column)

e.g. the element in row I and column j of A = A(i,j)
The colon operator :
To generator vector
Unit steps startvalue:endvalue
Nonunit steps with the given increment
startvalue:stepvalue:endvalue
The colon operator : To select subarrays (portion of

matrix)
Selecting subarrays: Common errors
Generating Matrices
Zeros
Ones
Generating Matrices
rand - uniform random number between 0 and 1
randn normal random number(0,1)
10
Concatenation
Concatenation is the process of joining small matrices to

make bigger ones.
Using []
11
Deleting Rows and Columns
12
Reordering data
13
Changing data
14
Arrays
Scalars: zero dimensional or 1 by 1

S = 2.3
Vector: one dimensional (i.e. n by 1 or 1 by n)

V = [1 4 3 5 6]
Matrix: two dimensional (i.e. m by n)

M = [1 2 3
4 5 6]
Array: N dimensional
15
Multidimensional Array
16
size, length, ndims
17
Matrix Algebra
Addition
Subtraction
Matrix multiplication
Array multiplication
18
Addition
+
A and B must have the same size, unless one of them is
a scalar
19
Subtraction

a scalar
20
Matrix Multiplication
For nonscalar A and B, the number of columns of A must

equal the number of rows of B.
A scalar can multiply a matrix of any size.
21
Array Multiplication
.*
element-by-element product of the arrays A and B
a scalar
22
Part 2
23
Expressions
Variables
Numbers
Operators
Functions
24
Numbers
MATLAB uses conventional decimal notation, with an

optional decimal point and leading plus or minus sign, for
numbers.
Scientific notation uses the letter e to specify a power-often scale factor.
Imaginary numbers use either i or j as a suffix.
Some examples of legal numbers are
3
-99
0.0001
9.6397238
1.60210e-20
1i
-3.14159j
3e5i
6.02252e23
25
Functions
MATLAB provides a large number of standard elementary

mathematical functions, including abs, sqrt, exp, and sin.
For a list of the mathematical functions, type
help elfun for Elementary functions (Trigonometric, Exponential,
Complex, and Rounding and remainder)
help specfun for Specialized math functions (e.g. gamma, factor
etc)
help elmat for Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation (e.g.
zeros, size, reshape, magic etc.)
Built-in functions are part of the MATLAB core so they

are very efficient, but the computational details are not
readily accessible (e.g sin, sqrt etc).
Other functions, like gamma and sinh, are implemented
in M-files and you can see the code and even modify it if
you want.
26
Data Types
27
Numeric Types
Numeric data types in MATLAB include signed and

unsigned integers, and single- and double-precision
floating-point numbers.
Integers
28
Floating-Point Numbers
Double-Precision Floating Point

MATLAB default data type
64 bits, large memory and more precision
Single-Precision Floating Point

32 bits, less memory and less precision
29
Complex Numbers
>> x = 2 + 3i
x=
2.0000+3.0000i
>> z = complex(2.1, pi)
z=
2.1000 + 3.1416i
>> zr = real(z)
zr =
2.1000
>> zi = imag(z)
zi =
3.1416
30
Infinity and NaN
Infinity
x = log(0);
>> isinf(x)
ans =
NaN (Not a Number)

MATLAB represents values that are not real or complex numbers
with a special value called NaN
0/0
and inf/inf
31
Display Format for Numeric Values
By default, MATLAB displays numeric output as 5-digit

scaled, fixed-point values.
You can change the way numeric values are displayed to
any of the following:
5-digit scaled fixed point, floating point, or the best of the two
15-digit scaled fixed point, floating point, or the best of the two
A ratio of small integers
Hexadecimal (base 16)
Bank notation
Format short (formatting to 5 digit)

Check the current format setting:
get(0, 'format')
ans =
short
32
Format
x = [4/3 1.2345e-6]
x=
1.3333
0.0000
format short e
x
x=
1.3333e+000
1.2345e-006
format long
x
x=
1.33333333333333
0.00000123450000
33
Logical Types
The logical data type represents a logical true or false

state using the numbers 1 and 0, respectively.
(5 * 10) > 40
ans =
1
Vector of logical
[30 40 50 60 70] > 40
ans =
00111
34
Logical Types
Using Logicals in Conditional Statements

str = 'Hello';
if ~isempty(str) && ischar(str)
sprintf('Input string is ''%s''', str)
end
ans =
Input string is 'Hello'
35
Logical Indexing
36
Part 3
37
Characters and Strings
string refers to an array of Unicode characters.

MATLAB represents each character internally as its
corresponding numeric value.
s = 'Hello'
s=
Hello
whos('s')
Name
Size
s
1x5
Bytes
10
Class
char
Attributes
38
Characters and Strings
Padding.
39
Structure Array
Structures are MATLAB arrays with named data

containers called fields.
The fields of a structure can contain any kind of data.
40
Structure Array
41
Structure Array
strArray = struct('field1',val1,'field2',val2, ...)
42
Cell Arrays
A cell array provides a storage mechanism for dissimilar

kinds of data.
43
Cell Arrays
Use { } for constructing, concatenating and indexing
A = {[1 4 3; 0 5 8; 7 2 9], 'Anne Smith'; 3+7i, -pi:pi/4:pi}

A=
[3x3 double] 'Anne Smith'
[3.0000 + 7.0000i] [1x9 double]
44
Part 4
Data Import and Export
45
Supported Types of Data
Binary data from a MATLAB session

Text data
Graphics files
Audio and audio/video data
spreadsheets
Data from the system clipboard
Information from the internet
46
Binary Data from a MATLAB Session
Save and load command for both ASCII and Mat file
47
Load command
48
Part 5
MATLAB Graphics
49
Matlab Graphics
Plotting Process
Graph Components
Figure Tools
Arranging Graphs Within a Figure
Selecting Plot Types
50
Plotting Process
Use plotting tools to create graphs interactively.

plottools
Use the command interface to enter commands in the

CWD or create plotting programs.
x = 0:0.1:2*pi;
plot(x,sin(x)
51
Graph Components
Figure
Plot
Axis
Data
52
Figure Tools: Figure Palette, Plot Browser and Property Editor
53
Arranging Graphs Within a Figure
54
Selecting Plot Types
55
Basic Plotting Functions
56
Plotting Steps
57
Plotting Multiple Data Sets in One Graph
OR
plot(x,y)
hold on
plot(x,sin(x-0.5),'r')
plot(x,sin(x-0.25),'g')
58
Line Styles and Colors
plot(x,y,'--rs','LineWidth',2,...
'MarkerEdgeColor','k',...
'MarkerFaceColor','g',...
'MarkerSize',10)
59
Contour plots
Twenty contours of the peaks function

3
-1
-2
-3
-3
-2
-1
60
Contour
61
Contour3
Twenty Contours of the peaks Function
10
-5
-10
2
0
-2
-3
-2
-1
62
3D plot
Plot3 command
63
Plotting Matrix Data
64
Plotting Image Data
100
200
300
400
500
600
100
200
300
400
500
65
Surface plot
0.5
-0.5
10
5
10
5
-5
-5
-10
-10
66
Surface plot
67
Creating Stream Particle Animations
68
Part 6
Program components
69
Basic Program Components
Variables
Keywords
Special Values
Operators
MATLAB Expressions
Program Control Statements
Symbol Reference
MATLAB Functions
70
Variables
A MATLAB variable is essentially a tag that you assign to

a value while that value remains in memory.
Local Variables (local to functions)
Global Variables (share a single copy of a variable)
Persistent Variables (retained value from one function call to the
next)
71
Naming Variables
Any combination of characters, numbers and underscore

(starting with characters)
Case sensitive
e.g. Variable1, variable1 are different
MATLAB uses only the first N characters of the name and

ignores the rest, where N = namelengthmax (63)
The genvarname function can be useful in creating
variable names that are both valid and unique.
E.g. four similar variable name strings that do not conflict with
each other: v = genvarname({'A', 'A', 'A', 'A'})
v = 'A' 'A1' 'A2' 'A3'
72
Keywords
MATLAB reserves certain words for its own use as

keywords of the language.
To list the keywords, type iskeyword
'break
'catch
'else
'end
'function
'if
'persistent
'switch
'while'
'case'
'continue'
'elseif'
'for'
'global'
'otherwise'
'return'
'try'
73
Special Values
74
Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
75
Arithmetic Operators
76
Relational Operators
77
Logical Operators
78
Operator Precedence
Parentheses ()
Transpose (.'), power (.^), complex conjugate transpose (), matrix
power (^)
Unary plus (+), unary minus (-), logical negation (~)
Multiplication (.*), right division (./), left division (.\), matrix
multiplication (*), matrix right division (/), matrix left division (\)
Addition (+), subtraction (-)
Colon operator (:)
Less than (<), less than or equal to (<=), greater than (>), greater
than or equal to (>=), equal to (==), not equal to (~=)
Element-wise AND (&)
Element-wise OR (|)
Short-circuit AND (&&)
Short-circuit OR (||)
79
Scripts and Functions
Scripts
Scripts are the simplest kind of M-file because they have no
input or output arguments.
They are useful for automating series of MATLAB commands.
They operate on data in the workspace.
80
Program Control Statements
Program control is divided into four categories:
Conditional Control if, switch

Loop Control for, while, continue, break
Error Control try, catch
Program Termination return
81
Conditional Control if
if logical_expression
statements
end
if logical_expression1
statements1
elseif logical_expression2
statements2
else
statements3
end
82
Conditional Control switch, case, and otherwise
83
Loop Control for
The for loop executes a statement or group of

statements a predetermined number of times.
for index = start:increment:end
statements
end
84
Loop Control while
The while loop executes a statement or group of

statements repeatedly as long as the controlling
expression is true.
85
Loop Control continue
The continue statement passes control to the next

iteration of the for or while loop in which it appears,
skipping any remaining statements in the body of the
loop.
86
Loop Control break
The break statement terminates the execution of a for

loop or while loop.
87
Error Control- try and catch
Error control statements provide a way for you to take

certain actions in the event of an error.
88
Program Termination return
Program termination control enables you to exit from

your program at some point prior to its normal
termination point.
89
Part 7
Symbol Reference
90
Symbol Reference
At @
for fhandle = @myfun
Colon :
Comma ,
Curly Braces { }
Dot .
Dot-Dot-Dot (Ellipsis) ... on page 3-103
Exclamation Point ! for Shell Escape (e.g. !dir)
Parentheses ( ) for array indexing and function input arguments
Percent % and Percent-Brace %{ %}
Semicolon ;
Single Quotes for character and string
Space Character
Square Brackets [ ]
91
Colon :
Numeric Sequence Range and Step
Indexing Range Specifier
Conversion to Column Vector
Preserving Array Shape on Assignment
92
Comma ,
Row Element Separator
Array Index Separator
Function Input and Output Separator
Command or Statement Separator
93
Curly Braces { }
Cell Array Constructor
Cell Array Indexing
94
Dot .
Structure Field Definition
Object Method Specifier
95
Dot-Dot-Dot (Ellipsis) ...
Line Continuation
Entering Long Strings

You cannot use an ellipsis within single quotes to continue a
string to the next line:
96
Percent % and Percent-Brace %{ %}
Single Line Comments
Conversion Specifiers
Block Comments
97
Semicolon ;
Array Row Separator
Output Suppression
Command or Statement Separator
98
Space Character
Row Element Separator
Function Output Separator
99
Square Brackets [ ]
Array Constructor
Concatenation
Function Declarations and Calls
100
Part 8
M-File Programming
101
Scripts and Functions
There are two kinds of M-files.
Scripts, which do not accept input arguments or return

arguments. They operates on data in the workspace
Functions are M-files that can accept input arguments
and return output arguments.
Functions operate on variables within their own workspace,

separate from the base workspace.
The names of the M-file and of the function should be the same.
102
Scripts: small exercise
Create a file called magicrank.m
103
Functions
Create a file called fmagicrank.m
help fmagicrank
type mr = fmagicrank(10);
104
Basic Parts of an M-File
105
Function Definition Line
function y = fact (x)

input argument
function name
output argument
keyword
106
Creating a Simple M-File
1. Create an M-file using a text

editor.
2. Call the M-file from the

command line or from within
another M-file
function c = myfunc(a,b)
c = sqrt((a.^2)+b.^2))
x = 7.5;
y = 3.342;
z = mufunc(x,y)
z=
8.2109
107
Types of Functions
Primary M-File Functions - the first function in an M-file and

typically contains the main program.
Subfunctions - subroutines to the main function or to define
multiple functions within a single M-file.
Nested Functions - functions defined within another
function. They can help to improve the readability of the program
and to give more flexible access to variables in the M-file.
Anonymous Functions - provide a quick way of making a
function from any MATLAB expression. We can compose anonymous
functions either from within another function or at the MATLAB
command prompt.
Overloaded Functions - useful when you need to create a
function that responds to different types of inputs accordingly.
Private Functions - a way to restrict access to a
function. You can call them only from an M-file function in the
parent directory.
108
Constructing an Anonymous Function
109
Nested Functions
110
Subfunctions
111
Exercise Function
function [Y] = filterdata(data,thres)
[NRow,NCol]=size(data);
j=1;
Y=[];
for i=1:NRow
if data(i)>=thres
Y(j)=data(i);
j=j+1;
end;
end;
112
Function Handles
A function handle is a MATLAB value that provides a

means of calling a function indirectly
Construct a function handle in MATLAB using the at sign,
@, before the function name.
fhandle = @sin;
You can call a function by means of its handle in the

same way that you would call the function using its
name.
The syntax is fhandle(arg1, arg2, ...);
fhandle(0.50)
113
Function Functions
One function works on another functions
Zero finding
Optimization
Quadrature
Ordinary differential equations
114
Humps function
115
hold on;
plot(p,humps(p),'r*');
116
117
Q = quadl(@humps,0,1)
Q=
29.8583
Z = fzero(@humps,0.5)
Z=
-0.1315
Z = fzero(@humps,1)
Z=
1.2955
f = humps(Z)
f=
0
118
Part 9: GUIDE
Simple Graphical User Interface
119
GUIDE
GUIDE, the MATLAB graphical user interface

development environment, provides a set of tools for
creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
120
Simple gui example
121
Simple gui example
122
Simple gui example
123
Simple gui example
124

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Extra Material Matlab

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MATLAB Basics The Reference

Durga Lal Shretha

Enter an explicit list of elements

Load matrices from external data files

Generate matrices using built-in functions.

Create matrices with your own functions in M-files.

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Enter an explicit list of elements

Separate the elements of a row with blanks or commas.

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Using parenthesis (row,column)

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

The colon operator :

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

The colon operator : To select subarrays (portion of

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Selecting subarrays: Common errors

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

rand - uniform random number between 0 and 1

randn normal random number(0,1)

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Concatenation is the process of joining small matrices to

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Deleting Rows and Columns

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Scalars: zero dimensional or 1 by 1

Vector: one dimensional (i.e. n by 1 or 1 by n)

Matrix: two dimensional (i.e. m by n)

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

size, length, ndims

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

A and B must have the same size, unless one of them is

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

For nonscalar A and B, the number of columns of A must

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

MATLAB uses conventional decimal notation, with an

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

MATLAB provides a large number of standard elementary

Built-in functions are part of the MATLAB core so they

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Numeric data types in MATLAB include signed and

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Double-Precision Floating Point

Single-Precision Floating Point

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Infinity and NaN

NaN (Not a Number)

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Display Format for Numeric Values

By default, MATLAB displays numeric output as 5-digit

Format short (formatting to 5 digit)

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

The logical data type represents a logical true or false

copyright Durga Lal Shrestha

Using Logicals in Conditional Statements