Land Surveying Using Auto Level Leveling

Objectives
To learn to apply a system approach to a plan, execute and manage a survey given
specification as a group
To learn and undertake site measurements and calculations using proper equations
To learn how to analyze data with respect to error theory and produce scale plots
To learn how to work in a team
Read information from maps and plans
To learn how to use the survey equipment such as total stations and auto level
To learn how to interpret the data obtained and how to use the spread sheets to reduce,
adjust and analyze the data
1|Page
Introduction
According to J. Urens and W.F.Prices book, Surveying for Engineers, they describe surveying
as an art of determining the relative positions of different object on the surface of the earth by
measuring the horizontal distance between them and by preparing a map to any suitable scale.
Engineering surveying involves the following:
Investigating land, using computer based measuring instruments and geographical

knowledge, to work out the best position to construct bridges, tunnels and roads.
Producing up-to-date plans which form the basis for the design of a project.
Setting out a site, so that a structure is built in the correct location and to the correct
size.
Monitoring the construction process to make sure that the structure remains in the right
position and recording the final as-built position.
Providing control points by which the future movement of structures such as dam and
bridges can be monitored.
J. Uren & W.F. Price (2006)
2|Page
We carried out the task at Lanjut Resort (4.210484, 101.9755766) Latitude and Longitude of the
place. We spent one week over there and one task was carried out every day. It usually began
after breakfast at 9-10am and we were usually done by 2-3pm. We had rain interruption on
Friday which was why our readings for task 4 had a little more margin of error.
The report is separated into four different tasks:
Task 1: Polar radiation survey
Task 2: Closed loop traverse survey
Task 3: Setting out of building outline (levelling)
Task 4: Curve re-alignment survey
3|Page
General Introduction
A dictionary definition of engineering surveying is that:
The measurement, definition and portrayal, either digitally or graphically in the form of
maps or plans, of the physical features of, and the structures on the Earths surface. The
ability to understand engineering design information and from this provide dimensional
control for all stages of construction work.
So in simple words, surveying is used in engineering to measure the heights, angles and
distances between two or more points on a landmark.
Heribert Kahmen & Wolfgang Kaig (1988)
In this assignment, we have carried out four different tasks. After collecting initial results, I have
used trigonometry equations and other basic surveying formulas to calculate various different
readings and values.
I have used the basic designing skills to draw Auto Cad 2D and 3D drawings which were
required for the tasks one to four.
I have also discussed the different sources of errors which took place during the surveying and
how to improve those errors and the discussion of the accuracy of the readings obtained.
I have also noted down what was my experience from the surveying camp and the surveying
assignment which I have produced as a result. What I have learnt from the experience and how
this has expanded my knowledge of civil engineering.
4|Page
Task 1
Our first task was to separate the group into 5 members each and to carry out setting out at the
main reception at Lanjut Resort.
My group consisted of the following members:
Mustapha M Hasson
Mohammed Hamza
Eslam Waheed
Piral Muhammad
Ziyadah Maccido
Working as a team, we carried out the necessary data required for the task.
Introduction of setting out

Setting out is the establishment of the marks and lines to define the position and level of the
elements for the construction work so that works may proceed with reference to them. This
process may be contrasted with the purpose of surveying which is to determine by
measurement the positions of existing features.
5|Page
We took the reading of the hotel lobby. We took measurements of all the columns at the hotel
lobby. We will use the readings to obtain X, Y and Z using trigonometry equations.
Civil engineering The design and construction for engineering projects, such as public and
private works, such as infrastructure (roads, railways, water supply & treatment etc), pipelines,
dams & reservoirs, bridges & tunnels, and buildings.
Engineering surveying covers the detailed surveys required for design of engineering projects
(roads, bridges, dams, buildings, tunnels etc) as well as the setting out and monitoring of the
subsequent construction or structures.
C.L. Berger Sons (2010)
Construction surveying setting out involves staking out reference points & markers that will
guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings for subsequent construction.
Building or construction projects relates to specific structures e.g. low level; medium to high rise
buildings, stadiums; residential buildings; standard & odd shaped structures, etc. It can include
civil structures, (such as bridges, tunnels, dams, drainage facilities such as treatment plants,
pump stations) with significant structural elements involved.
6|Page
SURVEY TYPES
Engineering surveys
Engineering surveys are conducted to obtain data essential for planning, estimating, locating
and layout for the various phases of projects. The objectives of engineering surveys include
obtaining preliminary data required for selecting suitable routes and sites and for preparing
structural designs, establishing a system of reference points, and marking lines, grades and
principal points.
David Allen (2010)
Principles of Surveying
There are a few rules that apply to all categories and whenever field work is being carried out
& should be adhered to at all times.
David Allen (2010)
Accuracy
Use of instruments to measure angles, distances and level (requires techniques & procedures
to be mastered). Important to realise that Absolute precision can never be obtained, despite
ideal conditions and the use of the best equipment & techniques
Errors
Much of what is done in surveying is prone to errors
Gross (mistakes), systematic & random (unavoidable)
Mistakes arise from inattention, inexperience and carelessness. Important to adopt procedures
or independent checks that eliminate or isolate such errors. Systematic errors are those which
may exist but whose pattern and effects are known, can be monitored and compensated for by
application of appropriate corrections. (e.g. EDM distance; - also measure temp & pressure)
David Allen (2010)
Random errors are unavoidable & due to imperfections in instruments used, human elements
such as eyesight, & inconsistent conditions that cause such errors.
7|Page
Survey methods
Surveys can usually be executed in several ways by a combination of instruments and methods.
Main factors to consider when deciding upon technique to be used:
Purpose & extent of the survey
Degree of accuracy required
Control of errors
Nature of the country (i.e. topography, vegetation, visibility & access issues, etc)
Commercial issues (i.e. budget & programme considerations)

Good survey practice (As a general guide)
Use equipment which is well maintained, regularly checked and calibrated
Analyse acceptable error limits for each component of the survey (i.e. set the target accuracy
specification). Be aware of likely error sources; resolve existing & underlying errors (dont
introduce new ones)
Confirm with defendable marking, measuring, recording and processing methods.
ALWAYS take check (redundant) measurements.
Be careful & objective when collecting, assessing and recording measurements & data, & while
documenting and analysing results. (Dont cook the books!!)
8|Page
Setting Out
Definition
Setting out is the establishment of marks & lines to define the position & level of elements of the
construction work so that works may proceed with reference to them. This process may be
contrasted with the purpose of Surveying which is to determine by measurement the positions of
existing features.C.L. Berger Sons (2010)
Alternate definition is that setting out is the reverse of Surveying. (i.e. surveying is a process of
producing a plan or a map of a particular area, setting out begins with the plan and ends with
the various elements of an engineering project correctly positioned in the area.
(Uren, J. et al 2006)
Attitudes to setting out vary from site to site, with generally insufficient importance attached to
the process.
It tends to be rushed (time constraints & pressure from contractors), often leading to errors & in
some cases resultant costly corrections.
Good work practices & techniques in setting out essential to minimise errors & to ensure the
construction process proceeds smoothly.
Good knowledge is vital, as the setting out phase is one of the most important stages in any civil
engineering construction project.
Setting out aims
The aims of setting out are to position the works in their correct relative spatial and absolute
positions, & to ensure that they proceed smoothly and that their costs are minimised. (Uren,
J. et al 2006)
Chances of this aim being achieved will be greatly enhanced by the use of suitable control
methods, availability & reference to correct plans, and where good working practices are
adopted.
9|Page
Two main aims:

Various elements of the scheme must be correct in all three-dimensions both relative and
absolute (i.e. correct size, plan position & reduced level).
Once set-out begins, it must proceed quickly & with little or no delay so the works can proceed
smoothly and costs can be minimised.
David Allen (2010)
Apparatus
The following apparatus were used for the first task
Traverse booking sheet
Levelling booking sheet
Total station
Prism
Tripod
Measurement tape
Field record book
Pen
Recording sheet
Staff
(Assignment Brief)
10 | P a g e
Procedure
There are three main steps to follow when setting up the total station:
Centering the total station
Levelling the total station
Elimination of parallax
The first step is to set up the tripod over the peg. The legs of the tripod are placed an equal
distance from the peg and are extended to suit the observers height.
The total station is then taken out of its case, and carefully placed on top of the tripod. It is
screwed onto the tripod.
The ground mark (peg) is focused now through the optical plummet. The three foot screws are
adjusted until the peg can be seen in clear focus.
The circular bubble on the upper part of the total station is now adjusted till it is centered by
adjusting the individual tripod legs.
The final step is to centre the plate level bubble which is done by adjusting the foot screws.
Once the bubble is in the center, the instrument is turned 90 and the bubble is checked again.
If it is still in the centre, then the instrument is ready for measurements to be taken.
Wilfred Schofield & Mark Breach (2007)
11 | P a g e
Fig 1.2 The drawing explains the angle we were measuring at the hotel lobby room
(Wilfred Schofield & Mark Breach (2007)
ST
12 | P a g e
Line
Face left
Face right
Degree Minutes Seconds Degree Minutes Second

X
13 | P a g e
XA1
XA2
223
223
10
10
20
20
43
43
10
10
42
42
XD04
XD03
223
223
57
57
00
00
43
43
57
57
09
09
XD01
XD02
229
229
58
58
00
00
49
49
58
58
12
12
XB3
XB2
238
239
59
06
40
00
58
59
59
06
03
07
XB1
239
21
40
59
21
34
XB4
XB5
278
278
15
15
00
00
98
98
14
14
55
55
XC1
XC2
281
281
14
14
32
32
101
101
15
15
02
02
XD1
XD2
301
301
30
30
20
20
121
121
30
30
45
45
XE1
XE2
271
271
10
10
40
40
91
91
10
10
40
40
XF1
XF2
208
208
03
03
00
00
28
28
02
02
51
51
XG1
XG2
142
142
36
36
00
00
322
322
36
36
12
12
XH1
XH2
339
339
45
45
20
20
159
159
45
45
29
29
XI1
XI2
333
333
26
26
40
40
153
153
26
26
32
32
XJ1
XJ2
347
347
58
58
20
20
167
167
58
58
45
45
XJ3
XJ4
01
01
25
25
40
40
181
181
24
24
55
55
XJ5
XJ6
22
22
46
46
00
00
202
202
46
46
24
24
XK1
XK2
34
34
01
01
40
40
214
214
01
01
10
10
XL1
XL2
89
89
16
16
20
20
269
269
16
16
41
41
After we found the face right and face left from the site, we shall use equations to find the other
data which we need:
Mean
There are two conditions when we are finding the mean:
If face left is bigger than the face right:
+ + 180
2
If face left is smaller than the face right:

+ 180
2
Mean in radians form

We use the following formula to convert the means from degrees to radians
Angle x
The next step is to obtain the HD which we can get by using the measuring tape. We measure
from the centre of the tripod to the point. The readings are in metres.
Calculation of WCB
Back Bearing = Forward Bearing - 180 if the forward bearing is greater than 180
Back Bearing = Forward Bearing + 180 if the forward bearing is less than 180
Line
14 | P a g e
Mean
Reduced angle
Whole circle bearing
XA1
XA2
Degree Minutes Seconds Degree Minutes Second Degree Minutes Second

223
10
31
00
00
00
00
00
00
223
10
31
00
00
00
00
00
00
XD04
XD03
223
223
57
57
4.5
4.5
00
00
46
46
33.5
33.5
00
00
46
46
33.5
33.5
XD01
XD02
229
229
58
58
06
06
06
06
47
47
35
35
06
06
47
47
35
35
XB3
XB2
238
239
59
06
21.5
3.5
15
15
48
55
50.5
32.5
15
15
48
55
50.5
32.5
XB1
239
21
37
16
11
06
16
11
06
XB4
XB5
278
278
14
14
57.5
57.5
55
55
04
04
26.5
26.5
55
55
04
04
26.5
26.5
XC1
XC2
281
281
14
14
47
47
58
58
04
04
16
16
58
58
04
04
16
16
XD1
XD2
301
301
30
30
32.5
32.5
78
78
20
20
1.5
1.5
78
78
20
20
1.5
1.5
XE1
XE2
271
271
10
10
40
40
48
48
00
00
09
09
48
48
00
00
09
09
XF1
XF2
208
208
02
02
55.5
55.5
344
344
52
52
24.5
24.5
344
344
52
52
24.5
24.5
XG1
XG2
142
142
36
36
06
06
279
279
25
25
35
35
279
279
25
25
35
35
XH1
XH2
339
339
45
45
24.5
24.5
116
116
34
34
53.5
53.5
116
116
34
34
53.5
53.5
XI1
XI2
333
333
26
26
36
36
110
110
16
16
05
05
110
110
16
16
05
05
XJ1
XJ2
347
347
58
58
32.5
32.5
124
124
48
48
1.5
1.5
124
124
48
48
1.5
1.5
XJ3
XJ4
01
01
25
25
17.5
17.5
138
138
14
14
46.5
46.5
138
138
14
14
46.5
46.5
XJ5
XJ6
22
22
46
46
12
12
159
159
35
35
41
41
159
159
35
35
41
41
XK1
34
01
25
170
50
54
170
50
54
15 | P a g e
XK2
34
01
25
170
50
54
170
50
54
XL1
XL2
89
89
16
16
30.50
30.50
226
226
05
05
59.50
59.50
226
226
05
05
59.50
59.50
The next step is to find the E Easting and N Northing using the following formula:
Northing N Equation used
HD x Sin Angle x
The calculator should be in radians form
11.66 x Sin 004633.50 x = 11.658
8.78 x Sin 154850.5 x =8.447
The triangle shows the N and E and how it is used for the trigonometric values
obtained
Easting E Equation used

16 | P a g e
HD x Cos Angle x
11.66 x Cos 004633.50 x = 0.15791
8.78 x Cos 154850.5 x = 2.3926
The triangle shows the N and E and how it is used for the trigonometric values
obtained
After this, we shall obtain the E and N using last three digits of my passport number
plus 100. My passport number is so for X it will be 106, Y is 100 and Z is 100.
X = 106 + E
X = 106 + 0.1579 = 106.1579
Y = 100 + N
Y = 100 + 11.65893 = 111.65893
Line
17 | P a g e
Degree
Radians
Length
X
106
Y
100
XA1
XA2
0
0
12.2
12.2
0
0
12.2
12.2
106
106
12.2
12.2
XD04 0.775972
XD03 0.775972
0.013543
0.013543
11.66
11.66
0.15791
0.15791
11.65893
11.65893
106.1579
106.1579
111.6589
111.6589
XD01 6.793056
XD02 6.793056
0.118561
0.118561
11.8
11.8
1.395747
1.395747
11.71716
11.71716
107.3957
107.3957
111.7172
111.7172
XB3
XB2
15.81403
15.92569
0.276007
0.277956
8.78
8.78
2.392689
2.409148
8.447688
8.443009
108.3927
108.4091
108.4477
108.443
XB1
16.185
0.282482
11.42
3.183207
10.96739
109.1832
110.9674
XB4
XB5
55.07403
55.07403
0.961223
0.961223
11.1
11.1
9.100806
9.100806
6.354945
6.354945
115.1008
115.1008
106.3549
106.3549
XC1
XC2
58.07111
58.07111
1.013532
1.013532
15.4
15.4
13.07006
13.07006
8.144541
8.144541
119.0701
119.0701
108.1445
108.1445
XD1
XD2
78.33375
78.33375
1.367182
1.367182
11.35
11.35
11.11553
11.11553
2.295089
2.295089
117.1155
117.1155
102.2951
102.2951
XE1
XE2
48.0025
48.0025
0.837802
0.837802
6.25
6.25
4.644838
4.644838
4.181864
4.181864
110.6448
110.6448
104.1819
104.1819
XF1
XF2
344.8735
344.8735
6.019178
6.019178
6.42
6.42
-1.67531
-1.67531
6.197559
6.197559
104.3247
104.3247
106.1976
106.1976
XG1
XG2
279.4264
279.4264
4.876911
4.876911
3.4
3.4
3.35409
3.35409
0.556853
0.556853
102.6459
102.6459
100.5569
100.5569
XH1
XH2
116.5815
116.5815
2.034732
2.034732
3.1
3.1
2.772325
2.772325
-1.38716
-1.38716
108.7723
108.7723
98.61284
98.61284
XI1
XI2
110.2681
110.2681
1.924541
1.924541
9.9
9.9
9.287014
9.287014
-3.42949
-3.42949
115.287
115.287
96.57051
96.57051
XJ1
XJ2
124.8004
124.8004
2.178178
2.178178
10.1
10.1
8.293565
8.293565
-5.76427
-5.76427
114.2936
114.2936
94.25373
94.25373
XJ3
XJ4
138.2463
138.2463
2.412852
2.412852
5.9
5.9
3.92899
3.92899
-4.40148
-4.40148
109.929
109.929
95.59852
95.59852
XJ5
XJ6
159.5947
159.5947
2.785453
2.785453
8.35
8.35
2.911298
2.911298
-7.82604
-7.82604
108.9113
108.9113
92.17396
92.17396
XK1
XK2
170.8483
170.8483
2.981866
2.981866
7.17
7.17
1.140377
1.140377
-7.07873
-7.07873
107.1404
107.1404
92.92127
92.92127
18 | P a g e
0
0
XL1
XL2
226.0999
226.0999
3.946187
3.946187
7.3
7.3
-5.26001
-5.26001
-5.06185
-5.06185
100.74
100.74
94.93815
94.93815
Vertical Data
19 | P a g e
Line
Face Right
Face Left
XA1
97
16
262
44
10
XA2
81
17
278
43
20
XDO4
87
15
272
45
30
XDO3
97
27
20
262
32
50
XDO1
97
24
20
262
35
30
XDO2
87
18
20
272
41
10
XB3
92
16
20
267
43
50
XB2
99
47
40
260
12
20
XB1
92
267
56
20
XB4
97
49
20
262
10
30
XB5
91
48
268
12
20
XC1
95
41
20
264
18
10
20 | P a g e
XC2
83
40
276
51
50
XD1
97
40
262
20
30
XD2
80
42
279
18
40
XE1
103
43
40
256
16
50
XE2
73
21
26
286
38
XF1
103
29
256
31
10
XF2
73
58
20
286
XG1
114
22
40
245
37
30
XG2
60
40
299
20
50
XH1
116
14
40
243
45
XH2
58
29
20
301
30
XI1
98
49
261
11
40
XI2
79
26
20
280
33
50
XJ1
98
40
261
20
40
XJ2
84
48
20
275
11
20
XJ3
104
31
20
255
28
20
XJ4
81
57
20
278
XJ5
100
29
40
259
30
10
XJ6
84
36
40
275
23
10
XK1
102
257
53
50
XK2
75
21
284
40
30
XL1
101
51
20
258
40
XL2
76
39
20
284
20
Mean
To calculate the mean, the following equation was used:
(90 ) + ( 270)
2
XA1
(90 971600") + (2624210" 270)
2
= - 71555
Reduce Face Left
90 - Face Left
90 971600"
= -71600
Reduce Face Right
270
2624210" 270
21 | P a g e
=--71750
The next step is to obtain the vertical distance. In this case, the distance is found by the
following equation:
VD = Tan Mean Angle x Length

VD = Tan -71555 x 12.2
VD = -1.555
The next step is to add the VD to 100 to find Z
VD + 100 = Z
-1.555 + 100 = Z
99.975 = Z
Reduced Face Right

22 | P a g e
Reduced Face Left
MEAN
16
15
50
15
55
43
43
20
43
10
45
45
30
45
15
27
20
27
10
27
15
24
20
24
30
24
25
41
40
41
10
41
25
16
20
16
10
16
15
47
40
47
40
47
40
40
50
49
20
49
30
49
25
48
47
40
47
50
41
20
41
50
41
35
51
20
51
50
51
35
40
39
30
39
45
18
18
40
18
20
13
43
40
13
43
10
13
43
25
23 | P a g e
16
38
34
16
38
16
38
17
13
29
13
28
50
13
28
55
16
40
16
16
20
24
22
40
24
22
30
24
22
35
29
20
29
20
50
29
20
25
26
14
40
26
15
26
14
50
31
30
40
31
30
31
30
20
49
48
20
48
40
10
33
40
10
33
50
10
33
45
40
39
20
39
40
11
40
11
20
11
30
14
31
20
14
31
40
14
31
30
40
20
10
29
40
10
29
50
10
29
45
23
20
23
10
23
15
12
12
10
12
35
14
40
14
40
30
14
40
15
24 | P a g e
11
51
20
11
51
20
11
51
20
14
20
40
14
20
14
20
20
VD = Tan Mean Angle x Length

VD = Tan -71555 x 12.2
VD = -1.555
The next step is to add the VD to 100 to find Z
VD + 100 = Z
-1.555 + 100 = Z
99.975 = Z
25 | P a g e
Length
HI
V.D
100
26 | P a g e
Z
100
12.2
101.53
12.2
101.53
1.871 103.401
11.66
101.53
0.561 102.091
11.66
101.53
-1.526 100.004
11.8
101.53
-1.534
11.8
101.53
0.554 102.084
8.78
101.53
0.348 101.878
8.78
101.53
-1.516 100.014
11.42
101.53
-0.413 101.117
11.1
101.53
-1.525 100.005
11.1
101.53
-0.348 101.182
15.4
101.53
-1.535
15.4
101.53
1.853 103.383
11.35
101.53
-1.527 100.003
11.35
101.53
-1.555
1.86
99.975
99.996
99.995
103.39
27 | P a g e
6.25
101.53
-1.526 100.004
6.25
101.53
1.868 103.398
6.42
101.53
6.42
101.53
3.4
101.53
3.4
101.53
1.911 103.441
3.1
101.53
-1.529 100.001
3.1
101.53
1.9
103.43
9.9
101.53
-1.535
99.995
9.9
101.53
10.1
101.53
10.1
101.53
0.918 102.448
5.9
101.53
-1.529 100.001
5.9
101.53
0.939 102.469
8.35
101.53
8.35
101.53
7.17
101.53
-1.539
99.991
1.844 103.374
-1.541
99.989
1.846 103.376
-1.538
-1.547
99.992
99.983
0.935 102.465
-1.538
99.992
7.17
101.53
7.3
101.53
7.3
101.53
The height of the instrument is 1.53m.
28 | P a g e
1.877 103.407
-1.532
99.998
1.866 103.396
Discussion and Analysis

The experiment was successfully carried out. We found the face right and face left of the whole
reception at Lanjut Resort and then we proceeded for the calculations part using the equations
as shown above for mean, whole circle bearing, X, Y and Z.
29 | P a g e
The precise observation of angles is dependent on the perpendicularity of the primary axes of
the total station. The plate level vial axis must be perpendicular to the vertical axis. The vertical
axis must be perpendicular to the horizontal axis. The axis of the line of sight must be
perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
There are many different types of errors which have occurred at the sight:
Instrumental : Plate level vial out of adjustment
Detection: Level instrument in two directions as per typical setup. Rotate instrument 180 from
either of these directions, and bubble should remain centred. Any mis-centering indicates that
the plate level vial axis is not perpendicular to the vertical axis.
Correction: Level instrument with bubble not centred by 1/2 of the detected error (bubble run),
or follow manufacturer's procedure for removal of error.
Horizontal axis not perpendicular to vertical axis
This error causes errors in both horizontal and vertical angles since telescope travels in inclined
plane instead of vertical plane.
Error can be removed by observing angles in both direct and reversed mode, and averaging.
Dual-axis compensators can remove this error is the instrument is properly calibrated.
Axis of sight not perpendicular to horizontal axis

30 | P a g e
This error causes the telescope to scribe out a cone when it is plunged.
Corrected by using double-centering technique when extending a line, and by doubling
angles (measuring in both direct and reversed modes.)
Vertical indexing error

Eccentricity of the plates-Occurs when vertical axis of instrument does not coincide with centre
of plates. Compensated for by taking several readings about the plates and averaging. This
happens automatically in surveying grade instruments.
Circle graduation errors - Caused by irregularities in marking of plates. Take many reading
about the plates and average. This is generally handled by modern total stations.
Errors caused by peripheral equipment - Be sure that tripods and targets are mechanically
sound and in adjustment. Use targets that are appropriate for sight distances.
Natural errors
Wind. Vibrates tripod and target in windy condition. When this happens you can (1) protect
instrument from wind by using shield, or (2) Wait until wind speed reduces.
Temperature
It can cause uneven expansion of tripod and instrument parts resulting in instrument
mislevelling. When this happens you can shield instrument using umbrella.
Refraction
Causes bending of sight line. Avoid having sight line close to objects (within 0.5 m) that can
create microclimates such as the ground, cars, and large trees. When this cannot be done,
postpone observations until better conditions exist.
Tripod setting
31 | P a g e
Avoid situation where legs are placed on different surfaces, and extreme soft-ground
conditions. When this cannot be avoided such as in marshes and swamps, pound long wooden
stakes flush with surface and set tripod on stakes. Most total station instruments have sensors
to suspend observations when mislevelling becomes too great.
Personal errorsInstrument not centred
Can cause observed angle to be too large or small. Carefully centre and level instrument. Size
of error is reduced when angles have long sight lengths.
Target not centred
Can cause observed angle to be too large or small. Use long sight distances to reduce effect
on observed angles.
Improper use of clamps and tangent screws
Practice in formation of good observing habits and familiarity with equipment will reduce these
errors.
Poor focusing
One of the most common errors. Be sure parallax is removed before taking observation. Avoid
different operators during observation procedure.
Overly careful sights
This is a common beginner error. Take careful sights on targets, but do not redo procedure.
Beginners tend to observe, then reobserve, then reobserve ... before taking sight. This process
results in unsettling instrument and reducing pointing accuracy. Trust your eyes.
32 | P a g e
Autocad Drawings
Figure 1.9: 3D drawing of the Lobby Room from the top front
Fig 1.94: Another top view showing the columns and hotel reception with entrance and
door
33 | P a g e
Fig 1.95: Showing the columns and reception from front top view
Fig 1.96: Shows the columns and front reception from side top view
34 | P a g e
Fig 1.97: Shows the columns and reception from reception view
Sketches
35 | P a g e
Conclusion
So I can further conclude that the experiment was successfully carried out and all of the
requirements for this task were completed as scheduled.
I have learnt from this task on the methodology involved with setting out, how it is carried out,
and what the necessary precautions which have to be taken are and at the same time the errors
involved with setting out.
36 | P a g e
Task 2 Close loop traverse of a control survey

According to J. Uren and W.F. Price, a traverse is defined as a chain of straight lines which is
used as a basis for the measurement of details. A traverse is produced and developed by
measuring the internal angles and distances between points forming a boundary of the site. We
shall be measuring close traverse in this task, where area will be found of a piece of land. Each
of these straight lines is called a traverse leg and each point is called a traverse station.
Figure 2.0: Close Traverse

Close traverse
A close traverse begins and ends at the same point whose position is known. The closed
traverse is mostly used for locating the boundaries at lakes, woods, or grasslands.

Open traverse
An open or free traverse contains a series of linked traverse lines which do not return to the
starting point. They are mainly used for road constructions.
Fieldwork
In a traverse, there are three stations which are considered to be of importance. The stations
are referred to as the rear station, the occupied station and the forward station.
37 | P a g e
Rear station: it is the one from which the person who is performing the traverse has just moved
to or a point to which the azimuth is known. It is the starting point.
Occupied station: it is the station at which the angle-measuring instrument is set up. This is the
point which the person is measuring.
Forward station: it is the next station which the person will measure in succession.
During the traverse, the horizontal angles, vertical angles and horizontal distances are
measured.
Fig 2.2: It shows the basic concept behind traversing
Horizontal angles: these are determined from instrument readings made at the occupied
station by sighting the instrument on the rear station and turning the instrument clockwise to the
forward station. When measuring horizontal angles, the instrument is always sighted at the
lowest visible point of the station markers designated the rear and forward stations. It is done in
order to avoid errors and have a more accurate drawing. Horizontal angles are used in
determining bearings.
Vertical angles: these are determined from instrument readings made at the occupied station
to the height of instrument on the station marker (using a staff) at the forward station. Vertical
angles are used in determining the difference in height between stations.
Distance: the distance was measured by using a 30 meters measuring tape. The distance is
very important as it helps to determine coordinates and heights.
38 | P a g e
Fig 2.4: This methodology was used for traversing

Selection of stations
First, we measure the bench mark. From there, we take our first station reading. The stations
were located in such a way that they were visible to the naked eye and visible during the
measurement of the readings. The distances were measured using the measuring tape which
was 30 meters long. A taping team was set up whose job was to take the measurement
between all the stations and record the measurement into a piece of paper. The line between
stations was cleared of obstacles so that there is no interference. The traverse legs or stations
were kept at a distance of more than 5 meters and less than 30 meters apart so that there will
be less errors in azimuth and instrument centering and pointing. Abubakar alkali kori, Ziyadah
and Hasan Arbabi formed the taping team who set up all the stations and measured the
distance using the measuring tape.
Station markers
Traverse stations were marked by using nails and spray paints. All the stations were marked
using the letters A, B, C etc and the exact point was marked using the spray paint and nail.
Station signals
Spray paint and long wooden sticks were used to mark the stations and a sketch was drawn in
order to understand the area of the boundary.
Equipment used
39 | P a g e
The equipment used was the total station. A total station is defined as a device which in
combination with a theodolite and an EDM together with an inboard computer or
microprocessor, has the capacity to perform various computations such as determining the
horizontal and vertical components of slope distances, computing elevations and coordinates of
sighted points.
Errors in traverse method
Inaccurate centering of the theodolite, total stations or target
Non-verticality of targets
Inaccurate bisection of targets
Parallax not eliminated
Lateral refraction, wind and atmospheric effects
Theodolite or total stations not level or not in adjustment
Incorrect use of the theodolite or total stations
Mistakes in writing the readings and bookings
40 | P a g e
Levelling work
Equipment used
Auto level is used to carry out levelling. It is set up on a tripod and a staff is used to take the
measurements. The staff bubble should be accurately centered in order to obtain a highly
accurate reading. After use, all the equipment used should be carefully stored with care.
Setting it up
Setup your tripod as level as possible, step on tripod legs to drive into the
ground.
Attach auto level to the tripod.
Adjust level so bubble is centred in vial.
Adjust recital until crosshairs are clear.

Adjust the objective lens until object you are sighting on is clear.
Care of Auto Levels

If the instrument becomes wet leave it unpacked. Wipe down instrument, clean and dry
transport case. Pack up instrument only when it is perfectly dry. Never touch the glass
with fingers, use soft clean lint-free cloth to clean lens.
Checking Auto Level Accuracy

Set up instrument in an area that is as level as possible and which is about 65
metres long. Place two matching level rods or two pieces of strapping in the
ground about 15 meters apart with the faces toward each other. Position and
level the instrument so that the distance from the instrument to each rod is the
same measure.
Take a reading on each rod with the instrument (or mark each piece of strapping
where the crosshair is sighted).
41 | P a g e
Move transit to another spot on the line and take readings and mark both rods
again.
The difference between the marks on the rod will be the error of the instrument.
The error needs to be corrected by a competent repair technician.
Parallax Error
It occurs when the image of the staff doesnt fall exactly on the plane of the diaphragm or when
the focal point is not found in the plane of the diaphragm.
In our case, parallax error was avoided by using two different group members; they moved their
eyes to different parts of the eyepiece when viewing the staff held by another group member.
There was a slight change in the positions of the target and it was concluded that parallax error
is present and since it couldnt be completely eliminated, it was found in acceptable range.
Bookings
Details of the site, work, date, observer, weather, wind, instrument and all other
important information should be recorded
Levelling sheets were printed and used for recording the measurements and all of them
were numbered accordingly in order to keep track and not get recordings mismatched
Reduced level
HPC method and Rise and fall method are used to find the reduced level. The height of the
instrument used is 1.53m.
42 | P a g e
Apparatus used
Total station
Prism
Tripod
Automatic level
Measurement tape
Wooden peg
Field record book
Health and safety equipments
Pen
Recording sheet
Nails
Spray paint
Staff
Procedure
a. First, we set up the bench mark. By referring to it, we placed the tripod on the ground
and opened its legs. We first placed two legs into the ground and then the third one.
Each of them were equally apart from each other roughly.
b. We placed the theodolite on top of the tripod and then centred the bubbles to obtain
accurate readings. Adjust recital until crosshairs are clear.
c. We remove the black casing from the front lens and then switch on the theodolite. We
reset it to zero. The nail with the spray paint is seen using the lens on the ground and
until it is visible, the theodolite is then set up to be used.
d. We take the reading of the bench mark and the point 20 from behind. We then set it to
zero again and take the point number 2 in front.
e. We take the horizontal distance by using the measuring tape. Every group member was
assigned a different role in order to complete the task on time and more accurately.
f.
The total angles for our case was 3240 since the equation is (n-2)*180. After doing the
calculations, the angles were re-aligned while maintaining the same distance due to
errors.
43 | P a g e
Calculation of WCB and Back Bearing

We then have to calculate the Whole Circle Bearing and Back Bearing of each point. The
back bearing is defined as the angle from the south line of the same point.
Back Bearing = Forward Bearing - 180 if the forward bearing is greater than 180
Back Bearing = Forward Bearing + 180 if the forward bearing is less than 180
The whole circle bearing is added with my last two digits of passport number. My passport
number is so the last two digits are 00.
44 | P a g e
45 | P a g e
Calculating Northing N and Easting E

Now we find the Northing and Easting using the basic trigonometry equations which have sine,
cosine and tangent together with the lengths recorded.
The WCB is converted to radians form which is found using the formula below. The calculator is
changed from degrees to radians.
Angle x
1775621.97 x = 3.105
1440841.34 x = 2.515
Northing N Equation used

HD x Cos Angle x
34.25 x cos 1300723.13 x = -22.069
18.15 x cos 1050121.26 x = -4.704
46 | P a g e
Easting E Equation used

HD x Sin Angle x
34.25 x sin 1300723.13 x = 26.1918
18.15 x sin 1050121.26 x = 17.5297
47 | P a g e
Autocad Drawing
48 | P a g e
HPC and Rise and Fall Method

There are two ways of calculating reduced levels the rise and fall method and the height plane
collimation method.
The arithmetic checks must be done for all levelling calculations.
BS FS = Rises Falls = Last Initial RL First RL
When establishing the new heights of new TBMs and other important points, the BS and FS
should be taken and the rise and fall method of calculation should be used.
The HPC method of calculation can be much quicker when a lot of intermediate sights have
been taken and it is a good method to use when mapping or setting out where many readings
are often taken from a single instrument position.
A disadvantage of the HPC method is that the check on reduced levels calculated from IS can
be long and there is a tendency for it to be omitted.
Calculation checking
Height of Collimation Method
BS FS = Last Initial RL First RL
27.72 27.73 = 100.00 99.99
0.01 = 0.01
Rise and Fall Method
27.72 27.73 = 9.52 9.53 = 99.99 100
0.01 = 0.01 = 0.01
49 | P a g e
Discussion & Analysis

The total station.
The plate level vial axis must be perpendicular to the vertical axis.
The vertical axis must be perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
The axis of the line of sight must be perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
Errors
Instrumental Plate level vial out of adjustment
either of these directions, and bubble should remain centred. Any miscentering indicates that
Correction:
Level instrument with bubble miscentred by 1/2 of the detected error (bubble run), or follow
manufacturer's procedure for removal of error.
This error cause the telescope to scribe out a cone when it is plunged.
50 | P a g e
Eccentricity of the platesOccurs when vertical axis of instrument does not coincide with centre of plates. Compensated
for by taking several readings about the plates and averaging. This happens automatically in
surveying grade instruments.
Circle graduation errors
Caused by irregularities in marking of plates. Take many reading about the plates and average.
This is generally handled by modern total stations.
Errors caused by peripheral equipment
Be sure that tripods, tribrach, and targets are mechanically sound and in adjustment. Use
targets that are appropriate for sight distances.
Natural errors Wind
Vibrates tripod and target in windy condition. When this happens you can (1) protect instrument
from wind by using shield, or (2) Wait until wind speed reduces.
Temperature
Can cause uneven expansion of tripod and instrument parts resulting in instrument mislevelling.
When this happens you can shield instrument using umbrella.
Refraction
create microclimates such as the ground, cars, large trees. When this cannot be done, postpone
observations until better conditions exist.
Tripod setting
51 | P a g e
to suspend observations when misleveling becomes to great.
Personal errorsInstrument miscentering
Target miscentering
on observed angles.
errors.
Poor focusing
Beginners tend to observe, then re observe, then re observe ... before taking sight. This process
52 | P a g e
Sources of error in levelling
Collimation error
Collimation error is produced when sight lengths from one instrument position are not equal,
since the collimation error is proportional to the difference in these.
In our site work carried out at Lanjut Resort, I believe the collimation error was avoided to its
acceptable limits since we kept sight lengths equal, especially focusing on the BS and FS.
A two peg test was also carried out in order to check the collimation error. We first placed pegs
on both sides of the total station and then found the difference in elevation. Then, we moved the
level 30cm past both pegs and then took the readings again. There was a slight difference in
elevation from both readings and it was concluded that it is in the acceptable range.
Compensator not functioning
To check the compensator, gently tap the total station, move the foot screw slightly off level or
push the compensator check lever to make sure whether the reading remains constant.
In our case, the compensator was functioning perfectly since the total station used was in good
condition.
Parallax
In our case, parallax error was avoided by using two different group members, they moved their
53 | P a g e
Defects of the staff
The total station used was fairly new so this error is eliminated from the readings. Another error
which arises from staff defects is the zero error. It usually occurs when two staffs are used for
the same series of readings, and it is advised to use only one staff for all the readings which is
what we followed for our tasks.
Field or on-site errors
Staff not vertical
The bubble was checked before every reading was taken and it was made sure that the bubble
was in the centre. The staff is held vertically straight as well since we are measuring the vertical
height of the ground.
Unstable ground
54 | P a g e
Task three and four were carried out on the beach. The staff was inserted into soft sand which
is why there was trouble keeping the bubble on the centre for long since the sand kept the total
station and the staff move a little.
To keep the accuracy in the readings, the measurement was taken quickly.
Handling the instrument and tripod
Though constant warnings were given to other group members, someone always ended up
coming into contact with the tripod legs. To avoid this, a circle was made around the tripod and
no one was allowed to enter the circle except the one using the total station. Fingertips were
used to focus the total station and not the complete hand.
Reading and booking errors
Readings were immediately recorded into the recording sheets and the reading was repeated
twice loud so that there is no mistake in recording the measurements taken.
Human error
Humans also tend to make error and there are three which I have experienced in survey camp
last week:
Reading the staff incorrectly
Writing the wrong value for a reading in the recording sheet
Making mistakes in calculations
55 | P a g e
Conclusion
Overall, the traverse method was successfully completed and the margin of error obtained was
3240 - 32395357.5 giving us 00062.5.
There were a lot of errors and mistakes in this task but it was successfully completed and such
a small margin of error states that from a student of civil engineering, we are on the right verge.
We worked as a team for this task and everyone was given different tasks to complete. My skills
for working as a team were tested for this task. We all made new friends and got closer to each
other individually then we were before.
The best part was that I learnt a lot from this task. It improved my knowledge on whole circle
bearing, how to obtain mean, and how to draw a closed traverse using pen and paper and in
autocad.
The autocad part was very challenging in the beginning but slowly as I managed to see some
videos on You Tube and learn from the Auto Cad help section, I managed to make the drawings
required for this task.
56 | P a g e
Task 3
The task 3 involves setting out at given points. The figure is provided and the task was to
produce the same figure on the beach and then measure the face right and face left and
levelling measurements from stations 1, 2 and 3.
The readings were then used to calculate the mean, whole circle bearing, Northing and Easting
and the x and y using last two digits of the passport number. The height of collimation method
and rise and fall method were used for the levelling calculations.
This report will explain the research methodology used, procedure, data, analysis of data,
discussion, conclusion, recommendation and reference and appendix in the order stated.
Objective
The objective of carrying out this task is to carry out:
Levelling activities
Determine the contour lines
Plot the design building in AutoCAD
Carry out Setting out on the building outline provided
Apparatus

Total station
Prism
Tripod
Automatic level
Measurement tape
Wooden peg
Field record book
Health and safety equipment
Pen
Recording sheet
Nails
Spray paint
Staff
57 | P a g e
Procedure
There are three main steps to follow when setting up the total station:
Centering the theodolite

Levelling the theodolite
Elimination of parallax
The first step is to set up the tripod over the peg. The legs of the tripod are placed an equal
distance from the peg and are extended to suit the observers height.
The total station is then taken out of its case, and carefully placed on top of the tripod. It is
screwed onto the tripod.
The ground mark (peg) is focused now through the optical plummet. The three foot screws are
adjusted until the peg can be seen in clear focus.
The circular bubble on the upper part of the theodolite is now adjusted till it is centered by
adjusting the individual tripod legs.
The final step is to centre the plate level bubble which is done by adjusting the foot screws.
Once the bubble is in the center, the instrument is turned 90 and the bubble is checked again.
If it is still in the centre, then the instrument is ready for measurements to be taken.
Since we have to follow the following map, we set it out first by using the wooden pegs provided
and then carried out the measurements using the total station.
A total station can measure both horizontal and vertical distances and at the same time the
slope distances. Using the vertical angle, the total station can calculate the horizontal and
vertical distance components of the measured slope distance and display these.
58 | P a g e
A total station is used by setting it up over one end of the line and a reflector is held by the
person at the measuring point. The instrument is pointed towards the reflector and part of the
signal returns and is processed and in a few seconds, gives the slope distances with the
horizontal and vertical distances.
After setting up the total station, the first point taken was north, 10 meters and it was marked as
point 1. After this, since our XY was 50, the next point was north 12.50 meters from point 1.
The measurements of face right and face left were taken at every point until the whole figure
was sketched out at the field using the wooden pegs and the rope was used to connect all the
points.
Then, a contour plan was set up by establishing wooden pegs every 2 by 2 meters. The auto
level was used to carry out the levelling measurements at every point as one group member
was holding the staff.
59 | P a g e
Calculations
After taking the readings above, the next step was to calculate the reduced level and
Misclosure, and then find the corrected reduced level values. This was done using height of
collimation method and rise and fall method.
The first bench mark was taken as 102 plus last two digits of my passport number. Since my
passport number is, the TBM remained as 102. Therefore, the first HPC was 102 + 0.555 and
that is 102.555. Microsoft excel was used to insert the data and do the calculations.
To make sure there are no mistakes done, the answer was checked using the following
equation:
BS FS = Last Initial RL First RL
The value obtained was 0.003 which proved that the calculation was correctly carried out and
that there were no mistakes. The error obtained is divided by the number of stations and then
the value is distributed over the stations.
Rise and Fall Method
For the rise and fall method, there is also an arithmetic equation provided which can show us
whether the equation used is correct or not.
4.664 4.667 = 1.409 1.412 = 101.997 102.000
0.003
= 0.003
= 0.003
Therefore the following calculation is correct since all the values are the same.
60 | P a g e

Collimation error
condition.
Parallax
In our case, parallax error was avoided by using two different group members, they moved their
61 | P a g e
Staff not vertical
was in the centre. The staff was held vertically straight as well since we are measuring the
vertical height of the ground.
Unstable ground
62 | P a g e
Human error
last week:
The total station.

63 | P a g e
Errors
Correction:
64 | P a g e
Natural errors Wind

Temperature
Refraction
65 | P a g e
create microclimates such as the ground, cars, and large trees. When this cannot be done,
postpone observations until better conditions exist.
Tripod setting
to suspend observations when misleveling becomes too great.
Target miscentering
on observed angles.

errors.
Poor focusing
66 | P a g e
Contour drawing for task 3
67 | P a g e
Conclusion
I come to the conclusion that the error obtained was 0.03. The different sources of error were
discussed in order to explain how surveyors encounter the different errors and the best part was
that most of the errors we had experienced them at the surveying camp so it gave us a very
good description and made it easy for me to explain on the errors section.
I used Auto Cad for this task as well but it was the 2D figure which was required so I didnt have
much trouble making it.
The Contour lines came out properly and they do not meet which is an essential requirement in
contour drawing. The Points seem to be parallel to each other.
68 | P a g e
Task 4
Road Curve
This task involves the making of a road. The survey is carried out in order to establish the points
required and to ensure that the road is properly produced. Now the making of a road curve
involves extension of the tangent lines. You can understand the drawing properly by checking
the figure below:
We are carrying out the survey in order to check the health and safety issues involved with the
road. If the proper dimensions are not used, even a small margin of errors can cause accidents
which can cost us human lives and damage of infrastructure and vehicles. In other words, it can
be the reason of major transportation crisis. This is why highway engineering is respected by
the whole engineering society because they hold one of the most difficult jobs in the world and
even a slight error is not affordable.
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Total Station
Capable of measuring angles in both the

horizontal and vertical planes, slope distances
Can trigonometrically convert slope distances to

their horizontal and vertical components of distances
Can compute XYZ coordinates of points using

observations. (Z is elevation)
All information can be digitally recorded
Can be used to stake-out engineering projects using

coordinates
Can measure multiple angles and average the results
Displays measurements on liquid crystal displays
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All total stations have
standards
telescopes
objective lens and focus
eyepiece lens and focus
both lenses must be focused to avoid parallax
define axis of sight
EDM
horizontal axis
vertical axis
levels (many instruments use digital levels today)
keypad
display
battery
angle measurement system
horizontal circle
vertical circle
horizontal and vertical motion screws
lock screw
tangent screw
automatic compensator to correct for mislevelment - not on all instruments
collimator - used to roughly sight on target
Communication port
optical/laser plummet
base - permit interchange of equipment with tribrach
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Tribrach
It is used to level instrument. Levelling screws use left-thumb rule. That is, bubble moves
in direction of left thumb, right thumb should move in opposite direction.
Used to centre instrument over point
Axis of scope in tribrach is aligned with vertical axis of instrument using right-angle prism
Since focal distance is so short, parallax must be avoided
ONLY FINGER TIGHTEN INSTRUMENT AND TRIPOD SCREWS!
Proper Handling
Always store equipment in case when returned to locker
Wipe down instrument and leave case open if equipment is wet
Always loosen tripod screws when returning them to equipment

room. Variable humidity can cause legs to swell. This will
sometimes "lock" screws in place causing permanent damage to
tripod.
When moving equipment, always remove instrument from tripod,

lower legs, and carry instrument either in case or by handle
Always keep case closed and locked when in field
Never place instrument on tripod until legs are firmly set in ground.
When tribrach has circular bubble, remove tribrach from instrument and roughly level
and centre tribrach over point before returning instrument to tribrach.
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Procedure for setup over a point
Remove tribrach from instrument in case, and place on tripod if it has an optical
plummet.
Place legs such that two are downhill and are not in the lines of sight. This will prevent
you from having to lean over legs in most instances.
Extend legs so that the shortest person in your crew can comfortably use total station
without standing on tiptoes.
Roughly centre and level tripod over point. You can use a coin or stone to check
centring. Drop it from the centre of the tripod and observe where it hits.
Place instrument on tripod if required. Make sure tribrach is centred on tripod head to
ensure maximum flexibility in centring.
Focus optical plummet eyepiece and objective lens to bring ground and centring wires
into sharp focus. Make sure parallax is removed.
Using levelling screws, centre optical plummet over point
Using adjustable legs, carefully level circular bubble.
Steps 8 & 9 should bring the instrument roughly centred and levelled over the point. If
not, repeat steps.
Use precise level to roughly level instrument.
Loosen tribrach and centre instrument over point. Be careful not to rotate instrument
when sliding on head of tripod.
Fine level instrument using precise level, and tribrach levelling screws.
Check instrument centring
Check level.
Repeat steps 10-13 until instrument is precisely centred and levelled over point. (If it
takes more than the first attempt, you are doing something wrong!)
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Relationships between Distances and Angles

From Euclidean geometry we know that
S=Rq
Where S is the arc length on a circle of radius R subtended by
and angle q in radian units.
Thus
1' of arc = 0.03 ft at 100 ft
1" of arc = 1 ft at 40 mi, or 0.5 m at 100 km, or 1 mm at 200 m
1" of arc = 0.000004848 radians
1 radian = 206,264.8" of arc
A traverse that requires a precision of 1:20,000 implies an angular accuracy of
Important to pick a target that matches the accuracy of your instrument, and desired resulting
angle.
Example
A chaining pin is used as a site on a station that is 100 ft from the instrument. The chaining pin
is 0.01 ft wide. It is estimated that the operator can centre the sight within 0.005 ft, or 1/2 of the
pin. What resultant angular error can occur with this target? Would this be an appropriate target
when using an instrument that has a specified accuracy of 3"?
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Measuring Horizontal Angles

The procedure for measuring angles is dependent on the total station used.
There are two basic procedures for angle measurement.
Repetition method: This method can only be done by some instruments.
Direction method : Can be performed using any total station.
An angle must be turned at least once direct, and reverse to ensure that instrumental errors are
compensated. A set of each is known as a position.
(1DR) means an angle turned once direct and once reverse. - 1 position
(2DR) means an angle turned twice in the direct and reversed. 2 positions.
General Procedures for Measuring Angles by Repetition Method
1. With instrument at I sight on J (back sight)
2. Zero display
3. Turn instrument to K (foresight).
4. Read and record display.
5. Press button to hold value of angle on display. (Note: Not all instruments have this
button.)
6. Plunge scope, and sight J.
7. Release angular value on display by pressing button. (Again, not all instruments have
this feature.)
8. Turn instrument and sight on K.
9. Repeat steps 5-8 until desired number of turnings is obtained. (There must be an even
number of angles to correct for instrumental errors.)
10. Record final angular value.
11. Take average of final value, and compare with first recorded reading to check
consistency of angle turning. Repeat angle measurement procedure, if necessary.
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General Procedure for Measuring an Angle Using the Directional Method (SMI)
1. To complete the observation of the angle and distance.
2. Sight the back sight station K and zero the instrument. For most instruments, zeroing
can be done from the SETUP soft key menu.
3. From the Setup soft key menu find the SHOTS submenu. Press SETUP, NXT, SHOTS.
4. Press the BS soft key. This will read the instrument's horizontal and zenith angles and
set the values in the BSDIR: line of the screen.
5. Sight the instrument on your foresight station K, and press SHOT from the SHOTS
submenu.
6. Plunge the scope and re sight the foresight station K. Press the SHOT soft key to read
the circle in the reverse position.
7. Re sight the back sight station J and press the BS soft key.
8. To measure the angle 2DR, press the SET1 soft key to toggle the data collector to
SET2, and repeat steps a-f.
9. Press the EVAL soft key in the SHOTS submenu. This will display the average of the
two pointing and the error. If the error is less than 1.96DIN of your instrument accept the
shots by pressing the STPTS (store points) key. If the error is too large you can delete a
pointing and repeat the shot.
Once you willing to accept your observations press the STPTS (store points) button. The data
collector will prompt to determine if this is a traverse point (TRAVR) or a side shot (SIDES).
Press TRAVR soft key. The data collector will accept the shots, move the occupied point to
station 2 (the next station in the traverse), and the back sight point to station 1 (the previous
occupied point).
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General Procedure for Measuring an Angle Using the Directional Method

1. The advantage of this method is that it allows you to sight on multiple stations with little
additional effort.
2. With instrument at P, sight on Q.
3. Zero display.
4. Turn instrument to R. and read and record display.
5. Turn instrument to S and read and record display.
6. Plunge telescope.
7. Turn instrument to sight on Q.
8. Zero display.
9. Turn instrument to R. and read and record display.
10. Turn instrument to S and read and record display.
11. Repeat step 5-9 until angle(s) are measured desired number of times.
Vertical Angles
Zenith/altitude angles are angles measured in the vertical plane.
Zenith angles have zero pointing toward the instrument's zenith.
All total stations measure zenith angles.
Altitude angles have zero pointing toward the instrument's horizon
; "+" when above the horizon and "" when below the horizon
Altitude angles were predominant with transits older transits.
Relationship between zenith angle (z) and altitude angle (a) is
Direct mode
a = 90 - z
Reversed mode
a = z - 270
Indexing error is an error caused by the zero point on the vertical circle not truly being at the
zenith.
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The concept involved is that we shall increase the tangent length which allows us to
have a larger curve radius and a larger curve distance which allows for a greater
distribution of deflection angles at each given point.
All roads are designed according to road speeds. This is the reason why every road has
a different speed limit. The emphasis is given to the vehicle so it can be as comfortable
and safe with the velocity and weight that it is carrying on the specific road.
This is why, the smaller the radius of the curve, the greater is the radial force acting on
the vehicle. In our case, the radius is 200845 which is normal.
In a road, we can notice something an engineer will call as a super elevation. It
shouldnt exceed a certain limit because then the road will have more curve and the
vehicles on it will slip off the way.
Curves are aligned to provide smooth changes in direction in the form of deflection
angles that will sum up to a certain amount by the end of the curve. It is often the case
that the ratio between deflection angles and longest chord length are to be made in
such a way that the angle is small over greater distance.
The curve given for us was a horizontal curve with a constant radius.
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Volume of the road curve
Now, we need to find the volume of the road curve. We shall use the figure above plus the Corr
RL values to find the area and then multiply it with the chord length to find the volume.
Calculations
The formation level given for group 1 is 101.XYZ. XYZ are the last three digits of my passport
number so in my case, the formation level is 101.600.
The following are the autocad drawings for the cut and fill part.
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Figure 4.1 : It shows the Cut and Fill for Task 4
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Figure 4.2 : Shows the cut for road curve
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The drawing of the new road using the Autocad and Microsoft Office Design
Calculations for the volume

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Cut and Fill

F=a1 (
0.4223+0.3233
2
) 5 = 1.864m
0.4233+0.4733
=a2 (
)
2
5 = 2.239m (Triangle 0.25m on both sides) A1=4.103
AT1 = = . = .
A1 + AT1 = 4.103 + 0.25 + 0.25 = 4.603m2
Since there are two triangles, so we add 0.25m2 twice.
0.3233+0.4033
E=a1 (
)
2
5 = 1.8165m
0.4033+0.5833
=a2 (
)
2
5 = 2.4665m
A2=4.283
AT2 = = . = .
A2 + AT2 = 4.283 + 0.25 + 0.25 = 4.783m2
D=a1 (
0.3433+0.0833
2
) 5 = 1.0665m
0.0833+0.4733
=a2 (
)
2
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5 = 1.3915m
A3=2.458
AT3 = = . = .
A3 + AT3 = 2.458 + 0.25 + 0.25 = 2.958m2
C=a1 (
0.3067+0.3600
2
0.36+0.37
=a2 (
)
2
) 5 = 1.6085m
5 = 1.825m
A4=3.4918
AT4 = = . = .
A4 + AT4 = 3.4918 + 0.25 + 0.25 = 3.9918m2
0.2867+0.35169
B=a1 (
)
2
0.3567+0.3767
=a2 (
)
2
5 = 1.6085m
5 = 1.8335m
A5=3.442
AT5 = = . = .
A5 + AT5 = 3.442 + 0.25 + 0.25 = 3.992m2
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0.0767+0.3169
A=a1 (
) 5 = 0.984m
0.3169+0.4
=a2 (
) 5 = 1.7923m
Therefore A6=2.7763
AT6 = = . = .
A6 + AT6 = 2.7763 + 0.25 + 0.25 = 3.2763m2
V1= (
V2= (
V3= (
V4= (
V5= (
4.603+4.783
2
4.783+2.958
2
) 9= 42.237m3
) 9 = 34.8345m3
2.958+3.9918
) 9= 31.2741m3
2
3.9918+3.992
2
) 9= 35.9271m3
3.992+3.2763
2
) 9 = 32.70735m3
Total= V1+V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 = . m3
Total= (
4.603+3.2763
) 45 = . m3
2
The important point to note is that since the formation level is 101.600, all the points are to cut.
This actually made it easier for me to calculate the area and the volume.
The total volume to cut is 177.28m3.
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The total station.

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Errors
Correction:
Natural errors -
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Wind
Temperature
Refraction
create microclimates such as the ground, cars, large trees. When this cannot be done, postpone
observations until better conditions exist.
Tripod setting
to suspend observations when misleveling becomes to great.
Target miscentering
on observed angles.
errors.
Poor focusing
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Collimation error
condition.
Parallax
In our case, parallax error was avoided by using two different group member, they moved their
90 | P a g e
Figure 4.7
Staff not vertical
was in the centre. The staff was held vertically straight as well since we are measuring the
vertical height of the ground.
Unstable ground
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Human error
last week:

Conclusion
Therefore I would like to conclude task 4 by saying it was properly carried out. We managed to
get all the necessary points required for the road curve. The road was properly designed and
even a slight margin of error was taken in consideration since when it comes to designing of
roads, there is always the issue of health and safety involved.
Overall Conclusion
First and for all, I would like to thank Almighty Allah for giving me the strength and the courage
to complete this assignment.
Secondly, Mr Sudesh Nair for all the assistance and for being so cooperative and kind during
this
period.
Thirdly all my group members and every other person who has helped or assisted me in any
way possible in completing this assignment,
All four tasks were completed on time and the measurements and recordings which were
carried out were recorded twice just to make sure that no mistake took place at all.
We used the mean value for the calculations to improve on the accuracy.
After using the equipments, they were carefully stored back in their original positions.
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Team skills were practiced and all of us despite our different backgrounds, nationalities, race,
religion, and languages managed to work as a group and complete all the tasks.
All the calculations were found using equations which were found from Mr. Sudesh Notes and
Surveying text books.
Reference
Heribert Kahmen & Wolfgang Kaig (1988) Surveying. Walter de Gruyter. pp 76 158
C.L. Berger Sons (2010) Engineering Surveying. General Books. pp 34 59
Wilfred Schofield & Mark Breach (2007) Engineering Surveying. Taylor & Francis Group. pp 182
358
J. Uren & W.F. Price (2006) Surveying for Engineers. Palgrave Macmillan. 4th edn. pp 15 158
Appendix
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Land Surveying Using Auto Level Leveling

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Land Surveying Using Auto Level Leveling

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Objectives

To learn how to work in a team

Read information from maps and plans

Investigating land, using computer based measuring instruments and geographical

J. Uren & W.F. Price (2006)

Task 1: Polar radiation survey

Task 2: Closed loop traverse survey

Task 3: Setting out of building outline (levelling)

Task 4: Curve re-alignment survey

Introduction of setting out

Purpose & extent of the survey

Degree of accuracy required

Commercial issues (i.e. budget & programme considerations)

C.L. Berger Sons (2010)

Two main aims:

Traverse booking sheet

Levelling booking sheet

Field record book

Centering the total station

Levelling the total station

Degree Minutes Seconds Degree Minutes Second

If face left is bigger than the face right:

If face left is smaller than the face right:

Mean in radians form

Whole circle bearing

Degree Minutes Seconds Degree Minutes Second Degree Minutes Second

8.78 x Sin 154850.5 x =8.447

Easting E Equation used

8.78 x Cos 154850.5 x = 2.3926

VD = Tan Mean Angle x Length

Reduced Face Right

Reduced Face Left

VD = Tan Mean Angle x Length

The height of the instrument is 1.53m.

Discussion and Analysis

Axis of sight not perpendicular to horizontal axis

Vertical indexing error

Task 2 Close loop traverse of a control survey

Figure 2.0: Close Traverse

Wilfred Schofield & Mark Breach (2007)

Fig 2.2: It shows the basic concept behind traversing

Fig 2.4: This methodology was used for traversing

Errors in traverse method

Inaccurate centering of the theodolite, total stations or target

Inaccurate bisection of targets

Parallax not eliminated

Lateral refraction, wind and atmospheric effects

Theodolite or total stations not level or not in adjustment

Incorrect use of the theodolite or total stations

Mistakes in writing the readings and bookings

Attach auto level to the tripod.

Adjust level so bubble is centred in vial.

Adjust recital until crosshairs are clear.

Care of Auto Levels

Checking Auto Level Accuracy

Traverse booking sheet

Levelling booking sheet

Field record book

Health and safety equipments

Calculation of WCB and Back Bearing

Calculating Northing N and Easting E

Northing N Equation used

18.15 x cos 1050121.26 x = -4.704

Easting E Equation used