Ions are any species that has unequal number of electrons and protons and so

carries an electric charge.

Oppositely charged ions attract each other to form a rigid three dimensional lattice.
In covalent bonds, one shared electron is regarded as ONE covalent bond.
Covalent bonds result in the formation of molecules.
Ionic bonds are the electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged
ions.
Covalent bonds are the electrostatic forces of attraction between the positively
charged nucleus, and the shared electrons.
Lewis structures use dots to represent electrons, they are diagrams with the use of
dot and cross.
Outermost shell is also known as the valence shell.
Bonding pairs are electrons that forms a bond. They have opposite spins as a result
of the Pauli exclusion principal.
Lone pairs of electrons are non-boding pairs, are electrons that are in the valence
shell but do not take part in bonding.
A coordinate bond/dative bond/coordinate covalent bond is a covalent bond in which
one the atoms donates both of the electrons in the shared pair.
The VSEPR theory states that the electron pairs around an atom repel each other.
Atomic orbitals is the region of space where there is a high probability of finding an
electron (high electron density).
Lewis structure does not explain why electrons occupies these spaces, however,
molecular orbital theory does this in which orbitals overlap and combine to make
molecular orbitals.
Constructive interference between the two atomic orbitals when they are in phase
increases the electron density between the two atoms and leads to a bonding
molecular orbital. It is of lower energy.
Destructive interference when they are out of phase, removes electron density from
between the nuclei and leads to an antibonding molecular orbital. It is of a higher
energy.
Overlap of two s orbitals produces a sigma bonding orbital when they are in phase
and a sigma* when they are out of phase.
P orbitals can overlap end on, giving rise to sigma molecular orbitals or a pi bond if
the p orbitals at right angles to a sigma bond my overlap sideways.
Paramagnetic substance is attracted into a magnetic field, substance that are
paramagnetic contain one or more unpaired electrons.
Dioxygenyl atom, O2+ has a shorter and stronger bond that O2. This is because the
electron removed to form ions come from an antibonding molecular orbital.
Removing the electron strengthens the bonding between the two atoms.
The electronegativity of an atom gives a rough measure of its ability to attract a
shared electron pair.
Polar covalent compounds develop dipoles, dipoles are a pair of separated charges
of opposite sign.
Boron triflouride and CO2 contains polar bonds but are non-polar.