!

)
)

Hurakshetr.
Vol. XXXI

No. 21

,.

August 1-15. 1983

Re. 1

"

Improving rural infrastructute

..,

A numb:r of water.borne
and allied diseases have
b~n brou3'ht under ccntrol
by
constructing
pucca
w~l1s in the Tural areas.

Drinking water
Till the Fourth Plan period, rural water

-J

supply schemes were undertaken as part of

the programmes of Community Development and

Welfare Programmes

and were

supplemented by National Water Supply

and Sanitation Programme.

In 1972-73, the

Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme

(AR WP) was started for the benefit of the
villages or areas where problem of drinking
water

lVQS

acute gh'ing preference

to the

villages dominated by the people belonging

to scheduled

castes and tribes and other

backward classes'.

A provision of Rs. 2154 erores has.be(ll made

for various programmes for supply of drinking
water during the Sixth Plan

Editorial

vol, XXXI..
No. 21

August 1. 1983"
Sra"nna .10, 1905

T"HE"'RA-F:ID"DEVf.LOPMEN:V

".

Hurukshetra

. 'since independence

disquicting

[ealure-s.

our rural

society

. dependence

(India's Journal of rural develorment)

While

Indian

Pro~erbial

to

their

to decide

of electricity.

of

growing

industry. for agricultural

continues

supply

agriculture

self-sufficicncy

has given place

of urban

inbnsoon

,farmers,

of

has 'becn a.ttended by certain

inputs.

the fate

qf the'

diesel, iertilizers,

Pesti-

,.

cides have also. increased

CONTENTS
4

on outside

Another

IMPROVING RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE

V. K. R. V. RclO

12

EXPERIMENT

CAN TEACH
us A LOT

A FORUM TO RALLY
YOUTH I'OWI<:R'
G. S. Sangha and Aiit Singh Dhw""iw

17

rcsulti,Tlg from

and

in.

increase

regional"

from

DAL:

jmbalances.

while the poorer

JUNE.J,I

N. N.

SHARMA

SUB-t:mTOR
PARA~IJEET

G.

SINGH
. If'

COVER'. '
M: M.

PARMAR

Editorial

~--_

rcganling Sobseriptloil.llJ. AgenCies.. ek': .

Butaness Manager, Pnbficadom Division.
Patiala Rouse, New Delhi.l1000f ~
Tel: 387983

Office": Klishr Bb~vtm. :N'e'" DeIhf-1100.01

Tetephones: .384}}SS & 3si406'
Editor'". RemdeDce: 615920'-

..--~,--------~---~~-

SINGLE COPY:

Re. I

SUBSCRIPTION POR ONE YEAR: Rs: 20 .

.;are

led -to growing

tensions

: socio-cc~:lIlomic

tural'

areas,

needs to. be dono urgentiy. to 'check~.

of

"India,

The

answer

opines

no .doubt

Jies

.br. Y. K.R':Y.
the former

in

the

rural developmc~t,-

viable nlral cqmmunities,'

Rao~

'~jn-a~t~.._1\~,i.ris~

JC(l((~rtiek-

("If

:-this,
on'

impl,e'men'~jr:g-lt

of \ri}I~_gts f0f. '.their

.working. for

'diversification,.of-

act'ivlt~i in rural -a~cls; upgrading

crc~tio'n-of
,e~9nomic

-0f .rural

and- t~ci_m61~gical _:;kil~i .t_e'~~rmof. the"

tiona!

. in

What should :bc :Ihe: c.on-

nee~s dcccntrali.saHon,' _dustering,

intcg~ate?

the

cl1cc:impa:,iilg: ,all ;~et-

issll~ : ,"tJ)cjleed for in"tegrated rur;ll 'dcvdopmellt

in,dti~trial

rtl'ral.

"educa-

Rural.

systcm and fu1l"utilis;ilipn

of local'rcsources.
India ~h(juld ilO't.. s'er~lc rherdS' as a ,market- for

urban

.products

agricu1tutalgrowth.
Enqufrie."l

-smaU ~~nd
This has

pr.iority basis 'is ~vcll 11nd~n;1ood} hut

,ASSn:. EDITOR,

(MRS.)

labnurers;
lcft out'

ter.
.

of

sediorys~-of:,the.

for whom these ~ programmes:

~rib~ni,i~nt.cc~n'6;)iist:"and
RATNA

section

mainly ;mcant, ,ha'vo 'becnlargel'y

tent of suc.h' a programme?

'(MRS)

programmes

m3rgiI;~11 farnlcrs

iions of the ru'ral society.

EDITOR

main

like landless

iriicgrat~d . rUf,,1 developmcnl

The

the. vast devel~pmcnt

di~quieting'- features','

THEY SHOW THE WAY, ...

the growth
the'. villages

In

rural- community

Soniethin~

19

feature

':is gro.wingincquality

th~ 'rur~ll community

L V. 'Hirevenka"(iXUlld.a~"
YUV

of farmers

in the, ruml sector have been the better-off

A: R. PATEL
'PUERLA

disturbing

of agriculture
beneficiaries

IRRIGATION SCHE:\'!ES AND sMALl.

. FARMERS

the depel1clence

factors.

nor ShOl;ld the rural .beneficiaries

just . get:

intcgratecl.

with

of
their

affine.ot c:ouriter-:"parts' in t-he_ ilrban area~ and f~l'il to

make 'use 'of ~the talent 'and<reSOljrces 'for improving
the .rural cnviro~ment' and' its &onomic Vi~lbmiy.o . 0"

,.

'/

f
,

Improving
rural infrastructure

..

V.K.R.V. RAO'
,

has seen a rapid development

in Indian agricultural production with' annual
compound rate of growth of 2.3 percent during the
period 1950-51 to 1978-79. Cereal production has
increased 'at 'the rate of 2.9 percent while that of
pulses has been practically stationary with O.I~percent:
Oilseeds have recorded a growth of 1.9 percent a
year: The country has reached near self-sufficiency
in cereals, with some marginal 'deficit or'surplus dependi'ng upon the' monsoon, 'while we have to import
cdible oils. The deficiency in pulses' continues as it
cannot be replaced' by iniports. There has' also been
:, a substantial increase in the production of commerCial'
crops but not at the same pace as cereals. The success
story is that of cereal production, especially of wheat,
where the growth rate has exceeded .that of most ether
countries, and (0 sorn'e extent also in. rice.
NDEPENDENT

, 'and a measure of mechanisation has been largely res- .

. ponsible 'for the success attained in our agricultural
production.
.

INDIA

Progress of Indian agriculture'

I T HE PROGRESS of Indian agriculture 'has been
at.
,. ".1 tended by certain features which are disquieting.

One .is the growing dependence of .Indian agriculture.

on Indian industry, mainly located in urban areas .and.
'on inputs obtained .from non-local scuroes. WhHe irri-.
galion' has increa;cd water availability, this is depen- .
dcnt on monsoon behaviour and the filling up of reservoirs <)f major irrigation works' and
other surface sources of water supply such as tanks arid well,s;.
while the pumping up' of water from underground'
sources depends, upon the avaIlability of energy, which
is subject to fluCtuations in tbe case of hl'del' energy
. .dependent on monsoon behaviQur and on rising prices
dne to ,oil' priCes and ~bility to produce domestically
Increase in agricultural production is largely attrior import the needed supplies. The progress of
Indian agriculture has thus been accompanied by in-'
Dutable to increase in production per acre, though ,excreased vulnerability to the monsoon hazard, breaktension of the area under cultivation has played an
downs and stoppages of supplies from India~ in9ustry,
important role, especially during the earlier years after
independence. This increase in the output 'per acre
and' availability of foreign exchange and
changing
policies' regarding imports. Agricultural production
has been the result of a vast extension of irrigation
facilities, 'and changes in the technology of.agricultural I has thus become more dependent ndt only on natural
factors' as in the past, but also on man-made factors
production with t~e nse of high 'yielding varieties. of
operating in the ,reseof the economy. 'Increasing proseeds; 'large imports of chemical fertilisers and weedi,
duction has made Indian agriculture less self-sufficient,
cides and pesticides, the use of energy for pumping up
more' marketcoriented not only in respect of disposaL
water from underground 'sources, and the use. of tracof output but ~lso in regard to aquisition of inputs,
tors harvesters tillers and other mechanical equip"
.
~
and more linked and dependent on the growing indusment. Scientific agriCulture. with the introduction of
modern pra~tices and .inputs, extension of ~rrigation
trialised and urban sectors of the cconomy.

of

Inaugural~ddress
to Fullbright f;cminar
-beill recently.
; .
_-

<:'0

'.

'

..

.'

'

'Agriculture, Encrgy[and Indian SOc:iety' held at University of Agricultural

. ,
-.

t~

~-

'_

'

.
KURUKSHETRA

Sciences;

.' .:

August 1. 1983

J;:ver-green forests, social forestry in .villages, tree

plantation in, privatc holdings where. the land is not
used for any other purpose, and fodder cultivation
both in private holdings and 'in ,~iilage COnlmons all J
constitute a part of the strategy for lessening the fluctuation element in the country's dependence on the
monsoon for its agricultural production -and power
generation. ,Above all, lo'cal
. . intercst and motivation
.
has to be aroused ,both in evcr-green forests and social
, forestry; and it must be iJltegrated' with rural development On'a decentralised. b~is. The tree lover movement should bc extended into the rural areas with mass
participation and special enlisting of tbe youngcr ele"ments in the population, especially
students and
schools as ,institutional agents.
,.

Bane of growing inequalities

HE GROWTH
OF AGRtCULTURE
has also been attended by growing inequalities among the rural
~population. As agriculture has be~ome more capitalintensive, the highly skewed distribution of agricuitural,assets including land has played its inevitable role
in accentuating previously existing inequalities aniong
the agricultural population. Though extensive measures have been adopted for making credit and other
facilitics specially available to, the weaker sections such
as small and marginal fanners, the d'~liverysystem has
not been sufficiently effective, with the: result that it
i~ largcly the medium and large farmers who have'
recorded impressive gains from 'the progress in Indian
igriculture. While some sections. of 'agricultural
labaur have benefited in areas of extensive irrigation
'and modern agricultural practices, the b.ulk of their
number have 110trecorded any progress in spite of
the. many programmes undertaken for their, special
benefit. With the absence of rural industrialisation,
the failure to upgrade rural industrial skills by
appropriate programmes imd absence of rural industrial
market, the lot of the non-agricultural workers in
rural areas' has not ShOWIlany improvement either.
The grmVth of incomes, of the medium aj1d large farmers has !Ieii produced any multiplier effects on the
rural market or on the rest of rural il}comes, with the
urban markets meeting, the increased demand emerging from the 'higher incomes of some sections of the
cultivating population who have had a lion's share of
the dividends from agricultural
development. The
result has been the growth .of the rural poor and an
'oxodus of large numbers among them 'to the urban
areas in search of employment, adding to urban 'slums
and the population of the urban poor. Simultaneously
there has been a brain-arain from the rural 'areas,'adding to rural stagnation and depriving the rural areas of
the skills and enterprise that conld bring about an allround rural development. Indian agricultural progress
has also been attended by growing regional inequalities

KURUKSHETRA August 1, 1983

among the rural population bascd on the unequal distribution of irrigation facilities and its resulting consequences on the extent of adoption of modern agricultLirai'practiecs. Agricultural' stratcgy for the nonirrigablc arcas of thc 'country still rcmains to be cvolved, and to be adopted even to the extent it has been
evolved.
It is. not only thc irrigatcd arcas that arc facing thc
energy problem. All the rural arcas' in the couhtry arc
facing the problem of encrgy for ,their fuel supplies,
and 'obtairLingwater fo, drinking purposes, let alone
for bathing. Dependence on oil' is expensive while
dependence on hydel energy is accomparLiedby uncertainty. While unCertainty has thus increased even
in' the irrigate'd areas, the natural uncertainty in the
non-irrigated areas has been compounded, by the effect
of the fuel demand on the' population of trees and
adj9ining forests and consequent iIicrease in liability
to drought. ' Energy has now become a vital problem
in the realm of rural development, both in the irrigated and unirrigate4 are~s and needs urgent action fur its
solution, What we needed is decentralised production
of rural energy based on locally available resources,
rather than energy from outside. Bio-gas, small hydropower, solar, and wind energy' are all possible alternatives for such local supplies and these could be worked together in an integrated fashion, arid reduce current'
dependence on electricity supplied through a grid or
,expensive diesel oil, obtained through 'domestic or
imported supplies. As pointed out by the Department
of Science and Technology of the, Government of India
"Iniegrated energy system take into aceount all facets
of the decentrillised rural energy problem and for
a~y given location, imd are based on an optimum
,matching of the needs with energy availability, parti-'
cularly renewable sources. An integrated energy
, system takes into consideration not only the ' energy
need patterns; availability of' local energy resources,
but also the cultural and social habits of the people.
The intermittent and diffuse nature of some of the
single sources such as solar, wind or bio-gas can. pose
major problems in their effective utilisation. However,
mixing a' number of sucb sources to !TIeetthe specific
requirements of a rural community, 'can 'help to
allcviate this pmblem, at the sante time improve total
system efficiency and reliability. However, since local'
skills in rural areas are limited the' technologics
. employed in nitegrated energy systcms should: as far
as possiblc,' be simple and require low maintenance.
The integrated energy systems could provide lighting ,
for houses and streets; fuel for cooking' and heating
. water; m~chanicalpower for pumping wa'ter for ir~igation and drinking; drying of crops; chilling; mccha- '
nical power and electricity for rural industry; and, low
'grade heat for, coHage industry." The problem has
been well put, but a great deal of work ha~ to be done'
5

research-wise,
commercially, - and
organisationally,
before a nationally extensive programme on the lines
indicatcd can come into opcration.

Removing imbalan<;:es

needs to be launched for'making the rural areas habItable and viable and this cannot be done
merely
,through official machinery.
There is a growing cansciousnc~s about this need in the country, but_ what we '
,require is identifying of established institutions
like
schools, colleges, technical institutions, institutions of
higher learning and rcsearch~ sci.cntific and technolo.gic:.tl laboratories;
social service organisations
and
other .volunt:lTY associations of committed indi~liduals'
. with a vie\-v {o'. interest them in the process of rural
change and_ encourage and facilitate their ,playing an
active
role in rural . dcvelopment.
The crux.of
the
matter ,is that unless Jiving conditions in rural fire-as
- become belter, ente,prise, skills and professionals will
. not go into rural areas and unless they do,thete
can
be no bloomI"ng of rural econom.ic activity> and we
cannot bring eritrepreneuraL skills for diversifying our
rural economy and jncreasing rural econ,omie viability
. for all tbe sections of the rural population; who today
either live in- a state of stagnation or are trying to find.
: Iheir way to urban areas:

DEVELOPMENT
has not succeeded
in removing imbalances in the Indi'an society.
While some sectiolls of the rural population have undoubtedly benefited, the,,, are large sccti.nns whose
economic and social status ,has not improved.
The
growing .impact of poverty and undcr..,employment jf
qat also unemployment in Tura] ai'ea-s is leading to the
transfer of the problem to urban areas;' and confli'cts'
of saci,a-economic character are also. bcgilliling
to
emerge in :nual areas.
Unless something is done to
promote decentralisation
of economic activity in the
country rural industrialisation,
and making the rural
areas a belter place to live in, Ji,diansociety
is going
"to be faccd wilh growing problems of inequality, conflicts and confrontation.
The 'rural voice is becoming
more powerful ill the Indian society as a result 'of the
.growth of India~n agriCllltnre and its modernisation~
Back to the vil1ages
but not that pali of the nlral voice, which has not beneHIS 's A GIGANTIC task. Solving the energy
profited from ~gricuJtural deyelopment.
The need for
blem
for
-the
rural
areas
by
the
method
suggested
integrateq rural development on a priority basis is well
in the extract I quoted from the note of the Department
. understood, bui_ impkmcnting it needs uecentraljsation~
of Science and Technology ~i1l also help
to make
clustering of villages for their integrated development,
rural
areas
a
bettcr
living
place
in
terms
o.r
'sanitaworking for creation of viable .rura~ commllll.ities, diver-.
tion,
hygiene
and
Jiving
conditions.
It
will
also
be
helpsification of economie- activity in ruraJ areas, upgradful
if
a
'back-to-the-villages
movement'
is
started
and
ing of rural industrial and technological skills,.ieform
retired
people
are
encouraged
to
go
and
'Jive
in
villages
of the ruml educational
system, and 'full utilisation
where the v can have a more active role and contri~
of'local
resources.
Rural.lndia
should not
_serve
bute
the' ;ichness of. their experience'to
developmnt
merely 'as a market for urban products nor should the
than staying in urban areas where they find no demand
rural beneficiaries of agi'icultural growth just get- inte... for their experience a.od where living conditions are
grated with their affluent counterparts .in the urban
becoming more andmme
difficult.
Giving a ruralareas and fail to make use oT tl}eir talent and resources
oriented slant to the inland tourist traffic wiU also help
for improving the rural environment and its economic
by expanding the rural market and in~reasing aware-
viability.
Soiue way has to be found for integrating
ness of ruml social reality by urban residents.
I
rural and urban areas and this cannot be'done unless
tll.ere i.s transfer of industrial activity to the rural areas~
All that J can say in conclusion is that developand residence ill rural. areas for professionals,. techniment of agriculture alone will not solve the rural pracians aud skilled peopie who cun serve to vitalise the
bl,em. Activities ained 'to agriculture
have a role,
niral environmdnt
and provide alternative sources of
as the Anand pattern of .dairy development has shown ...
activity to the rural population .. Beneficiaries from the
But in addition~' rural-industrhilisat.ion
and shifting of
~growth of agriculture and urban cons_umces
should
spole parts of the lndustrial activity from. the urban
spend their income in rural areas buying products of
areas' to rural areas and location of new industrial.actirural non-"gri~uItural
activity.
The Indian society is
vities in ru~al are-as ;fl'c also necessary.
Villages have
being profoundly -affected by the rural developme"t
to. be treated as places of residence by people 'who now
that is t<.~-kingplace; and if these effects are to provecome to the towns' and this implies again a general
beneficial then the rural-urban
contInuum' should bebetterment of conditions of .Ufe :in the villages,
Over
come much more of a reality, with small towns .becom- , and above tackling the problem of specific poverty
irig more important .and their activi,ties in ~regard tal
groups in the ruraI:areas, what -is needed is a gigantic
prodmition
spread over their .neighbouring
villages ..
. p'rogramme of developing infrastructure
of the .rural
All these cannot be done merely
by Govennuent.
. environment
an~ developmc.nt in terms of transport,
V,?l~nt~ry orglni.satioris have to play, a major --"rolea~
energy, h<.)llsing, living conditions and location of new
also d~dicated' individuals. who. are. prepared to spend
industries, and homes for retired people:' Whether this
their time for rural uplift.
A great new movement
(Contd. on p. (6)
GRICULTURAL

KURUKSHETRA

August,L

1983

Irrigation schemes ,and

small- farm ers
A. R. PATEL
.Bank of Baroda, Central Office, Bombay

IMPORTANCE

OF IRRIGATION

'Small farmer beneficiaries

HE

Purposewise
-

and actegorywise-number

--------r-

Newly dugwells .
old
Deepening
of
wells
Electric Pumpsets
Diesel engines.
Plicca tJ.eld chan~le1s
Total

No ..
162 _

...

involving' an outlay

of farmers an.d loan a'!louat asnetioned under Millor Irrigation Scheme,

Masuda (Upt. September 1978)
.

Small Farmers
(subsid;sed)

Medium Farmers

,-~--

Amount

No.

839-0

50

254 -5

No.

----

Amount

in thousands)
_._--- (Rs.
----_ .. ~

Large Farmers

Amount

Total

,---'--,

r-~-.-~

No_ -

39

223,-0

14

]8
79
27
500

50-0
465 -9
'145-8
7 -0

- 8.

No_

Amount

85.0

AI110unt

265

140 ,5

98
203
74
2900
mt.
640

257-0
1202 -7
405 -3
38-0

_.

G4 -- 170 -0
87 - - 525 -5
101.6
18
1500
20-0

8
15
22

17 -0
82-7
118 -7 .

mt.

331

mt.

1656 -I

95

471 -9

Small farmers-( 426) constituted 67 p", cenl "ot

the total number of farrners (640) financed under:the
scheme.. .These farmers were- financed for sinking. of .
new wells, renovation, deepening of old wells, installation of electric/diesel pumpsels and construction
of pucea field ch~nriels. The total amounl provided
to them' for - all these purposes worked!. out 10
KURUKSHETRA

irrigation scheme

Small fanners

~urpos~

MINOR

of Rs.' 36.73 . lokhs was ilnpJcmenied during

1976-to 1978. The particulars of the number of
farmers financed and the amount disbursed for different purposes as On September, 1978 are given in
Table 1.

'Table

water in the area' through constructing

new
w611s;deepenin," of the existing ones and by.installation of. dieseIjelectric.pumpsets.
,

to improve the
agricultural economy in Rajasthan hardly needs,
any emphasis. Inadequate and uneven- distribution or
, rainfall leading to scarci-tyconditions/drought are not
cd!)1IlIonin the ,state. There is 'one bad year during
the periOd of 4 to 5 years and -sometimes bad years
follow in succession in the district 'of Ajnier. To
overcome the problems of drought' in this distr,;ct.
. the minor irrigation scheme in the area of Panchayat
Samiti, .Masuda irrigation schem,,-.in Ajmer district was formulated by Bank of Baroda. The main' objective
of the scheme was toe~ploit the available groundHE

August I, 1983

163

20-0
128-6

~22:

40.2

7
900

H ,0

mt.-

891 -7

'284 -8

51

P_c.

3304'5

Rs. _21.28 lakhs which formed 64.4 per cent of Ihe

total amount disbursed under the' scheme_ .
-

. An evaluati~n study in October, 1978 was. con"

ciucted with' th~se objectives yiz. to quantitati'vely
estimate the increase in the (i) cropping intensity, (ii)
productivity of different crops per unit _area, . _(iii)
7

"

employment generation, (iv) lotal firm output, . and

(v) level of net iucrementalincome per farmer dur-,
ing the 'post-investment period. The farmer-borro~,
wers were spread over 94 villages of Masuda
Panchaat Samiti. The degree of concentration of
farmer borrowers varied from one borrow in each 01
the 14 villages to more than 20 borrowers in each
of eight',~ilages. With 11 view to making the sample
for study truly representative of the. area and making
it free fro~ all possible prejudices, i28 'borrowers
P~ewise

spread in 34 villages were selec!ed at

randow
for :the detailed study. Even the 34 villages were also
selected at random. However, the selection was
. confined to these villages where the number of,'
borrowers were more ,than six. Thus, the sanip'e
. of farmer population and village population constituted 20 per cent and ,36 per cent respectively. Of the'
)28 borrowers selected, at random for study, the
number of small ,farmers were 85 which formed 66.4
p~r cent (Table 2),

Table 2
and Categorywise

Under
subsidy

"
New wells

Deepening, of old wells

Pumpsets

162
32

P
S

Ii

2'

64
13

'p

37
7

105
21 '

S'

Medium
, farmers

Large

Total

farmers'

Sub
total
212
42
(19 '0)
72
15
(20'0)
142
28
(19 '7)

39
8

14
3

18
3

,8
2

106
21

29
6

265
,53
(20)
98
20,
(20 '4)
277
55
(19 '8)

: Population (total no. of farmers financed)

: Sample (No. of farmers under study)
..
(Figures "in the parentheses indi~te percc!1tage of the sample, under study)

Visible impac

TOTAL AREA OF 1360 acres is held by 128 farmers. Out of the total area, 633.5 aeres of
land has now been brought under irrigation..-after investment. ' The area under, irrigation to total crop
area'stands at 46.58 percent. There has been an increase in the intensity- of cropping. The percentage
increase in the rabi cropping is 65S-rabi 'crops like
wheat, barley and gram )laye occupied more area. It
is heartening to note that there has been 39,2 percent
rise in per acre-productiviif:y of crops in general. Rabi
crop prodnctivity has increased 'uy 38.7 percent.
Productivity of different crops per acre has stepped
up by 17.87 percent in case of maize, 59.42 percent
in case of 'wheat, 20.48 percent in case of barley
and 96.67 percent in case of gram.

The study shows that ontput of' crops of 128

farmers has increased from 387 tonnes to 723 '(oilDes
ihdicating'" rise of 87.42 percent. Rabi 'prodnciion has
also increased from' 166 lonnes to 381 tonnes. Rabi
production'to total crop prodnction has shown a J1!;C
f~om 42.9 percent to 52.7 percent during the post~'
Investment period. The productivity of ,indiYictual
, ,crops such ,as maize,' wheal, barley .and gr~Jil'bas gone
8

Non~
subsidy

50 '
10

'The study encompassed coverage ,'of those parameters,"

which have direct relationship to or bearing on the
land productivity, farmers income - and employment
opportunity dnring the pre-investment and' post-investmen! period.

A'

Population

Small farmers

Purpose

Sample,

up in case of small farmers. The net incremental in

,come whieh is the difference between the intome dur-,
~ing' post-investment' and pre-investment period'ranged
from Rs. 1260 to 2216 in case of small fm.mers.
It is observed that the farmers have 'commenced
inyesting more in labour, see<:is,fe~bilizersand pesticides" But tbis investment per acre unit cannot 'be
regarded cas spectacular. It is expected that with the
adoption of better teeliniques of irrigation fanrls, the
, farmers will have to rais~ their investment in inputs
,which in turn wilLbe reflected in the rise in the out~ '
pnt. It is also observed that the farmers have' commcnced improvi~g or b~ilding, their assets such as
housing aeeommodation, durable goods, livestoek, farm
implements etc. Investmeht in these assets, . in fact
depends 'upon .their net' additional income their sa';;:
, ing and re-invest~ent capacity, which has b~en very
meagre in the initiaLperiod. It is expected ~hat the
situation would improve if'1he farmers take up, im7
proved practices of irrigated farming and efficient utilisation of resQurce.s on their farm. .
The' findings Of the, study reveal that,;ith
the
irnplementation of the minor irrigati~n:'scheme, small
farmers. have indeed benefit~d in terms of bringing_
~ore area under. ip"igation, -. increasing cropping intensity, . introducing changes i'n faVour of' crops of
economic 'importance in:Te3;Smg croR productivity per
acre. Net e,ffeetof all these improvements has been
found in the inereased net income during post-invesiment period. In short, rabi cropping intensity ,nnder
KURUK~BETRA August [, 1983

new wells increased substantially by. 596.81 per cent

and productivity 01 kharif and rabi crops in general
showed a rise 01 38.97 per cent and 42.57 'per cent,.
respecbively. Net incremental.. income 'per lanner
during post-disbursement period was'Rs. 1436 under
new wells. Rs. 1260 under renovated wells, and
Rs. 2216 under pumpsets.

Cropping intensitx

'W
,

ITHA VIEW.TOEX:LOlTINGthe surplus ground- "

water for mereasIllg the,most urgently needod
Categorywise

irrigation facilities in 94 viHages of Masuda Pan- .

chayat Samil!i, substantial investment has been made
by ,the.,B~nk.:.. This investment has yielded' some
benefits which have appreciably increased the ,crop~
ping intensity; crop-productivity, farm output, em-,
ployment opportunities alld ,ultimately net incremental income of 'the farmer. However,' the dose'
scrutiny of the quantitative measurements of. these
paramet'ors has clearly established that the increase iii
tile cropping intensity with relerene~ to the hmd held
by an ~?ividuai farmer ~s appreciably lower than
that antIcIpated III the .project. ,(Table 4).

Table 4
I
Cropping Intensity for Farmers .during Pre-and. PoSt-Investment

Period
(Area in acr~s)

Cate$ort!s

./ beneficiaries

Pre-Investment

Deepening
of old J~ells

Pumpsets

'-we'IIs
.2.70

4.80

4.67

4'47

4'55

7.99

10.05

8'20

13-07

14,0

'5'40

12.90

New

'SmaIt farmers (SubsIdy)

Small farmers (Non-subsidy)

"

Medium farmers
Large farmers
(Figures in. pare~theses-'indicat;percentage

increas~ over pre.i~vestment

The .investment on the creation or improvement of

irrigation facilities either by sinking new. wells or
renovating old wells or installation of diesel/electric
primpsets must result into the' coverage of specific/
desired acreage of land under irrigation' and thereby'
under irrigated crops.' This has not 1)appened'in. the
present case as expected. TIle reasons lor this state
of affairs have been 'analysed in these, paragraphs.
The cropping inten~ity under irrigated farming conditions is " function .of (i) adequate yield of water in'
the well; (ii). quality of water; (iii) types and efficieney. of water liftiiig' devices; .(iv) preparation of
,land so as to be capable 'oEreceiving.irrigation water
uniformly and reducing the Water losses viz.-on farin
de""lopment
works"":'levelling/shaping of
fielct;"
. field-channels, bundillg; (v) knowledge of irrigation
, . technology- so as to ~lcrease the water lise efficiency;
(vi) investment capacity of the farmer to undertake
all these activities. It has been seen that while
analysing the dat,; relating to individual farmer under
study, ,one or several of these factors have been.operating which have, therefore, reflee!ed on the low level
. of cropping intensity as compared to that anticipated
, in the project. . It is in this onneetionvery pertinent
'to 'appreciate that the wells 'where the yield oE water
is low jinadequate should be examined scientifically
and steps may have to be taken .to deepen them to
increas,e the yield of water at least during 'rabi ~nd'
KURUKSHETRA August 1, 1983

Post-investment

New

Deepening
of old ivells

wells

0.40
(33)
6 .82
(50)
13 .43
(64)
6.'40
(19)

4'82
(78)
5 .94
(33)
14.63
(46)
21.73 (55)

Pumpsets

5.75
(24)
10'03
(25)
14.86
(14) ,
22 .73
(76)

period)

hot weather season. The cases where the farmers

have indicaten -that. the water
saline, the quatity
of water should be tested during different seasons ~nd
. farmers may have to be guided in respect of Ire'queney of use 01 this water and crOps which 'can be
. raised with this quality of water.. These farm'ers who
have been lilting water through ,shots may have to be
motivated to go for pumpsets if the yield of 'w"ter
permits them to do &Cl and/or they have to be gwded
to increase the. water usc efficiency. Irrigated farm'ing presupposes' the completion of on-farm, develop-'
ment works such as proper levelling/shaping of laiid,
layout of field channels: bunding etc. so that ihe
water use efficiencycould be increased and more 'area
could be brought under irriiated crops.. Thus, efforts
have to be. made to convince the farmers to take np
these works. The crop raising tinder irrigated farming
'is not so simple as could be thought by the farmers.
The ,subject of irrigation technology which has direct'

is

relevance" to the reduct{on in' water tosses, increasing

the water ,use efficiency,reducing the adverse effect of

over irrigation or under 'irrigation on crop production
has to betaughf through. demonstrations. This' also
necessitares the importance
of setting up of irrigation
.
~
researeh-cum-demonstration Farm in the project area
or under similar agro-climatIe conditions. The farm, ers may, have to be advised on the availability of loan
facilities , for such, purposes so that the investment

-..

. Crop productivity

already made in. digging wells' ca~ yield betfer results

with little more investment on on-farm development
works and replacing the indigenous water-lifting devices
by pumpsets. Installation of pumps/diesel. sets should
be properly checked/studied so as to .avoid u,!der
utilisation as also reduce available expenses .on diesel
and electricity.

HE RESULTS
HAVE ALSO revealed that per a~r~
,
productivity of various kharif and rabi crops lias
increased during post-inV'Cstment period.
/.

Table 5
Per acre productivity

during

Pre

and Post~In\'estment

Period

(Yield

-,----~--~~--~-----,-~-------~--~---

-'--------_.

Categories of bel1ejidaries

Pre-investment
New

wells
Small Farmers.(subsidy)

Post.investment.

New
weils

Deepining
of old
.. welfs

we/ls

5 .27

4 '59

5 'JO

'6 .07

(K)

(iC)

(K)

(K)

5.19

(39)
6.53

(15) ..
'9 .32

4.58

8 '13
(R) .

(R)

3 .90

.4 .35

4.84

(K)

(K)

(K)

5.57

(R)

(R)

3 .39

(R)

2 '85.

(R)

(R)

(46)
5 ..13

(K)

(K)

(26)
6.67

(6)
5.87

4 '81
(K)

, (23)
5 .60 -

(R)
3 .83

(K)

(K)

(K)

(K),

'(R).
..,3 .01

Large Farmers

(R)
.4.64

(K).

2.99

(R)

(R)

3 .05

4.95 .

(K)
"

2.20

(R)

4.92

(R)
5 -49

(34)
7.96
(R)
..(86)
4 '59

(51)
6.10
(R)

(23)
5,96

crop
Rabi G:rop
(F!gw:cs i~ parc.nthcsc~ indicate

4.19
. (K)

(37)
7 :44

(R)
(51)
6 .56

(K)

(K)

(K)

6.02

(52)
6.39

(28)
4.20

(19)
7 '36

(R)

(R)

(R)

(R)

(91)

(22)

= Kharif
=

percentage

increase

over

However, 't)1e level of productivity is considerably

lower than th~t anticipated in the project.. The per acre
productivity is directly co-related, with 'the factors .(i)
adoption of .scientific' meth:>ds of cultivation, high'yielding/hybrid varieties of crops, fertilizers, pesticides,_
(ii) judicious application of water-how much, when
and how, (iii) adequate.' and timely .availability .'of
"inputs-seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, .water, farmpower including diesel/electricity, (iv) continuoUs' and
.easy -~ccess to the extension staff for. techqic~l.gu~dance, (v) produdion"'Credit as warranted by cultiva'tion cost. The difficulty on the -availability of one
and/or othtr such things reduces the yield of '.the
crop. The present study ha~ shown that the farmers
undqr, study have indicated their difficulties .on one or
.combination of .several such factors. These facts
draw the pointed attention f.or creating' a conducive
10

(R)

(73)

.. (K)

(113)
K
R

(K)

"(40)
7'59

(15)
5.50

3.15

. 4 .29

(R)

(20)
.4.77

(K)

6.42

(43)

(34)
Farmers

Pumpsets

of old

(K)

4.18

Medium

Deepening

3 .6,7

(R)
Small Farmers (Nonwsubsidy)

in quintals/acre)

---------

pre-investment

period)

: environment and' ev.olving a mechanism whereby

theSe farmers secure all this -help fr.om~.one source.
. The irrigated farming, in sharp contrast to dry farming technology, creates a'large number of employment
opportunities for tlie labour-force in the area through
various farm .operations which. have to be performed
, timely viz. weeding, application .of fertilizers, top-dressblg spraying 'of insecticide~, application .of water,
harvestng, thr~shing, winnowing,

cleaning; .storing etc.

Not only irrigated crops require mare labour but multi.

cropping system many a times experien~es shortage of
labourers. '}j'.owever,in this study, the employment
opportuniiies on an average has increased by 8 mandays which is significantly .Iow. The results have shown
. that investment on.kibour, seeds, fertilizers; farmp'.Jwer, though has increa~ed to .some ext.ent, 'h~s been
KURUKSHE1'RA

August 1. 1983

-.

"

co;;~iderablylow ~ compared to th:it anticipated in the '

project. This she<!s light on standardising the nol:ms
or' cost of cultivation of various crops on the basis of'
scieritific studies. This will then have to be through
loan' facilities .so that fimnersadopt padcigeof prac.:,"
tices, inputs and conduct farm-opetations tiniely, The
'low_investment itself has resulted inio low productivity
of cropSjier icre, While hugelnvestrnent in the form
,

N~ In~~1

'of creating irrigationfa~ties

haS been made, a little
"attention' needs' to 00 given in this direction 'too. "
,"
.
,.
',,-

Net 'incremental incQme

,',

,
netincremental,~c~e
. 'per farmer has mdeed mcreased because of trnga.tiohfacilities,'
:.
,.,,',,'..
OT~

Table 6

FARM'OU:'pUT~d

. ,

~m:ouie
Per Farwer during ~re- aDd .~ost:'~vestment
p~o~
(Amount in Rs.)

..

- tC~tegorie8

Small Farmers(Subsidy) ,
Small Fai:mers (Non-subsidy)
Medium Fanners'
/ '
. LarseFarmers ,

-New

Deepening

ells
,

of old
' .lls

804
1713
2630

,I

294Q
1991
2818
1322

,1896,

N.B.-Net -incremental income during pdst.investment

period isaciditional

Posl.investment/

Pumpsets

2614
3783.
3899
. 4247

New

Deepening

ells

, of old "
.-lls

' 1436
1346
2953
4587'

1260
3304
,4035
902

over that of pre.investment

Pu"!psets.

2216
2367
3027 ..
3648', '

period ..

However the fariD.outPut hits been the n6tresult of

(1890 4ours) respectively giving the, per hour coSt of
'inter-action' of increased cropphlg intensity and increase
diesel and, elec!ricity <:<>usillnptiOn
aSlQi',.1.37.an? 0.92
Per ~cre crop productivity.. Once these, factors 'are
~spectively. , IUs. aJli<:>
o~ery~.,t~t
.~e ~eparry~st
properly given a'sCiliniific louch, the flirnioutput can
. in respect ?f ~nlall,farmers r-an.~ tt~oRs., 700..
increase ~riSiderably;"Similarly, the net incremental
,1170 and In ~ase of lar~e f~ers
It ~as . b~t~een
income per tarIDer has been the funotion of incr~ilSedRs,
900: and Rs, 130? ~o~the.d~~of
~~alliiMn.fo
~oppmgintensiiy
x mcreaseiLpei acrepr()(hl~tivity
the dat~. of study: ~,~~st,
~ofeve~~"was: RS, 6~0_
x' n"t iricome per acre. :rhif caD.aI!oihcrease sub- f~r medIUm:f~ers.I!.'~se
shi~. P?~t otit,~lI~t
stanihilly if various funiting filctors ate kept uiIder
. dIesel/electriCity ,and Iep~
a:.e.~~:!.~stly and. tre-'
control. '
',~

"
'.
',',
' fore asystem'~houldbe evolvoowherebythese f:ume~
,
espec~ysmall.farmers
are gmdedio iIsetherr pump...
,sets to the optimum level iuid they i# their !leisrepaITed
The study further shoWs that while the bank has
atreasonabie Cost This will reduce the cost of
not taken a rigid <:>rstiff attitude' iIi accepting 'llie.
'production:..
'
.
revised.cost-!ltnic~e for siDking of wells anddisburs"
ingthe 'exact requirements of funds for this purPose, ,
"The baianCed,use of pliint-nufrieriis should be lidvo-. _
the farmers should have been motivated to secure
. caled btl the basis' of soil-ahalysisrepOrt of individual,
the crop loan for .cultivatio~ 'Ofvarious crops fln Scienti'ftekls;,o l.~to reduce the, cost of tirodnction' as also
,fic lines iliId term ioan for Undertaking the on-farin
fuailitaiJi ti)e optim,uD:ifehi1it)i ievel of the soil for crop
~,
_ deyelop\nent works, Of cOuiSe, tliis =iull'es- it close
production, indiViduiUfarmplilllSiuid fami-bUdgeting
, coordination ofeOOPeratives;6ervice sOCietieS, e:xten"
iii viewbf til" fainIers reSources ,should ~ prepared
sion agency; iflput deal!trs and the Bank. ,The study
f6'r'optiriiuriI r~ifun on -tlie mvestiiient. 'The Groulid
in respect of. running .exp<;nses' of 'pumpgets has
Wilter SiIrveyDq;artment should' UiidettiJ.keasainple'
revealed that ori an average the snlall farmers have run
.,:survey of the' weIis Willi.regard ,to the' seasonality "0('
, the pumpsets (diesel) for 200 day~ (i 600 hours) and ana fai'ineiS be gwdoo
respect of chariges in
. electric pumpsets for 180 days (900hours),i1ie
cost'
iile ciO~pingpattern iii liglit;ofthi'" 'The wOrk of tlfe
'of dies~l and .electriciiy Per ~g
hour works,'out to
!J bI1e@bnof aceuratedlita fe1aiihg to tIre COSt<if<,tiltiRS. 1,45 and 0.92 respectively: Themedi'!ffi fimners - vallo';, hIpuls usoo, diesel/electricity consumed, yield /
have'run the electric. pumpsets. for' 220 days (1200
realised iind vaIue of priidiid, received s1i6tildbe uriderhOurs) with 'a Rs. 0:94 cost ofelectricity per hour. In
takeiiOOiliiiuioilsjyso as ~'liave Ii clear piCture of the
case of large flifmers,the diesel .imd electric pumpsets .
!,,~estn:>ent,return and the repaying capacity of the
have run fur 240 days, (1440 hours) and 270 days
farmerS: ' .

,!? '

'

,w..ter

in

"

. KURUKSHETRA

AugustA; -1'983

11.

.,

.,

.-,..

"

,.

"W"
;
"'-

'-

"..-

...

.-. -

c~n'"

Puebla experiment'
teach us a lot

.-

'

.~ent project~taff~played a~ey role in the initial pian.

faces two problems of greatmng and settmg up of operations.',
'.
'
,
.urgency~the threat of an absolute :shortage of
..food" on .a global 'scale, and the fact of continuing
, The first reqUirement forl~tion
of thi; project
. low . incOmeS arid malnutrition . among most ,'of' the
was
an
area
where
,
maize"was
tp,e
principal
<:rop
,rural popuiatiOn. -ThePuebla project ~ an experic
,,' grown, Pla~ers found this i~ one large area of the
.mental ,design to tackle both problems simultaneouS-,
. state of Puebla. . The project offices are l~
m city "
ly by obtaining a large increase in yield of basic food
~f Pueb~~ less !hap.tw~hour drive nom Cimmyt and
crop-:..in. this case, maize.--;among small farmers pro. similar distance from the, Graduate School of Agrieu1.
ducing at subsistence. levels with traditional methOds.
. ture, Chapingo which itself is only.fifteen minute drive
,Much of the world food' is now produced On small .
from :Cimm~. The location had further. advant:lge in
fiums, where families" produce mainly. for' human
that .'t was the native. s(ate of the then President of
,and aIDmal conSumption Oll fami and luive. no or
M~co, and this serVed'to win the 'enthUsiastic endor"
little surpills to sell. The families have usually been
sem,:"t of the President. . The Chapingo 'University
among the last to discard their traditional farmmg
~ro~ded the field staff and' implemented the design
methods and feW of them are quick to reap the benelargely formulated by Cimpiyt., .'
.
fits 'of new. technology. 'On a worldwide basis, hOWe
. The finan~ial support forethe protect was approv~d
ever, ' they, represent a vast' potential for national
m March, 1967, and. a .research agronomist and a
development. The attention. to .these fanrilies' of
,traditional sector is crucial for, at .least .three reasonS :
breeder were emploYed sOOn".afterwards. The first
field experiment was installed.in' Ap~ 18,. 1976.
:
(a)' Their' farms represent an impOrtant part of the
arable land in many countries, ,thus, yields must
. The regioMI ,agriculture programme had the' fol-,
.be increased'to satisfy total foOd requirements; (b)
lowing four objectives :.
....
"
.In !WII1Y nations most of the human resources ~are .
(1)
Agronomlc
research
employed. in. traditional agricillture and improved
(2) TechniC,al'assistance' to f~
agriculture is a readily 'available SOurceof increased'
(3)
SOci~nomic
evaluations
capital from .within;. (c) Traditional farmers make up
'(4) Co-oidination of all aclivitiies touching
a 'large, porlion of the population on many countries
directly on cr,o!, productioll.
ami continuouS ~imProvements in their farming tech.
: niques, is,.essential for .over-all social development. .
ORW' AGRICULTURE

..'- 'Tlie'project area was selected in early 1967.af;et'

,evalllcatinginformation collected in 'visitslO the area
prior to the 'maize harvest in 1966; revi~wiiig. the
results from ,earjier experiments,. and studying 'Yea.
ther. data ITom several' locirti,ons'in the region,. Mem'
bers of the intematio~al wheat.and maize improve.

I:!

'

'".

Puebla proje~t-:-,objectives ,.

T
suggested the following tmllgs for
. ' .. effectwe performance of the project. The regional
HE . P~ANNERS

" agncnltural progriunme structure should have certain.

:basi~ characteristics, including,: (a) capable, highly
motivaled"weUtrainedstaff; (b) incentives that'make
,
KURUKSHETRA August 1, i 983
~ .
'-

.\

the work professionally rewarding -ro the staff; and

(c) a budget that is adequate both in amount and-<:ase
of administration of funds. Each- of, these essential
elements is discussed briefly in the following sections.

and net income, ~d of the necessity forI using all

components of the technology precisely Ito obtain
maximum results. Major colnmunication media
,used.fo~ this purposc in Puebla were:

. Agronomic Resear~h.-Agronomic
research serves
the regional programme in testing the performance
of crop yarieties, and in determining the appropriate,
packages of productiou pracliices for different conditions in the area .. In general, the amount ,elfresearch:
required is proportional to the ecological' variability
in the area. . For example, more research will be
required in rainfea areas where the frequency and iu'tensity of drouglit ;Ire high' and variable within iind
among years, than in areas with irrigation or very
favourable' rainfall. Major stePs in conducting agrono->mic reSearch are as follows:'
, , .
.

Radio and pamphlets : Particularly, lIserul iii ,con/ vipcing the moie advan~
farmers to use I,the new
technology.' Television and newspapers, were little
used in Puebla as they reach a very SIIllillrraction of
the rural population;
.
"
I.

(a) Gather and evaluate materials and information related. to the technology used by the farmers
in the area.

'"

'.

'I

Vi/lage ~zeetings : EiI~ctive in reaching the \less 'ad-.

vanced farmers. The. new recommendations. were
explained in detail. MovieS were used to attr~ct people to the meetings,
strengthen the presentation on
tecimology, and to provide farmers with infotmation
,
.on related areas of interest.
:

to

Field demonstrations of technology : New ptacliees

demonstrated c' to: the
farmers directly til the
field. Demonstrations were held at plartting tir4e ilnd
at the, second application of nitrogen, A group of
farmers met in a .field faf)Il'ed by a group members;
the. technician demonstrated the .new way to, plant,
fertilize; etc., and' all farmers then participated ill .the
operat!ion. -Demonstrations were particularly ~seflil
in convincing farmers, to use' the technology cotrktly.

(b) ArulIyze existing techJiology. for modificationsthat, ate most likely to 'produce increases in'
production and het inconte~' and list in order of
priority the technological questions for investigation.
.
,(c) Plan and eatry. out field trials based on'
, above priorities, taking into account the ecological
diversity of the area.
'

"

.'

Interchange of farmer groups :, Farmers of one vil)age invited farmers from other villages to \visit,
their plantings during the crop-growing season. Farmers from ihe different villages exchanged experiehces
about maize production and other farming and rlonfarming activities; , The
technician accompanied 1,the
,
farmers on a walking ~our of several adjoining fields,
Deficiencies and favourable. aspects of each p1antling
'were
pointed' oilt and
discussed. ,These .group ,inter.

I
changes contributed, to a better understandingj of
maize production and also generated discussion about
many other activities. ' ,
' \

..

(d) HarVest the trials, analyze ,the data, and

expreis the results. as production functiolis,' response curves, 'or treatment means.

(~) Estimate the risks farmers take.;u using different levels of costly inputS, using the information
that is available on climatit variability and the
iii prices.

(f) Develop reconimendations for different'1evels

of investment . in inputs and for different ec0logical conditions, taking into account the expected '
1 '
risk in production and marketing.
.
\.
.
.
Field demonstrations'
harvest
Included.
local
.
~,
t
Recommendations produced after one year of redemonstrations (attended by farmers:, from a. fe:w
search are an approxinll.tion to those needed 'in' , the' , 'villages) and ,regional demonstrations (attended oy
- area. In regions with irrigation or very favourable
farmers from the entire ,project area). The'effects qr
'rainfall, this first approximation may have an accepdifferent combinations of, production practices oh
.table level 'of precision.' For rainfed regions with
,yield were i1emo~strated; along with costs and' re!,
greater eCologicaldiversitY, Continued agronomic f\l- turns,' obtainable from different le9hnologies. The
search for one or more years will usually be necessary_
farmer owDing the demonstration field assistqd id .
presenfug the reslilts.
\
.

at

, Technical assistance to fanners

crop production information is,

available the. regioual agricultural programme
;.should develop a system to promote farmer Use of
-tbeDew technology, w)1ereby:'
'
IfEN

ADEQUATE

.',

'(a) Fa:miers wolild be informed' of the new

'. recommendations, of the' expectOcl,incr~asesin yield
K{jRUKSHETRA August 1, 1983
\

'

'.

, (b) Farmers would be a~sisted in arranging for:

the inputs needed to use the new.technology. Many\'
farmers can purchase seed, fertijizers, insetticides I
etc., with their own money, Of theY,can obtain fund \
from a lending agency. Others, ,however, are able I
to use technology involving expensive
inputs only if ,I
..
credit, is made availagle. Technicians in the Puebla ,I
I

l:i \

I
1

I.

project ~ssisted !ll arrahging for credit and fertilizers

by: .

Organization ~f farmers illlo groups: .Indivi. dual small' farmers normally carniot qualify for
credit from a public or private bank. However, a
properly organized group of small farmers can
qualify. 'fl{us, in addition to promoting the new
'technology,. technicians encouraged farmers who
needed credit to organize into groups.. Information was provided about orgimizatiomil requirements to obtain credit from different inStitutions.

Establishing reliuionships between groups iiiul

credit banks: organization ~f the farmers and
" instruciii:>nson how to presentiheir
request fot
credit were compiemented. by the. technicians;.
iuitial accompaniments of the group to the bank
to support their application for credit. Without
such .support .groups of small farmers often .made
numerous trips to the . bank befo~ completing
. arrangements for credit, or de9dOO that the credit
process was too troublesome.

Developing group capability

both before deciding on .a' course of action. The pre), jCc!.ce)-otdinator wol11dthen take the iuitiative in
promoting the necessary .action for bringing about
cHange.
.

Socio-economic evaluations

identifying proT.blems and suggesting solutions.for'is a.ssignedto

one
HE SPECIFIC

RESPONSIBiLITY

member of the project team, the evaluator. He takes the

leadership in. synthesizing-the infonhation that flows
from the farmers through the. technical assistance
agents to the team. This leads tei the identification of
questioils, often with respect to, bOih farmers .;md
institutions, that need fuitlier study and Clarification.
The evaluator plans and conducts studies to obtain
the information needed.
.,-

After .all the available information about a given

problem has been assembled" the eva1uato~,'assisted
by the rest of the team, .plan a strategy for workiitg
out a solution to the problem. This may involve
action primarily by the technical assistance agents to
the team. This leads to the identification of questions, oftenwitjl respect to both f.umers' and institutions, that need further study and clarification. The
evaluator 'plans and conducts studies to obtaiit the
information needed.

OF the groups Were encouraged to accept

re,<;ponsibilityas rapidly as possible for all activities of groups, including transactions with the credit
After all the available infonhation . about il given
banks. The technician continued to provide' the
problem
has been assembled, the evaluator, assisted by
groups' with infoiniation and ideas, but the decislonthe rest of the team, plans a strategy for workiitg' out .
makiitg was done by' the 'grouPS.TShe Puebla Project.
a solution to the problem. This'may involve action
experience ihdicates that this effort 'by the technical
'primarily
by' the technical assistance agents in providteam to devei6p the capability of the ~oups' needs '.
ing .new information to the farmers or assisting them
to be strengthened. It is dearly necessaIy .to plan
with organizational changes. In other cases, it may
and carry out a systematic traiuing programnie for
the farmers, particularly the group leaders, that will .' . be necessary for .the team, usually represented by the
coordinator, to interact. directly with the representaassist them in obtaining theknowIedge and skills they
tives' of one or more' of the 'service agencies in finding
need in resolving their cominon problems more
a 'satisfactory 'way to modify operating procedures.
.effectively.
.
Thes\' strategies represent a major source .of new ideas
for the constant iniprovement of the pian of operationl;
(c) Farmers would be assisted in resolving Other
of the agricultural programme.'
.
problems that prevent them from' using e(!ectively the

LEADERS

crop reeomnrendationS. Such problems may arise

due to dissatisfaction with the requirements of the
credit ban!;:s, the operating 'procedures of the crop
iilsuranc:e agency, the way. their farmer organization.
is functioqing etc. These problems can often be eliminated, if fully understood and properly.presented
to the people with authority to resolve them:. The
Puebla technical assistance agents were in daily cOntact With the farmers, learuing about their ~eeds,
limitations and. problems. This 'informtaion,' collect"
ed from farmers in' many villages, was traIlSmitted
back to the other members of the Project team. The
team studied the information and' deCidea what-action i6 take. Usually ii wasrtocessary to cPllOCtadditional .inforntation froin farmers, service agencies, of

The. Puebla Project has had one member of the

'team, well qualified to carry out socicHx:onomicevaluations, wh'1 has assumed .the ~POilfibility for identifying, studying, and helping resolve problems limiting
farmer use of the new technQlogy. In larger. programmes, tJiis function may require more than one
person..
A second major responsibility of the Puebla Project
evaluator was thecoiIectlng, analyziiIg and' interPreting
.c,f the data needed t'1 measure progress in the project.
This involved the collection of data on. the socio-.
ecoDOIuiccharacteristics of the farming populations
and their agronomic practices at the beginning of the
programrn.e,and at least one other' similar stlidy after
:kURUKSHETRA August 1, 1983

t------~-~--~---~l--

' b een opera t'109 f"or an apprppn!,"te" , .

" the programme 1lad
period.
" ..!

II

It can be ,argued that the function of evaluating progress in an agricultural programm~ should be assigncd
an outside agency, Regardless of how this, evaluation function is handled" however, it is necessary thaLa
the soeio-economic data collected' in the surveys be
made available to the programme evaluator as promptly as possible.

to

. Co-ordination

ERHAPS

THE"

MOS'[

C(J~lPLEX

function in a regional

. . agricultural programme is the co-ordination of the

activities. of farmers, programme staff and !lervicc ins-.
titutions. In. Puebla, the co-ordinator performed
three distinct but closely related roles:
.
(a) Admin!stration of the progra'?lme
was res':
ponsible for' the hiring of project staff, participated in
defining policy on personal matters, approved the ~xpendlture of furids etc.
(b) Dir~ction of the progral11l11~ personally direCt'ed the, acti,'ities of the staff in' preparation of detailed
. plans of operation, on the execution of the~e plans,
and the summarizing and reporting 'of
accurnplishments. ,Important malters ,iffecting tlie functioning of
the programine were' fully discu'ssed by the members of
',the team before the cO'ordinator made decision.
(c) Acquisition and maintenance of the support of
- the institutions that can as,sist in ",ichiGving the .goals of
the programme; inEormed .the representatives of,
institutions of tho plans of the ,programme, its accomc
plishments, and (he needs ,of the fal'mers. When problems ar-ose that required action' by the institutions,
he provided relevant information and worked closely
'with them in finding a solution.

t~r

,Technical backing
MEMBERSin"~ regional agricuItural
T RESTATE
programme should interact on a continuing basis
with liighly trained and experienced technieians who are
active in their respective fields. The field staff. Will
nornially be composed of capable young people. with
, good' fundamental preparation but with little specia-,
Jised training or previous experience. These young
technicians will need guidance from m9re experie:nced .
people in prepatjng detailed plans of operation, selecting the best procedures for their work, resolvmg soc\aI
and technical problems that arise during the execution
.of programmes,

and analysing

and

interpreting

the

results ottheir endeavours:

In Puebla, the project staff received techr\ical assistance from specialists at the Graduate College at'
Chapin go and Cimmyt, and from -a sociologist work
KURDKSHETRA
"

August I, 1983

iI,lg,!,1!lt~,"p'
r~.'ate organisation. Co~ntries tJ, t choose
to undertake regional agricultural programm?s o~the
Puebla type wiJ[ need to develop a group pf highly
trained and experieltced technicians who cari provide
backing to the staffs in 'the regional programnies, ,Initially, this technical bae,k stopp~ng might be pr~vid'ed by
'crops -of experts, from another country that fe fannliar with local problem~, ,As the regional programmes,
staffs in a country become morc experienced, however,
the country can organise its awn team of ltechriical
advisors. Thc advisory team should be a part of the
n'ational researcH and extension .organiZation I or of a
natio~aI institution of higher educlltion J11'agricul~upe.
It is expected that the team of advisors will both provide "assis.tance to prOl!ramme -teams and p~rticipate
in the training of staff for su-.::hprogrammek
.
<,

"

'

'."

As the number oEregional programmes in a country

becomes larger, it will probably be necessary Ito partition the country into two or more zoncs, andi to organize a team of .advisors

for each zone.

Again, it is

expected that these terms will have the resPPnsibility

for both technical assistance and training within their
corresponding zones.
.,.'

I '

Highly moti~ated staff essential

'

','

I,

'

UCCESSFULREGIONALAGRrCULTURAL
programmes
require a dedication of time and effort by'ihe staff
for above that necessary in most technical and professional careers,
du'e to the
large
number
of- fanhers
and
.
.
.
.
_
.
I
groups served. The personnel selected. for tliese prograntine,
should. be highly
niotivatedto
knbw
and
.-
.
j,
understand the farmer;'his family, and:community, and
to assist them'to in\prove their production, neh,icome,
and general welfare.
"
~
In addition, the team members ' of, a small ,fatrner
programme should have personalities enabling them io '
gain and hold the confidence of the farmers and to,
'~work harmoniously with their' co-workers! They
shouM have the academic background and dpability
for ,'rapidly learning the technology corresponding "to
their jobs, 'for applying this knowledge effecti~eJy, and
for identifying new problems and proposing Jays to'
,solve dIem.
, New team members should be instructed in th'e
, general aspects of the programme (philosophy, objectives, .
characteristics of the area, accomplishments, etb.) and
the specific techniques' that each . will emplot, in his
particular part of !he undertaking.. Soine of thjs training can be giv'cn in formal classes and discussibns al-'
'though most of ,it sh6uldbe dOne in the field, i-ith the
trainees assuming direct responsibility ,in th~ programme (closely supervised by experienced pebple).
"

'.

..

15

t"

tncentlves
principal incentives for yonng profesO, nals to particilPate
in small farmer programmes
N OF THE

is the opportunity, to -use their talents for improving

the welfare of this disadvantaged sectoL
Nonetheless, the agricultural programme should provide working conditions and opportunities that enable its staff
to ,work effectively 'and -advance professionally, includilig:
(a) Salaries and prerequisites that are wmpetitive
';'ith other' employment 'oPPOltunities.
'
(b) Timely availability of the necesssities for gettin~
the job done (adequat" operating' expenses for
vehicles, prompt ,purchase of equipment and sup-,
piles, revolving funds - for the purchase of sluall
items, prompt repair of vehicles and equipment
etc.) ,
(c) Enconragement to use their own initiative and
innovativeness.
'The staff ' cannot ,be 'provided
with a manual of ope~ation that covets every exigency that may arise.
The team members must
be encouraged to work out their own solutions
when confronted with a new' problem and to follow
up, when' necess","y, by seeking appropriate advice
from the rest of the staff and advisors,
Decisive,
problem"solving should be ,encouragcd, with some
mistakes to be expected. 'as part of the process,

t d) Opportunities

for advancement 'outstanding

team mcmbers should have the opportunity to advance both in salary and responsibilities either in the
samc ,or a different programme. AlsO,' those so
inclined should be 'assi~ted in continning advanced
,academic training after' participating for, a few
y~ars in ~n agricultural programme.,
Agricu1tural programm'ts for small farmers should'
be adequately funded, with budgets that provide for:

--' ---'
.contd, from p. 6. ,
will be' done in time to prevent conflict mid confrontation growing worse, is a matter. on which it is. not pos~
sible to make a categorical forecast. . But certainly,
J 'can say' that improvingi"urul transport, solutions to

1.6

,
the problem of rural encrgy, and creation of better
living condiiions in villages are all essential~teps' to
solving the, problem of ',ural India ,'and making an
iiJtegrated umt of rui"u] and urban Indian Society.

.'

KURUKSHETRA

Augus~ L 1983

------~-------,.--------II-

('/

Yuv Dal :a forum to'

" " rally youth pbwer (,

"

, "

problems,
One of the
I problems is the many
unemployment in the educated,
NDIA

IS FACING

youth, This problem could be solved " to a great

extent by teaching the dignity of labour and provid-,
iug training to the youth in those. vocations where
, self-employment is possible.
The yo~th progranune was started by the PUJija!>'
Agricultural.university; Ludhiana in the Punjab State
, in the year 1972. It is based on the principles '1earne
__ing by doing', and 'earning while learning'. 'The funda mental' objective of this programme is to provide
opportunity to the rura} youth in, the age-group of 13
to '20 --years for the all-round development of their
personality through the individual and group projects,
fun at their homes, farms, schools, etc. -The memb.?rs
of Yuvak/Yuvti Dais are imparted the practical train~
ing fu. agriculture, home ma.kitig, livestock production
and management.
Every year, a ,youth rally is held)n which the individual and group competitions are held and the winners are given a~ay the prizes, On. this occasion, the
participants are imparted knowledge through exhibitions demonstrations and discussions,'. On the eve
of 11th Yonth rally which was held on 'Dec. 10:11,
1982 at Punjab Agricultural University, it was tho.ught
appropriate to know the projects 'adopted by Yuv,
. Dal members and to record their perception and knowledge regarding the youth 'programme.
<

'A

Methodology

KNOWLEDGE
TEST comprising of 40 statements to
measure the knowledge of Yuv Dal members re-'
garding the constitution -ofYuv Dais, technical subjectmatter- and general itIf0IJ11ation regarding the ,working
of Yuv Dais was developed. To record, the back.

o KURUKSHETRA August 1,)983

,I

G. S. SANGHA and AJIT SINGH [)HAMMU

. Deptt. of Extension Education .PAN; Ludhiana,

Jl

ground information and projectadoption

bers a' separate schedule was developed.,

the mem-

~n all 554 yuvak and'yuvtl dal members p!lrticipated in the 11th Youth Rally and 78 from th m appear,
cd --in comprehension examination. From these 78
youthniembers the data for the present hudy was
coJlected.
'

,I

']Findings

One respondent (1.28 per cent) was thelnon-student

youth, whereas' 5.13, 6.41, 33.33 and, 53.85 per
cent were the students of 7th, 8th, 9th
, and ,10th
classes respectively.'
.

"

__
'

j ",

'

There were 48.72

--, per cent of the
--, res):i0ndents.who
I
came to a,ftend the youth rally for tne first time.
On the other hand 21.79, 12.82, 8.97; 3.85 per
cent of the respondents had already attended 1, 2,
3, 4 and 5 or' more youth rallies, respbctively.
A majority (57~69 per cent) of'the ylh
member~
were 15 to 16 years old; 30.77 per dent were below 15 years of age; while remaining 11.54 per cent
were between 17 to 18 years of age.
o

4
About one-half ( 48.72 per cent) of t~e respondents
~erc ,the office-bearers and remainin~ 51.28 per
cent were the ordinary members of their juv daIs.

-,;.

".

I,

. The'family occupation of 55.13, 16.67; 16.67 and

11.57~per cent of the respondents .w~s agriculture,
business, serVice and lab9ur, respectiJely.
17

8
. A strong majority (i.e. ;91.03 per cent). of the
respondents perceived the youth programmes 'very.
much useful' and .8.9'7per. cent perceived 'somewhat
useful' iu their future life.

.A majority (52.57 per cent) of the resPondents

were not studying the agriculture -in the- school,
while 47.43 per cent of them were studying agriculture as one of the subjects.

7
.'

:.

. As is evident from the TobIe I, 10.25, 61.53 anQ

28.22 per' cent of the resp~)lldents possessed 1ow',
'medium' and 'high' I'evel of knowledge; . respectively regarding the constitution of Yuv Dals. Further, 20.50, 52.59 and 26.91 per cent of the res.
pondents possc-ssed 'low', - 'medium' and. 'high'
knowledge respectiveiy, regarding -the general.' information aQout the youth programme.
.

Abo.ut one-fourth. (23.18 per cent) of thi:nesponc

'dents were not al all reading the "Yuv Rishman"
(a' Punjabi quarterly magazine published by the
PAu'rec6mmendcd for Youth and .others); On the
other hand 60.15 per cent of respondents were
reading every issue; while 16.67lPercent were read-'
ing seldomly the "Yuv Rishman." magaZll7!"
'"
..
I
~
Table I : Knowlcd.~e possessed

by

_ ~
the ynv dal members about the various aspects of youth programme
Knowledge
regarding

- Level of kllqw{edge

0/

constitution
.Yuv DaIs

Genera?
ill/ormation'
. regarding the
Youth

(%o!
,.

10 .25
61 .53
28 :22

------------------------~------

35.88, 46.18 and 17.94 per.

.cent of the respondents possessed 'Iow','medium'
and 'high' praclical knowledge repsectively, regarding
the technical ~subjects.covered under the youth pro-' ,
gramme. On' the overall' basis a majority (i.e..
53.43 . per cent) ... of :the respondents possessed
'medium' ieve! of knowledge while 24.36' per _ cent.
possessed 'high' level of practical knowledgc regarding tlie various aspects of the. youth programme. .
N THE

OTHER

.. Table IT gives the detail of th7 projects adopted

. by the respondents under the youth programme. The.

Projects.
.

No.

Proje"et

"~getable
"Production
, 2.'Ftuit "Gro\ving
3. Calf Rearing .
4. poultry Keeping
.5. Doll Making .
6. 'Sewing

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Envelope Makin"g
Knitting
Bobk Binding
Soap Making.
Basket Making

12. Candle

Making

(%0/

"(respondents) "

(respondents)

. _

35.88
46 .18
17.94

22.21
54.54
24 '36

------_._------

II': "P'rojects adopted by the"-Yuv Dals~M~inbersunder "the Youth Programme

Individual

Sl.

(resp"onde.,its)

malter':

(%o!
20.50
5i .59
26.91.

Overall
knowledge
(% of

study showed that all the respondents did not specify

the ,projects adopted by them. On .the other hand,
somc respondents reported the adoption of more than
one project by them' under the youth programme. As
an individual proj~ct, vegetable production was adopt~
ed by 32.05 per cent of the re~pondents,followed by
. fmil growing (7.69%), calf rearing (7.69% ) "poultry
keeping. (6.41%), doll making (6.41%),
sewing
(5:13%),
envelope making
(5.13%),
knitting
.(3.85%), .book binding (3.85%);- soap .making
(2.56%), basket making (2'.56%) and caridle making
(1:28%).
'.
.

HAND

Table

-Tec1micd'

. Subject-

Programme

::.I'~spondents)
"Low
"Medium"
High

Knowledge
regarding -;'

Respondents

~". Sr.

(%)

No.

32 '05

7:69
7'69'
I

--- ---------

Group

PrOjects'

~rojec~

Respondell't
(%)

1. "Social S~rvice
2. Fruits & Vegetables Preservation
3. Co--op. Stationary Store.

S '97
3.85
1 .28

6.41.
. 6 .41

5.]3
5.13 .
3 .85

3 '85
2.56
.2 '56

2"28

Con/d. on,page 21

is

K~UKSHETRA August 1, 1983

,.--.. ,

,/

"

I
\

I
I

"

T./ley

the .way

SilO \V

This feature is based on success stories viz. cichievemems gained in variou.

spheres

0/

',ural development

by farmers. institlitiuns, experimcmers

indivi-

Qlld

duaL,., There is /lardly an argument over the fact that dedicaeion and zeal to
put in hard work can a.chieve "anything. And one achievelllcnt
the way to others

.' We' Iwpe our esteemed

fie/dso
people.'

."

readers

.'.

inspires and shows

:- .

will send us their own .experiences

in the

loot, other can benefit by them to usher in a' be'ller life for our rurul
(Editor)

Gains of 20-I?oint 'programme'

HE
MUD ROAD TO ~1AiJKATTI VILLAGE is' bumpy.
, A; you approach this obscure village located some
20 kms from BhaJki in Bidar district of' Karnataka,

you can see camels and goats roaming 'in the"vicinity.

'A narrow path lined. on both sides by' tpatched huts

, takes you to the village panchaYlll hall. P<low, cock
your' ears-the' sound of a band set' greets you from
.some corner- nearby ..

,No bus ever comes to'Madkatti,

People walk an
eight km stretch of mud road to the ,nearest poin.t
where they can catch a bus to Bhalki. The bns,timings ,are so uncertai'n that~the village~s'have found it
more convenient to walk all the way to B)Jalki or take
a ride in the bullock cart. You, can also see ,some
bullock carts carrying maize, jowar and hay to the
market. You will notiCe a camel carrying a load of
vegetables 'and 'provisions, making its way to .the village.
In faet, Madkatti bqilsts of thrce such camels, which
, help snsiain three families, in the village.
As, yon walk through the' village, you will
come
across Basappa's vegetable, shop, which has come, up
recently. It is past noon and the, men have returned,
from the fields for lunch' and seist3. Now is the (i!He
for Maruthi, the band-player to idle away time with
his band set. Band-phtying has been a traditional pro-'
~.,.

KURUKSHETRA
,

"

"

August 1, 198'3

fession for ,Maru;hi'. Bl1t he had long since giv~n up

the profession, and taken to a agricultural labourias he
could not afford to replace the worn oul band set that
was' bequeathed to him from his father. His desire
to resume the band-playing profession rem~in~d a,'
" dream for a long ti~e.
'.
,.
MarutJll was Idenllfied as a agncultural labourer' by
the IRDP. 'He was, astonished when the .,
State !Bank
of India oJljcials asked him if he wanted any help to
resuriie his traditional profession
of band-pIlIying.
Maruthi jumped at the idea and soon his dream start, ' ed taking shape..
,'
The SBI offered Maruthi loan assistance of, Rs:
, 4,00~;'fon,mrchasing new musical instruments, He
.rushed to Bldar and bought two trumpets, two elaronets, side: drums and beads, Now hIS entire' rdmily
,
has taken to band-playing. On all auspicious occae
sidns in Madkatti and, other. vjllages nearby, YOUI can
see. Maru,thi and ,his family mem.bers playing the ~and
set.
,
' "
.. .
I
To Maruihi, the timely assistance from the Bank
under the IRDP scheme came as a boon. From the
paltry' and uncertain earning 'as an agricuJural lab0urer, he could now move ";p to a sound earning tis a
band-player, which he' always yearned to be, ,

,I

I
I

I .

,'-B.
,

'

K. REcinE
,

Informalion Officer, PIB, Bangalore

I

\ 19

Where there is a will; there is

/

there
Kr::shnan,
caste, owning a bakery in
. District) in Keral';.,.

I of Kiihengila
F

THERE

IS A WILL,

is a way. It is the story

belonging to scheduled
Thanalur (Malappuram'
.

Krishnan failed in pre-degree as he could not concentrate in his studies due to his father being a T.B ..
patient. His brother is working in the fields as a daily
labourer to'maintain tbe family. It. is at this time
Krishnan happeileo to meet tbe Village Extension Officer of Tanur Block. Krishnan, being a member .of
the identified family for assistance under Integrated
Rural Development Programme was selected for Train~
ing under'TRYSEM
(Training of Rural Youth for'
. Self-employment) and sent to Extension
Training
Centre, Taliparamba. As Krishll<ln wa"ted' to.' establisha bakery of his own in his village, he studie~ all
aspects of baking during the six months of intensive
traiuing.
Training is alright But how can he start bakery:
of 'his .own ? He is aged twentycight and his family
is not in a position to raise money' for the venture.

KTishnan left his village in utter' fnistration.

Reach-

ing Hyderabad, his training in bukiug cam:::'to him as

a boon as it

WiiS

the only job-oriented courst .wh)ch

helped him to earn his daily bread.. From l! ~odern

bakery in Hyderabad, he learned all tecIiuiques of confectionary and baking:
'On his return after a year: Krishnan seriously'
.thought of establishing a shop of his 'own as 'his
villagers were eollec~ing biscuits, bread etc. from Tirur,
six km. away from ,ThanalUr. He got
a loan
of
Rs. (i,OOO/-from Gramin Bank and a subsidy of
Rs. 3,000 froin the Development Block under Integrated Rural Development PlOgramme.
/
Krishnan is busy now. He himself has to toil day
and night to prepare different bakery items to eaterto ,
the tastes of different' customers and act as a_salesman .
also... He seils fruit biscuits and round cakes at.a les- .
ser rate to attract customers who were hitherto compelled to gu to th nearby town .. He is able to' earn a
, profit of Rs. 35 per day from which he has to remit
Rs. 5 in bank towards the loan {lildRs. 5 is to be paid
as daily rent fo~ rurning his bakery in a nearby shop
',on roadside,
. Thanalur is a place where' 'gulf boom' .is capturing
the ",imagination of youngmen.

Krishmlll is an exam-:

pIe to the rural. poor iR the area who can now look at .
TR YSEM with hope.
-E. VASU
Uttukushi, Trivandrum

~-;-'.

Thorough
training in
baking is imparted at
the" Extension Training
Centre. Taliparamba

20

KURUKSHETRA -August 1, 1983 '

which.enables mushrooms to be grown without\SOil, is

also 9f persuasive in itself. By.spending Rs. 5 one
can .earn. . as much as Rs. 220 within 21 daysI ming,

Spawn culture mushr.ooms

living within' a radius of about
20 km !rom Bangalore have taken to mushroom
cultivation in a big way.

O~E

VILLAGERS,

Spawn ~lture.

'.

'.

'I ..

A bottle of decayecl Jowar costmg Rs. 3 IS a~qUlred

from the Research and Development Department of
the" Indian Institute of Horticulture or the Ag}icultu~
. ral Unive~sity.

11 ta'k~-s less than a

week for

thf.gE.rm

to multiply. Then they are transferred to sixllayers

of straw, sterilised and kept damp." The layers are
placed into a polythenc bag which costs Rs. 1.iO. A
handful cf rice or wheat bran. IS strewn . over th~
"

layers.

..

After making

three holes

!ll

the bottl~m ~f

the bag, ;1 is kept in shade' for about 20 ddYs. On

the 20th day the layers arc taken out and. the Ilumps
are removed.

T\vi:.::e a day water

IS

spnnkle9

mushrooms :appear in all thcir splendour.

and

This' oyster variety of mushrooms can be obtained

at the rate of 6 kgs. per bottle. This fetch~s Rs.
I
220 and thc initial cos! is below Rs. 5 Straw -layers which form the mushr~om nursery

Of course it is the profit motive which eggs them

known as Spaw:n-eulture,

-Press

on. But. the l~ew technique,

Information Bureau Feature

"I

I
I
II
\

(Con/d. from p. 18)

belonged to' the fmming fa~i1ieS, perceived the JOUth

programmes 'very much useful' and
possessed
incdium
.
.
I
level of knowledge regarding the youth programmes.
A majority of the respondents were not studying agri-'
culture subject in the school, but they were reatling
.the cvery issue' of the "Yuv Rishman". The study
further showed that the individual 'projects were aclopted .by more respondents than the group projects. I

As the group projects; social service was adopted

by 6.97 per cent of respondent~, f.ollowed by fruits and
vegetablcs preservation (3.85 per cent) and Cooperative Stationary Store (1.28' per cent).

Conclusion

Imembers. were
f IS

CONCLUDED

that majority of tbe' Yuv DaIs

the students, 15 to 16 years old,

I,
I
I

I
KURUKSHETRA
,

21

August
1, 1983
.
1

~-

_1-

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22

"

.;.

KUltUKSHEt'RA
.

:."

'.'

'..

'(

.~
I

August"!' 1983

'

,.

'<.

The arm -of our efforts is

provide safe' drihking
water to"all villages
the
country bv 1985.

to .

irl

Drinking
water
Water is th~ basic need for human survival as it is for the growing crops and keeping' cattle~wealth
on which the rural economy depends. To reach safe drinking water to -all our villages has been a
constan'! endeavour of alir development programmes.
Emphasising the importance-of safe drinking wafer, the World Health Organisation has declared
the decade oj 1981-90 as 'International Drinking Water and .Sanitation Decade' .. The efforts
are affoot /0 provide protected water to all by the end oj tlzis decade.

In. the remOte

vii age, /
potable water i s supp]i~d to
far off villages by Jrner-.
geney tankers
and 6ther
means.

Regd. No D(DN) /39

(Licensed IIIlIItt U(DN)-54 to post without prepayment at Civil Lines Post Office, Delhi) .

RN 702/5'

..

",

"

...
"

.'

Tribal villages or those inhabited mostly by people of weaker sections

. are given priority in the supply of pota hie water,

DriBking water
By March 1980, about 95.000 problem villages have been provided
It is proposed to provide at least one sourceof drinking water in all the
villages during the Sixth Plan. Gredter importance has been given to
drinking water and it is hoped to cover all the identijiedvillages by 1985

with safe drinking water.

1 .9 lakh scarcity or problein
tlJe programme for providing
on a priority basis.

[n the Sixth Plan provision of Rs. 2154 crores has been made for Water supply and sanitation and tilis
forms 55 per cent of the total provision of Rs. 3922 croresfor this purpose:
.
- PUBLISHED BY THE
ANn. PRINTED-'-By.~.tHE
BUSINESS
\

MANAGER:

DIRECTOR, PUBLICATIONS
!1ANAGER,

GOVERNMENT

s. i.. JAISWAL,

DIVISION, NEW

DELHI-llOOOl,

OF INDIA PRESS,

ASSlT .. DIRECTOR

FARIDABAD.

(p) :' K. R. iauSHNAN