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INDEX:

Aim
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Apparatus
Introduction
Theory
Conclusion
Bibliography

AIM:
To determine the
faradays law of
electromagnetic
induction using a copper
wire wound over an iron
rod and a strong magnet

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
has
been
successfully completed by KARTHIK PREMANAND of
Class XII ROSE in partial fulfillment of curriculum of
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
(CBSE) leading to the award of annual examination of the
year 2012-2013.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

TEACHER IN-CHARGE

SCHOOL SEAL

PRINCIPAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I thank my teacher
Mrs.
VEMURI who has assigned me this term
paper to bring out my creative
capabilities.
I express my gratitude to my parents for
being a continuous source of encouragement
for all their financial aid.
I would like to acknowledge the assistance
provided to me by the library staff of BAL
BHARATI PUBLIC SCHOOL.
My heartfelt gratitude to my classmates and
for helping me to complete my work in time.

Karthik Premanand

APPARATUS
1.Insulated
copper wire
2.A iron rod
3.A strong
magnet and
4.A light
emitting
diode (LED)

INTRODUCTION:

araday's law of induction is a basic law


of electromagnetism that predicts how
a magnetic field will interact with an electric
circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF).

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently


by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however,
Faraday was the first to publish the results of his
experiments. Faraday explained electromagnetic
induction using a concept he called lines of force. These

equations for electromagnetics are extremely important


since they provide a means to precisely describe how
many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise
and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe
physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a better
understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible
a host of technological innovations that define modern
society. Understanding Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
Induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our
daily life function because of the principles behind
Faradays Law. From natural phenomena such as the light
we receive from the sun, to technologies that improve our
quality of life such as electric power generation,
Faradays Law has a great impact on many aspects of our
lives.

Faradays Law is the result of the experiments of the


English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday . The
concept of electromagnetic induction was actually
discovered simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London
and Joseph Henry, an American scientist working in New
York , but Faraday is credited for the law since he
published his work first . An important aspect of the
equation that quantifies Faradays Law comes from the

work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his


contribution to Faradays Law, now known as Lenzs Law,
in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faradays law describes electromagnetic induction,


whereby an electric field is induced, or generated, by a
changing magnetic field. Before expanding upon this
description, it is necessary to develop an understanding
of the concept of fields, as well as the related concept of
potentials.
Faraday's first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped
two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus"
(an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal
transformer) to induce current

Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a


single equation describing two different phenomena:
the motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a
moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer
EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing
magnetic field (due to the MaxwellFaraday
equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact
in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. In the latter
half of part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate
physical explanation for each of the two phenomena. A
reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic
induction is made in some modern textbooks.

THEORY:
Magnetic flux:

The magnetic flux (often denoted or B) through a


surface is the component of the B field passing through
that surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is
the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and
the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually
measured with a fluxmeter, which contains measuring
coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage
in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux


passing through a surface of vector area S is

where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the


magnetic flux density) having the unit of
Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the surface, and is the
angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal
(perpendicular) to S.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the
magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area element dS,
where we may consider the field to be constant
:
From the definition of the magnetic vector
potential A and the fundamental theorem of the curl the
magnetic flux may also be defined as:

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the


surface S, which is denoted S.

LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:
The induced electromotive force in any closed
circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the
closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid
in other circumstances as discussed below. A different
version, the MaxwellFaraday equation (discussed below),
is valid in all circumstances.
When the flux changesbecause B changes, or because
the wire loop is moved or deformed, or bothFaraday's
law of induction says that the wire loop acquires an EMF
, defined as the energy available per unit charge that
travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is
the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be
measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit,
and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

the EMF on a wire loop is:

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka


magnetic flux density, magnetic induction), d is an
infinitesimal arc length along the wire, and the line
integral is evaluated along the wire (along the curve the
conincident with the shape of the wire).

The MaxwellFaraday equation states that a time-varying


magnetic field is always accompanied by a spatiallyvarying, non-conservative electric field, and vice-versa.
The MaxwellFaraday equation is

where
is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is
the electric field and B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These
fields can generally be functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell
Faraday equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a
sufficient foundation to derive everything inclassical

electromagnetism. Therefore it is possible to "prove"


Faraday's law starting with these equations. Faraday's
law could be taken as the starting point and used to
"prove" the MaxwellFaraday equation and/or other laws.)

CONCLUSION
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the
mid-nineteenth century, describes a
very important electro-magnetic
concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faradays is not hard to
grasp: it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has many
far-reaching ramifications that touch
our lives in many ways: from the
shining of the sun, to the convenience
of mobile communications, to

electricity to power our homes. We


can all appreciate the profound
impact Faradays Law has on us.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
WIKIPEDIA
HOW STUFF WORKS
SCIENCE FOR ALL

EXPERIMENT PHOTOs

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