Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Libetalise iovestment procedores and streamline iodnstriai policies to 'ebsure timely completion of projects.
Give boodierafts, ho~dl;'om" small and village '.iodostries
all. facilities to grow andtonpdate their teehno.logy.
.In order that the targets and objectives envisaged in the Sixth Plan are
realised, a number . of steps have already
been taken to liberalise investment
,
p"licies and streamline industriill policies-during the last two years. In order
/0 ensure speedy establishment of 100 per cent export oriented units, a special
board has been set up to accord single-point clearance to these units in regard
to industriill licensing, foreign collaboration, import of capital goods and raw
materials, etc.
.
--
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,yol. XXXI
No.6
December 16, 1982
Agrabayart 25, 1904 '
,~Huruk5hltra
(India's Journal of rural development)
CONTENTS
,
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,'ANTj.POVERTY~SiRATEGIES
,.,-'
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c.
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...
IN tHE
SIXTH PLAN
RELEVANCE
13
ACHARYA VINOBABHAVE,
B. L. Uniyal
BOOK REVIEW
,21
ASsn.
N,
JUNEJA
EDITOR
N.
'
,BUSINESS: MANAGER
, S: 'L:
HE DEVELOPMENT
rural
SHARMA
SUB.EDITOR
oir
A. R. Patel
17
15
-f~r
promoiirfg"woinen's"wficir'ation
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JAIS\VAL'
',"
ASS'IT, DIRECTOR
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-. <.
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in rural dcvelop-.
, .i~~
the ~;~I_ s~ene~'slpwiy
yet steadily. We are: sure
1:> '.'
_, ,"
our readers \vill' ,find,lhis .artide of .immense interest
and, value. " ... ' :
r.
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COVER
. Enquuies"regarcling
Subscriptions, .\gencies, efc.,'.
BusinesS -,Miioager,.PUblications .Divhdon,.
. Patiala. Hoo'se, 'New Dethi.1-10001.
,
1'el: 387983,
"...
KRISHNAN'
']IVAN ADALiA"
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(PRODUCTION)
',K."R.
Editorial
. ',)
SINGLE COPY:Re. 1
-SY!l~RJl"fI.oE:f9_~i.()!'l!!~YEAR: Rs. 20
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ODEYAR D. MEGGADE
DEVELOPMENT
FUN:CTIONARIES
T.
Role of WDF's
HE WDF'S IN RURAL AREAS can playa very dominant role in 'transfornring the women's attitnde towa~ds health, education, family planning, marriage,
family consumption, work opportunities and housekeeping etc. Therefore the "WDF's can 'be a 'potent
prOfessional group highly indispensable for 'promotipg
women participation in socio,economic development.
Moreover, the WDF's .can also be very helpful in pre paring the social inputs necessary f~r the. upliftme~t
. of rural women. Rural women bemg hIghly tradl-
men exclusively .to act as multipurpose and unifunctional WDF's _for the benefit of rural women." India.
is following the second' approach to improve :the lot
of her womenfolk.
"".,
Functions of WDFs
:.
N ALL
DEVELOPING
COl:iNTRIES
-increased emp.,.hasis is placed on' creating a network of women
de~elopment functionaries for the, benefit of women.
This is 'true with countries like Nigeria, Somalia and
Afghanist,an. It is repOlted that. "Many traditional
health personnel are women' who, if their skills are
upgraded, can be incorp,?rated into modern health
services. HOperation Midwives" was a,'Rrogramme sup.;.
erimpoSed on the existing institution.of
tradition~l
midwivesin Nigeria. Midwives are tramed not ouly m
improved and more hygienic delivery practices, but
als,?,to. advise new. mothers on child care and nutn-
tioD;.
2.
-~:".
<..-'
in
KURUKSHETRA'De~mber
16, 1982'
"4
PROBLEMS
CONFRONTED
Seetharam;
development of WDF's
T'';Ein rural areas shall be diteetly
linked to the overPOLICY
FOR EFFECTIVE
all policy for rura!. development. .The optima!. utilisation Of WDF'sin rural areas ultimately depends upon
the .GoVernment's commitment to rural development
and the'innovativeness of the rural development prog. ra'inmes implemented in due q)"urse: In view .of
changing needs of' the rural development. programmes
the WDF's shall' be motivated, ' and recreated and
deployed in their jobs. Thus the policy for recruiting
and trainin"e the_ _
WDF'sin
India shall be invariably
_
6. [bid" p. 16.
promote
.women
WDF's shall be increased. Those recruited for the purpose shall be appropriately trained not only in terms
of job content but also in self-defence. The, WDPs
shall be trained periodically. and thereby their skills
shall be upgraded. Ther''- shall be some kind of built"
in incentive scheme to extract more qu~itative work
from WDFs which' is necessary for promoting rural
development.
_
A modern network of- WDF's' can' be a -"ita!
source of inputs necessary for rapid rural soc}o-eco-:-~"
nomic development.' Therefore, the WDF's' should be
-given proper development
orientation and used, as
vital chang~ agents, in. rural modernizati.on <;llld:means
for rural deliver)' system of social welfare. s(~rvices.
Thus. the network of rural_ WDF's should be 'helpful
to inei'case the accessibility of rural women to \Velfare 'facilities' and 'improve- their standards of'~ving.
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&lJRUKSHETRA.December-l6,
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1982 .
Anti-poverty strategies
.in -the sixth plap
,'.
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Indian
.economic
development 'in
tJW post-independel)ce
period
has been impressive~ compared not only with its own colonial
period', but also with other low incom~ countries.
.As against 0.1 per cent increase- per year
in the last five decades
of. the colonial period,
the growth
rate
for feodgrain
production
shot
upto 3.1 per cent perye_ar . during
the First
and
Second
Five
Year
Plans
and
the
population
grew at a. rale of only 1,9 per cent:
IntroduC!tion of -high yiel<1ing varieties,
.improved
practices
and inOrganic fertilizers 'has
accelerated the growth
rateDf food,grains production further to 3.3 per cent
by the late:] 960'5. Iudustrially also; the country has
fared well with an impressive' growth rate of 6. I pei:
cent dul'ing the period. 1952~1970.
HE
PACE' OF'
Ill
T
...
KURUKSHE'I'RA
..'
J,
DeceruMi'
_.
16; 198'2
[:
of
j';
UT
Plan' efforts
ATTEMPTS
have been made
in thi's
~:.Jirection in the successive plans and programmes
like . Community
development
programme,
Public
works' programme,
Food-for-work
programme
etc.,
have been implemented."
But the past
experience
sho,,:"s. that their success h'a~ rather
been
limited.
This was so because
of the faulty implementation
of the programmes and lack of sinCerity both m;"ong
.the functionaries
and the beneficiaries.
The evalua- .
ti~n of the programmes
has been based
on the
amount of credit disbursed,' subsidy distribution and
EVERAL
Problems of implementation
THOUGH the plan
itself calls for detailed
micro-level planning of manpower development
and employment generation and emphasized the need
for coordination among different agencies, it appears
that in a hurry to implement the programme we have
not been' able to take the resources
inventory
or
preparation of the. plans.
VEN
Identification
of the beneficiaries
under lRDP
must be made keeping in view that the programme
is specifically meant for benefiting the poor and not
for putting up an impressive figure of expenditure per
se,
KURUKSHETRA
December
I'
16,' 1982
Eecause of the inier-reiationships and interdependenciesamong the programmes a master control network has to be prepared as envisaged by the
plan. For example," the relationship between the
Dairy Programme under" IRDP, normal. dairy pro_ gramme and .operation Flood II is not clearly spelled
out, "although they are closely inter-related.
Without providing adequate supplies of inputs and
raw materials, diversion of funds on such a large
scale and concomitant le~ages
may stoke. the
inflationary pressures in" the economy.
In "order to curb the leakages in disbursing subsidy, it may be good to Teploce the qlpital subsidy
by interest sul1.sidy.. III fact, it has "been suggested
that interest-cum-repayment subsidy has such merit. It
will facilitate the refinancing which is ,denied under
D.R,r. and also redu~e the effective rate of interest.
By crediting the subsidy amount to the borrowers
savings account it can be utilized for transfer of
interest and also to adjust the instalments -during the
years of natural calamities,
Since these programmes are all household-oriented,
it is appreciable if credit and subsidy are madeiJ"vailable for the total package of production and consumption requirements of each beneficiary family.
The programmes may be properly integrated and
guided with the help of carefully prepared master
control networks and supervised and constantly
monitored by a strong a1l-India cadre of the peopl<j
recruited and trained for the purpose,
OOR INFRASTRUCTURE
is the most common problem in India and this will hamper these programmes. Most of onr villages, estimated at over 4
lakhs, are not connected even with kutcha roads. And
this factor coupled with lack of post and telegraph
facilities affect the profitability an.d viability of the
most of the proposed activities undertaken by the
rural benefici'!fi~. It also prevents block level staff
and branches of banks from providing cs>ntinuousextension and services for production and marketing,
exercising supervision over, working of the units and
the use of credit and recovery. The" need for creating infrastructure facilities"is obvions for the success
of thes\' progralnmes.
NTEGRATED
RURAL DEVELOPMENTPROGRAMME
envisages sanction of package oi\ schemes to' each
tamily. so that it is iaken permanently out of. the
poverty. But this is not being done' now and only
one loan is sanctioned to each beneficiary. If appro"priate measures are not taken, there is a danger' of
the assisted families going back to ,squar~ one and
the enormous efforts and money proving a: waste:
,.:,
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Dairying ,:need to
incnease pr,oducti vit)i
V.'M.
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an act1vity supplementing
'Or
G.S, KAMAT
National Institute of. Cooperative Management, ,~une (Maharas~tJ~a)
OF MILK
PPROPRIA TE
PRICING.
POLICY
is another
crucial
(Contd.
from
;i
p. 9) , '
REFERENCFS
:;2. Kurien,' .C.T., Dyna~ics ~f Rural TransforynationA Study Of Tainil Nadu: 1950-1975, Orient Long.man" Ltd:, 198 L
7. The Independent Commission on International Development Issues.: North-South ': A Prognlmme for Survival, London, Pan Bex;ks, 1980.
.~"
.
4. Griffin, K. B. and Ohose, A. K., "Growth and Impoverishment in the Rural Areas of Asia", Wofld
.Development; VOl. 7, J.'.los. 4-5, 1979.
-'9:
Report) .
> '
12.
KDRUKSHETRA
t.,,;'
.I
:~..
M.N.RA~DRANATHA
Centre of Ad~'anced Study i~Education, M.S. University of Baroda
.I
is
OUf
they have a dominating role too, .in decidillg the activities, although, the extent of them are gradually reducing
due to sCientific.and technological developments towards .which India too is slowly moving. The impact'
of industrialization and modernization has not brought
significant changes in the rural sector.. India has accepted s'ocialisticpattern of society as its goal. It wants to
bring about this change through secular' and democratic
ways. But people are illiterate and ignorant to respond
to the modern values. There cannot be progress if
the individuals of the country do not respond and participate in the developmental activities of the country:
So our first step will have to be to study and improve
the .level of the villagers through a variety of programmes for which iIis necessary to undertake exhaustive
surveys to understand the nature and structure of rural
societies including the attitudes of the people towards
different aspects of social changes viz., educational,
social, economic, political,"health and sanitary, re1{gious
and cultural. aspects.
. .
.
grmmd, school-rooms with suffiCientlighting and ventilatio!" drinking water, latrine and play-ground facilities,
activities of schools-tours, trips, special courses for
girls, shramdan. activities, film show amingements, adult
education, .e~amination,medical examination to children, mid-day meal programme; compulsory primary
education-enrolment~ wastage, stagnation,' absenteeis~
concessions of various types. to backward children and
~ thyir disseminati,on; ",parent-teacher associa~on, school
betternient .committee; learning difficulties of .~pupils,
social backgrounds; teachers, their qualifications, motiv~tion to work as teachers, their way of teachhig,
participation 'of teachers in community activities, prob-
E.
Educational aspects
Economic aspects
DUCATIONAL ASPECTS
. ECONOMIC
economic
ASPECTS
various
village
13
areas-post office, bank, shops of various types; population of Villages-incomewise, castewise, sexwise,
occupationwise, religionWise and literacywise; transportation and co=unication
facilities-n.ature.
of
roads, bus facilities, postal and telegraph and telephone
facilities; occupational patterns; agricultural conditions
of different regions---;;ize of the land holdings, total
area of the land cultivable, &9nded labour comntitment,
population of landless people, nse of hybrid seeds, insecticides,
in
or
HE
14
CULTURAL
CONDITIONS
of life
include aspects
synthetic art "ctivities like dance, drama, group si-nging; plastic art activities like carvi-ng, model)ing;
graphic art activities like drawing and painting; folklore-myths, legends, faples or tales, proverbs, riddles, .
puzzles, lavams; festivals and sanskaras and sports,)
games and wrestli-ng matches conducted as a part of
cullural activities i-n rural areas, Surveys conducted to
I..'nowthese also reveal the imporlance of cultural activities .i-nthe life of the rural people (social values
.religious values, moral, values). In addition, one can
also see the artistic, aesthetic, creative and cO!lstruc-
pay more attention togroups which have severe pathological constraints' in development activities after
thoroughiy knowing the. reasons for. snch pathological
conditions .
In all it can be said ~hat, rural surveys conducted
on the above mentioned aspecls reveal the actual prae'Iices of the people, their aUilude lowards various aspecls of social change with causes for either resistance
or acceptance of modern values. In other words rural
surveys will give us an ide~ of the extent of th~ gulf
presenl between the attitudes' and practies. of our vil- ..
lagers on various aspects .of life. On (he basis of these
surveys, short-term and long-term de<Velopmental
prograJ11!Descan be framed to improve the rural life,
In olher words, such surveys do provide .the basis for
planning and organization of developmental activities.
In addition 10 Ihese, rural surveys may also identify
certain innovations present in the rural life. (An
innovation
(Con/d. On p. 19)
KURUKSHETRA
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breakthrough
in the area
"
oE plggery dcvelopment
has dempnstrated
that
even a' small unit involving 10 sows and 1 boar can
produce 150 piglets oE 7 kg, each and yield Ii net profit of Rs. 6500 por year.
However, piggery development has not been accepted as an enterprise or an industrv
This is because oUhe faCt that,the pig-breeding 'h~s mostly bee:u" confine4 to. non<ultivating
Rari ..
jn communities/scheduled
castes.
Persons belonging
to schednled castes are socially a'nd economically thc
most backward.
They have been following their age~
old professions and lIving in abysmal poverty,
Elforts
shonld therefore be made to organise and educate :hem
to take up subsidiary occupation on scientific' lines so
that they can improve their skIll, kflowledge and, earn. ing .capacity .. An rntegrated"appro~ch
to piggery development will' help them lead a: better lifc besides improving t~eir social" slatns.
Pigs are the'most prolific ,
breedcrs and provide high qnality proteinous
Eood
which is iiI great demand in the form of ham, bacon
and sausages. From nutritiopal point of view, pork and
bacon ar~ among the most important sources of ,(11ima]
pr~tein and. vitamins including Niacin and Thiamin ..
:CENT
I.
;EC~NOLOG!CAL
:provide
Office,
'Bombay
P.
;as ARE AMONG the efficient converto.rs .Jr agri, , cnltnr.~1 byproducts
(p<J.fticularly wastes)
into
.high 'l!1ality meat.
Moreover, no other animal produces so many units of live M'Cight a,nd fat in a ~hort
time. Further, every part of the pig can.be 'pro.fitably
used indudi.ng its' hair which is ~n great demand ~or
hog bristled brushes.
Bones arid waste pro.ducts from
the slaughter houses can be used for the productio.n o.f
bonemeal-an
organic sourCe of il1anure for agricul- .
ture, more particularly for horticultural crops. Blood
meal prepared from the raw blDOd of pigs, can be used
in the preparation 'o.f livestock feeds.
.
Acc,ordirig to. the 1966 livestock
census,
there were
HE
OT
16
HEN
PIG-BREEDING
FARMS
gery -products. Pig-breeding farms .should be "trengthened to meet the increasing dema'nd for high pedigree
boars and sows. These centres should not o'rilyJlnder. take research on all aspects connected with breeding,
fceding and management of pigs en scientific lines, but
also should provide training facilities for the people
who are engaged in this activity. They should, efTectively
demonstrD.te
the
"efficacy
of
scientific
me-'
thods of rearing pigs whichwould increase the production and profitability. It is 'therefore necessary that .the
Departments of Animal Husbandry in the states should
strengthened adequately with technical persons' specialised'in piggery development. With a view to,solving,
the problem of marketing, pork-processing plant, should}
be set up at places where there is sufficient coricentration at' pigs. Pork differs from other meat in texture,
flavour and certain 'nutritive values.
are not often considered to be dirty animals that habitually eat rubbish and wallow in filth. This stigma
needs to be removed and pork should be able to be
accepted as a food of high nutritive value. This could
be done only through educating the people ahout the
nutritive value .of piggery products and "meaninglessness
of the prevailing taboos.
KURUKSHETRA December 16, 198
AcharyaVinoba Bhav~
B.L.UNIYAL
FRAIL IN APPEARANCE,
Vinoba was a giant
among men, measured by the greatness of his soul
and the unique intellectual attainments. Scarcely, can
.one find a person who is not overwhelmed by the lavish
praise showered on him, but here 'Yas a spiritual giant
who shunned his praise. The burning of his certificates and destroying a letter written by Gandhiji
abounding in commendation of Vinobaji bear ample
testimony to his apathy for fame or name, thongh .his
,services to the nation are invaluable.
HOUGH
A scholar saint
''[- am more concerned with the fragmentation ot, hearts than holdings. What we need first is to satisfy
the basic needs of our peasants the need for some
land-however
small the amount. Besides, I don't
belie~e 'that ~mall holding~ are uneco'nom'c. At pre~
sim" sixty per cent of our holdings are below five acres.
'We have sixty million families with .an aVTage of fire
15, 1982.
KURUKSHETRA
Bhave
N ANCIENT
lNDJA
A many-splendoured individual
ACHIEVEMENTS
were great and noteworthy of
them was thc surrender of 20 dacoiis from the
widitionaily terror-stricken areas of Brund and Morena
districts of Madhya 'Pradesh in 1960. He. launched
the Bhoodan yajna in 1951. Mrs. Gandhi rightly observed that Achatva Bhave led the Bhoodan move"
ment at a critical period in our national history helped
to tUrn ilie countryside away from the violence and
created ail atmosphere of coopration. .To .avert t1ie
pame ,iiid cri~is in Telengana, he launched Bhoodan
mOVCJ11cnt.He travelled over 64,000 km. on foot and
collected mofe .than 60,000 hettar'is from landlords to
be .distfiblit",1 atiMiig the hilidiesspoOr. While appeal"
ing to the laIidiatds for dOl)atioh oiland he used to:
say, "If yon have fiVe sotis, take'me far t1ie sixth one."
He also toured the then East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) to propagate the movement. In fact, he did'nt
only'belong to India. . His. was a mess'age for entire
human race and that is .why he had his pet. slogan
'Jai iagat'. 'Acharya Bhave joined the Sabarmati
Ashram iri 1916. Gandhiji was so mnch impressed
by yinoba that the former made him the head of the
new ashram at Wardha. He started another ashram
at Paunar later. He pioneered the anti-cow slanghter
movemerit and even. to his last days he advocated in
unambiguous terms a ban on cow slaughter.
IS
V.
INAYAK NARHARI
BRAVE .was born on 11th Sep. tember, 1895 at Gagoda village in Raigad district
of Maharashtra. His mother .,vas a pious and ascetic
lady. He inherited compassion, love. and dedication
from his mother. Ai the age cif ien he pledged to
observe celibacy. tn certain respects, he had a revolutionary. 6~tlook.. He gave women an equal status
and adopted Mahadevi as his daughter... Amongst the
Hindus, the pyre is iit by the son or a .Ill"]e member.
but in :his case, a. departure was made from the traditionalHindu practice as die ftineral pYre was lit by
Mahadevi.
.
is
forei.gn
cdimtriesl.
Ins very
aIlpearance
is gbatantee
to any
The
he emphasized.'
ll't-
Suprcme'\ says the Gita. Vinoba was' the embodiment of this doctrine and proved to be the supreme
exemplar of the ideal of the Gita.
.ljl.
Condusion
in a ~ountry'likeJ~dia
way of ,hvI which is commItted tothat'democratIc
t
MAY BE CONC~UDED
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.Book reviev{
S. SHANE HAIDER NAQVI
'I'N
THIS
MONOGRA'PH
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'.i
They
AMRBTHUR-The path-fin:detin
bio-g~stechnology
A'
,lMRUTHUR
is rie~t~eta tourist spot, 'not api1~m
,,
centre, 'yet 'mIght soon1become,a'model 'vIllage'
and generate 'lot .of .economic activity in '!he 'surrounding area,
, rios!' of 'the
'Amruthur' in Kunigal Taluk is' attracting nationwide attention today, not on account of its strategic
importauce like 'a borderpost in the .high Himalayas,
but on account of its contribution in providiogalter- "
native source of energy, Amruthur with ,a population
of 8,000 people is blazing ahead and might become
the one and the only place in the entire nation with
the unique distinction of installing' as many as 135
bio-gas plants within the radius of 4 kms, with the
financial
assistance form a single Bank.
,
In the country about 30 to 40 crore tontie's of
animal dung is available as base for bio-gas produc-
:n
-: A. GIRISH ROY"
,Dish. Imorination &. Publicity Officer, ,
,
'Tulukur
...
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Develop.ment of
arts and crafts
"
folk.
haS
Considerable
impor~
tance is being given
to the promotion of
viIJage and small
industries in view of
their large employ.
ment potential.
(LIcenced under U(D)-54 to post without prepayment at Civil Lines Po, t Office, Delhi).
The
research
and
development
work
that
is being
carried out by the various all-India boards and organisatif?ns will be directed
towards
evolving
appropriate
development
centres,
regiolllil-
of Rlfrpl-'
of technological
back-up.
n11fl
"' "_',:
The new"'..,
"
',20-po~ntprogramme:
,,!llcl,llstrial policy
in sericulture,.
carpet
weaving
1984-85;
etc.
.,',
especial/j, '
Action
has' been
of a NatiOl~al Handloom
Corporatiml
of cooperative
Developmem
and
spinning mills.
"
H,ul1icrafts
----------------_._-------PUBLISHED
BY
AND PRINTED
THB
DIRECTOR,
BY THB
,.,
PUBLICATIONS
MANAGER.
GOVERNMENT
DMS10N.
OF
NEW
lNDlA
DELIU-llOOOI
PRES9.
p~