Basic Concepts of A Machine

Basic Concepts of A Machine (1)

Stator: stationary portion of the machine
Rotor: rotating portion of the machine
Shaft: the stiff rod that the rotor is mounted on
Air gap (Gap): between stator and rotor

Basic Concepts of A Machine (2)

Load current: the current that varies with load
Magnetizing current: provide magnetic field and independent of load
Armature: the winding that carries only load current
Field: the winding that carries only magnetizing current
dc machine: the input/output current is dc
ac machine: the input/output current is ac;
two categories: synchronous machine
induction machine (no field winding,
similar to transformer)

Basic Concepts of A Machine (3)

Basic Concepts of A Machine (4)

round rotor

salient pole rotor

Electrical vs Mechanical Frequency

N
S

S
N

N
S

S
N

At steady state
mechanical speed n m
fm

P
fe fm
2

revolution/minute (rpm)
nm
1
nm

60
60

rev/second

Slots and Coils (1)

Double Layer Lap Winding
bottom
top

tooth
slot
top
bottom

Slots and Coils (2)

coil end

coil side

coil leads

coil side

coil end

Nc turns, 2Nc conductors

Slots and Coils (3)

On armature
Each slot has 2 positions: top and bottom (double layer winding)
Each coil needs to occupy 2 positions: top position of one slot
and bottom position of another slot
Number of armature coils = Number of armature slots (S)
S
Number of coils per phase : S ph
m phase machine:
m
S Nc
Number of turns per phase: N ph S ph Nc
m
S Nc 2
Number of conductors per phase: C ph 2 N ph =
m
Note: The above three equations are independent of the
number of poles (P). For balanced m-phase design, Sph
should be an integer.

Slots and Coils (4)

3 phase, 24 slots
8 coils, 8Nc turns, 16Nc conductors per phase
13 12 11 10 9

N ph 8 N c

8
7
6
turns 5
4
3
2
1

2 pole, Phase A, full-pitch

7
6
N ph
4 N c turns 5
P/2
4
2 3
1

4 pole, Phase A, full-pitch

Slot Pitch
Slot pitch in electrical angle is defined by

P
m
2

where m is the mechanical angle between two adjacent slots:

m

2
S

P
S

The slot pitch is also defined as the arc length between two
slots on stator inner circle (with diameter D):
s

D
S

13 1211 10 9
m

D
3 phase, 24 slots, 2 pole
Phase A, full-pitch

8
7
6
5
4
3

Pole Pitch
Pole Pitch: angular distance between two adjacent poles on a machine.
360 o 2
P

P
P

(in mechanical degree)

Regardless of the number of poles on the machine, a pole pitch is

always 180 o or in electrical degrees.
The pole pitch is also defined as the arc length between two adjacent
poles on stator inner circle (with diameter D) :
P

D
P

(in meter or inch)

Number of Slots per Pole:

SP

S
P

Note: SP may not be an integer.

36s8p
SP

36
4.5
8

Coil Pitch
Full-Pitch Coil: If the armature coil stretches across the same angle as
the pole pitch, it is called a full-pitch coil. The coil spans across SP
slots, if SP is an integer.
Fractional-Pitch Coil: If the armature coil stretches across an angle
smaller than a pole pitch, it is called a fractional-pitch coil (or shortpitched coil, chorded coil) . The coil spans less than SP slots.
Let Sc be the number of slots that the coil spans.
Let m be the mechanical angle that the coil spans or m Sc m .
Coil pitch in electrical angle is defined by

m Sc

P SP

P
m
2

Fractional Pitch Coil (1)

24 slots, 2 pole, 3 phase

13 12 11 10 9

2
2

24 12

8
7
6
5
4
3

Phase A, full-pitch
m 180 o

12

12 11 10
9

8
7
6
5
4
3

Phase A, (11/12)-pitch
m

11
165o
12

Fractional Pitch Coil (2)

24 slots, 4 pole, 3 phase

4
2
2

24 12

7
6
5
1

2 3

1 2
4
2

Phase A, full-pitch
m

90 o

180 o

6
5
3

Phase A, (5/6)-pitch
5 5
m

75o
6 2 12

5
6

150 o

Group (1)
4 pole, 3 phase, 24 slot machine
Phase A, (5/6)-pitch

This group consists of 2 coils.

Number of coils per group:

Number of Stator Slots ( S )

Number of phases (m) Number of poles ( P )
S
for 3 phase machine
q
3P

Number of coils = Number of slots for double layer winding

Number of groups = Number of poles (P) for double layer winding

Group (2)
q can take fractional number

18
1. 5
3 4

4 pole, 3 phase, 18 slot

9
1. 5
3 2

2 pole, 3 phase, 9 slot

Torque
UCF

T RF

F
R
How to understand torque:
Put the thumb in the direction of torque.
The other four fingers point to the direction of rotation.
wrench on a nut

Torque from a Current Loop

UCF
d F1 Idx a x B Idx ( B y a z B z a y )
R1

1
dy a y
2
1
dy a y Idx ( B y a z B z a y )
2

d T1 R 1 d F1

1
dxdyIB y a x
2
1
d T3 R 3 d F3 dy a y ( Idx )( B y a z B z a y )
2
1
dxdyIB y a x d T1
2
d T1 d T3 dxdyIB y a x

Bloop

Likewise d T2 d T4 dxdyIB x a y
Idxdy ( a z B ) Id S B

Define d m Id S d T d m B

Note:

dm is in the same direction of Bloop and

both are proportional to I

dm = k Bloop

d T kB loop B

UCF

Torque Property of a Machine (1)

T kB R B S
T kB R BS sin
Since B net B R B S

T k B R ( B net B R )
k B R B net
T kB R Bnet sin

UCF

Torque Property of a Machine (2)

BR
Bnet

6 pole synchronous machine

Torque Property of a Machine (3)

UCF

T kB R B S

generator

motor