YEAR 4

BASIC NEEDS
BASIC NEEDS OF HUMANS
- air (to breathe)
- water (to maintain body temperature, carry nutrients, carry waste product)
- food (to grow, to get energy, to stay healthy)
- shelter (to protect themselves from danger, the sun and the rain)
BASIC NEED OF ANIMALS
- air (to breathe)
- water (to maintain body temperature, carry nutrients, carry waste product)
- food (to grow, to get energy, to stay healthy)
- shelter (to protect themselves from danger, the sun and the rain)
BASIC NEED OF PLANTS
- air
- water (do not get enough water, they will wilt)
- sunlight (do not get enough sunlight, they turn yellow)

LIFE PROCESSES
Humans and animals undergo similar life processes
- breathing
- excretion
- defecation
- reproduction
HUMANS BREATHE
- to get oxygen
As we inhale
- we take in air (more oxygen less carbon dioxide)
- our chest moves up
As we inhale
- we give out air (more carbon dioxide less oxygen)
- our chest moves down
The breathing organs for humans are the lungs (involves nose, mouth an windpipe)
The rate of breathing means the number of chest movements in a period of time
HUMANS EXCRETE AND DEFECATE
Excretion is the process by which waste materials are discharged from the human body
Excretory organs
- the lungs (water vapour)
- the kidneys ( urine)
- the skin (sweat)
Defecation is the process in which faeces (undigested food) is removed from the human body through the anus
Importance of excretion and defecation
- to keep our body healthy
- to maintain our body temperature
RESPONSE TO STIMULI
Stimuli
- light
- sound
- smell
- taste
- pain
- pressure
- heat
- cold

Sensory organs
- eyes
- ears
- nose
- tongue
- skin

If we are unable to respond to stimuli, we may hurt ourselves. Thus, humans need to respond to stimuli to
protect themselves from danger
HUMANS REPRRODUCE
Reproduction is a process to produce offspring
Humans reproduce by giving birth
Humans reproduce to
- increase their numbers
- to ensure the continuity of the human species on this planet
AVOID BAD HABITS
These bad habits are
Smoking
Cigarette smoke contains poisonous substances that can damage the lungs
- nicotine
- tar
- carbon monoxide
Smoking cause diseases such as
- lung cancer
- heart attack
- severe cough
- breathing difficulties
Taking drugs
Drinking alcohol
both can delay a persons response to stimuli
Discouranging smoking, drugs taking and alcohol drinking among peers through campaigns
- poster drawing competition
- speech and essay writing competition
- inviting health officer to give talk
- watching documentaries
- exhibition
ANIMAL EXCRETE AND DEFECATE
- to get rid of waste products to stay healthy
ANIMALS BREATHE
Breathing organs for animals

- lungs
- gills
- tracheal system
- moist skin
- book lungs (crabs)
Frogs have 2 breathing organs lungs and moist skin
GETTING STARTED
Animals reproduce by
- giving birth
- laying eggs

A COMPLETE CHANGE
Some young animals look like their parents but others do not look like their parents.
Stages in the life cycle of a butterfly

Stages in the life cycle of a frog

PLANTS RESPOND TO STIMULI

The stimuli are
- water
- sunlight
- gravity
- touch
Root respond to water and gravity
Shoot respond to sunlight
Certain leaves respond to touch
PLANTS REPRODUCE
- to ensure the survival of their species
- without plants, there is no food supply for human and certain animal
Ways of plant reproduction
- seeds - papaya
- spores - ferns, mushrooms
- suckers - banana tree
- stem cuttings - tapioca
- leaves - bryophyllum, begonia
- underground stems ginger

PROTECTION
PROTECTION FROM DANGER
Specific characteristics
- hard scales - pangolins, crocodile
- thin and hard skin - elephants, rhinoceroses
- hard shells - tortoise, snails
- sharp spines - porcupine
- sharp claws - cats, tigers, eagles
Special behaviour
- giving of a bad smell - skunks, bedbugs
- pretending to be dead - beetles
- squirting black ink - squids
- hiding - rabbits, mice

slim, long and muscular legs - deer, zebras

poisonous sting or fangs - scorpions
false eyes - moth
sharp horns goats, cows

curling up the body - millipede, pangolins

breaking off tail - lizards
changing its skin colour - chameleons
living in herd or school - elephants, monkeys

LIVING IN EXTREME WEATHER

Living in very cold weather
- thick layer fat - walruses, whales
- thick fur - polar bear, arctic fox
- small ears
Living in very hot weather
- humps - to store food and water
- drink a lot of water
- long ears desert foxes
- hide under shades
- wallow in mud holes - rhinoceroses
NATURAL DEFENSE IN PLANTS
- have sharp thorns or spines - pineapples, roses
- have fine or sting hairs - bamboos, sugarcanes
- poisonous yam
- have thick and hard skin

folding leaflets - mimosa plant

produce latex papayas, rubbers
Have bad taste - bitter gourd
produce a bad smell - lantana plant

ADAPTATION IN NATURE
Living in dry region
- succulent stem that can store up water
- needle-shaped leaves to reduce the loss of water
- long roots to get water deep in the ground
Living in strong wind area
- divided leaves
- stem that can sway with the wind
prevent the plants from being broken or uprooted easily
- buttress roots
- needle-like leaves

MEASUREMENTS
MEASURING LENGTH
Length - the distance between two points
Ancient measuring tools
- span
- foot
- cubit
- arm span
Standard units
- milimetre (mm)
- meter (m)
- centimeter (cm)
- kilometer (km)
Measuring tools
Rulers and measuring tape
The circumference of a round object using rulers and thread

Correct technique of measuring length

BIGGER OR SMALLER
Area - the size of a surface
Calculating area
Area = length x width
Standard units
- square milimeters (mm)
- square centimeters (cm)

square meters (m)

square kilometers (km)

VOLUME OF SOLID
Volume - the amoung of space taken up by the object
Calculating the volume
Volume = length x width x height
Standard units
- cubic milimeters (mm)
- cubic meters (m)
- cubic centimeters (cm)
VOLUME OF LIQUIDS
Measuring tools
- beaker
- measuring jug
- measuring cyclinder
Standard units
- milliliter (ml)
- liter (l)
Correct technique of measuring volume of liquids

MEASURING MASS
Mass - the amount of matter in an object
Measuring tools
- beam balance
- lever balance
- compression balance
Standard units
- milligram (mg)
- gram (g)
- kilogram (kg)

bathroom scale
electronic balance

TAKING TIME
Time the period between two moments
Time can be measured based on the processes that repeat uniformly such as
swinging pendulum
water dripping

pulse

The bouncing of a ball is not suitable to measure time because it does not repeat itself uniformly

Standard units
- second
- minute
- hour
Measuring tools
Ancient clocks
Sundial

Nowdays clocks
- alarm clock
- wall clock
- pendulum clock

Hourglass

Water clock

Candle clock

wrist clock
digital clock
stopwatch

IMPORTANT OF STANDARD UNITS

- standard units for accuracy and consistency
MATERIALS
MATERIAL AROUND YOU
Objects are made of different materials such as
- wood
- clay
- plastic
- rubber
- glass
- metal
- leather
- cloth
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
- Materials that conduct electricity : iron, aluminium, copper , zinc, brass, gold, silver
- Materials that conduct heat : iron, aluminium, copper , zinc, brass, gold, silver
- Materials that float on water : wood and plastic
- Materials that absorb water : wood, cloth and some types of leather
- Materials that can be stretched : rubber and some types of cloth
- Material that allow light to pass through : glass and some types of plastic and cloth

CONDUCTORS OR INSULATORS
Conductor
- material that conducts electricity : electric conductor
- material that conducts heat : heat conductor
- metal such as copper, iron, steel, aluminium, zinc, brass, gold, silver
Insulator
- material that does not conduct electricity : electric insulator
- material that does not conduct heat : heat insulator
- non-metal such as wood, rubber, glass, plastic, cloth, leather
Heat insulators can be used to keep things hot or cold
Polystyrene containers are used to keep food hot
Sawdust, cotton wool, towels, cloth, coconut husks and tissue paper are used to keep things warm
FANTASTIC MATERIAL
Base on the ability of materials to allow light to pass through, materials can be classify into 3 groups
- transparent material : allow most light to pass through
an object placed behind a transparent material can be seen clearly
- translucent material : allow some light to pass through
an object placed behind a translucent material cannot be seen clearly and appears blurred
- opaque material : do not allow any light to pass through
an object placed behind an opaque material cannot be seen
CHOOSING SUITABLE MATERIALS
- In our daily life, we use transparent, translucent and opaque materials to make various objects
- Different materials can be used to make and object
NATURAL AND MAN-MADE MATERALS
Natural material
- found in nature
- obtained from
- plants : wood, rubber, cotton
- animals : fur, silk, leather
- rocks : metal, soil
Man-made
- made by man
- obtained from chemical processes
- plastic
- synthetic cloth : nylon, rayon, polyester, satin
REUSE, REDUSE AND RECYCLE
The amount of natural materials is limited
They may used up
We must conserve both natural and man-made materials
Reuse use waste materials again for purposes other than its original use
Reduce lessen the use of materials
Recycle - a processing waste material to produce new object
Materials that can be recycled are glass, paper, plastic and aluminium
Ways to recycle waste materials
- separate waste materials according to what they are made of
- put them into different recycling bins. There are 3 colours of recycling bins
- blue for paper
- brown for glass
- orange for plastic an aluminium
- we can also send the waste materials to the collection centre to be recycled
RUSTING
- rust is a brown layer formed on the surface of certain objects
- only objects made of iron can rust
- the surface of rusted object become dull, rough and looks ugly
- rusting takes place only when iron objects are in contact with air and water

Disadvantages of rusting
- iron objects appear dull and ugly
- become weak and brittle
- cannot last long
- need to be replaced / waste of money
- may cause a disease called tetanus
Ways to prevent rusting
- painting
- applying grease or oil
- coating with plastic
- coating with plating with non-rusting metals
Advantages when prevent rusting
- iron objects will look shiny and beautiful
- will last longer
- can save money / no need to replaced
- tetanus disease can be avoided
THE EARTH AND THE UNIVERSE
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
The constituents of the Solar System are
- the Sun
- asteroids
- planets
- meteoroids
- natural satellites
- comets
Sun
-

the centre of the Solar System

all planets move around the Sun
the only star in the Solar System
gives off light and heat
the biggest object in the Solar System

Planets
- 9 planets in Solar System
- they move in their own path called orbit
- the orbits are elliptical in shape
- the planets nearer to the Sun have smaller orbits
- the planets farther from the Sun have greater orbits
Natural satellites (Moon)
- an object that moves around a planet
- all planet have their own natural satellites except for Mercury and Venus
- Jupiter has the most natural satellites of any planet
Asteroid
- a rocky object that moves around the Sun
- lie in a belt between the planets Mars and Jupiter, known as asteroid belt
Meteoroids
- a piece of stone or metal that floats and moves in outer space
- a meteoroid that enter the Earths atmosphere is called a meteor and also call a shooting star
- a meteor that strikes the Earth surface is called a meteorite
- a meteorite can make a hole in the ground
Comets
- is lump of ice, frozen gases and dusts which moves around the Sun

HOW FAR AND HOW BIG

The size of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon
- diameter of Sun is 1 400 000 km, the Earth is 12 756 km, the Moon is 3480 km
- can compare the size using basketball, a glass marble and sago
- the Sun is 400 times the size of the Moon
- the Sun is 100 times the size of the Earth
- the Earth is 4 times the size of the Moon
- the ratio of size between the Sun, the Earth and the Moon:
Sun
Earth
Moon
400
:
4
:
1
-

the distance between the Sun to the Earth is 150 000 000 km
the distance between the Earth to the Moon is 384 000 km
the ratio of distance between the Sun, the Earth and the Mo
on:
distance from the Sun
distance from the Earth
to the Earth
to the Moon
400
:
1

PLANETS, PLANET, HOW ARE

The sequence of planets starting with the planets nearest the Sun
- Mercury
MAK
- Venus
VENUS
inner planets, made of rocks, has an atmosphere
- Earth
ENAK
- Mars
MASAK
- Jupiter
JAGUNG
- Saturn
SEMUA
- Uranus
UNTUK
outer planets, made of gases
- Neptune
NENEK
- Pluto
PLUTO
Mercury is too close to the Sun. The temperature is too hot to support life
Venus has a great amount of the heat trapped in its atmosphere. It is hotter than Mercury
The Earth has water, air an a suitable temperature to support life
Mars is called the red planet. Almost all of its water is frozen
Jupiter is the largest planet
Saturn has three wide rings
Uranus is lying on its side as it goes round the Sun
Neptune is covered with a blue ocean
Pluto is very cold because it is very far from the Sun

TECHNOLOGY AROUND US
HUMAN LIMITATIONS
Human limitations
Unable to memorise too many things
Unable to solve complicated mathematical problems
Unable to walk long distances
Unable to fly from place to place
Unable to swim in long distances
Unable to carry very large and heavy objects
Unable to see tiny things
Unable to see objects which are very far
Unable to hear very soft sound
Unable to speak loud

Devices to overcome the limitation

Computers
Computers, calculators
Land vehicles
Aeroplanes
Ships
Cranes. Fork-lift
Magnifying glasses, microscopes
Binoculars, telescopes
Microphones, stethoscopes
Telephones, cell phones

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
Communication

Land transportation

Water transportation

Air transportation

Agriculture

Construction

Bridges

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANGES

Advantages of technology
- enable us to do work faster an more easier
- enable us to talk and send messages to someone far away
- enable us to travel from place to place faster and more easily
- improve our health
Disadvantages of technology
- environmental pollution
- extinction of animals and plants
- loss of live in war
- depletion of natural resources
Technology must be used wisely to benefit mankind

made our life more comfortable