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Rolling
Forging
Wire drawing
Extrusion
Deep drawing
FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL
FORMING
Metal Forming
Large group of manufacturing processes in which plastic
deformation is used to change the shape of metal work
pieces
The tool, usually called a die, applies stresses that
exceed yield strength of metal
The metal takes a shape determined by the geometry of
the die
Sheet Metalworking
Forming and related operations performed on metal
sheets, strips, and coils
High surface area to volume ratio of starting metal,
which distinguishes these from bulk deformation
Often called press-working because presses perform
these operations
- Parts are called stampings
- Usual tooling: punch and die
t = K
K (MPa)
180
690
210
205
410
400
895
580
720
2070
315
725
530
965
760
760
1015
1100
640
1200
1450
1275
960
n
0.20
0.16
0.13
0.20
0.05
0.17
0.49
0.34
0.46
0.50
0.54
0.13
0.26
0.14
0.19
0.08
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.05
0.07
0.45
0.10
Flow curve
Flow Stress
For most metals at room temperature, strength increases
when deformed due to strain hardening
Flow stress = instantaneous value of stress required to
continue deforming the material
where Yf = flow stress (true stress), that is, the yield
strength as a function of strain
Y f = K
K n
Yf =
1+ n
_
True strain
Hot Working