8

SAUDI ELECTRICITY COMPANY

,4
,I

e j - &a

6.

Horizontal clearance between GIB and GIs buildinglany nearby building

wall shall be minimum three (3) meters.

7.

The GIB route shall not obstruct easy access to GIs and control buildings
and shall not obstruct movement of crane, equipments including HV test
equipments for maintenance work.

8.

For the maintenance of GIB of one circuit, only that circuit shall be
isolated.

9.

CONTRACTOR shall provide the GlSlXLPE Cable connection interface

drawings and details of cable compartments in order to enable the cable
terminations of the XLPE Cables in future, which has to be terminated to
the then existing cable compartments.

EE

1""

REVISIONS
~

The drawings and details should contain all the parts supplied by the GIS
Manufacturer of the cable compartment for the connection between GIs
and power cables according to IEC 62271-209.

DB*WNBY;

(vi) Each removable b i i Seaion is to be connected via~,compressionioints nr other

Suitable means such that it would be possib!e to remove an bus.-section
wittiout having to disassemble the bus sections immediately ahe d and Behind
the concerned section.

(vii) The 380 kV, XLPE, 3 x 1C 2500mm2 cable length between # 9008 and tt
9024 BSPs is 1Okm.
4.06 INSULATION COORDINATION STUDY. PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINE

The objective of insulation coordination is to bring the insulation strengths of

electrical equipment into the proper relationship with expected over voltages and
with the characteristic of surge protective devices. Insulation Coordination is the
process of determining the proper insulation levels of various components in a
power system as well as their arrangements. The process is determined from the
known characteristics of voltage surges and the characteristics of surge arresters.
r\ccordingly, the conclusion would be whether the insulation level IS adequate or
some mitigation (usually surge arrestor installation) would be suggested. This is
guide line for carrying out the above process in an accepted way by SEC. Please
be aware on the following:
There are three basic elements to insulation coordination, which are:

THIS DKAWING IS NOT

TO BE USED @OR
CONSTRUCTION
OR
MATERWLT
UNTU
CERTIWIEDAND DATED

1. Determining the over voltage stresses from the system. Over voltages have
to be determined by system simulation using EMTDCIPSCAD software.
Therefore, a close to the actual model of the system has to be build as
explained below. A soft copy o f the cases studied has to be Submitted in
PSCAD format. Cases to be simulated are Present and Ultimate (Minimum
and Maximum)

FOR-EXPANSION OF NAFL (# 9008) 380kV ESP

v$l &id\ e j - 94&

SAUDI ELECTRICITY COMPANY

>

;?;l~&l %*I

Knowing the strength of the insulation of specific equipment in the

substation. The insulation criteria have to be fulfilled against all possible
over voltages.

3. Selecting surge arrester ratings and locations, or other mitigation equipment

or operating restrictions, to ensure the system-imposed over voltages do not
exceed the insulation strength of the equipment including an appropriate
protective margin.

I I

Svstem Modelinq
The first step in insulation coordination study is to build a detailed frequency
dependent EMTDCIPSCAD simulation model that reflects the behavior o f the key
system components. Such components are GIs, transmission line, cables,
transformers, surge arrestors, reactors etc. A system equivalent reflects the rest of
the system has to be modeled as well. Sensitivity for some uncertain parameters
has to be adopted.
GIS. the model of GlSls has to be collected from the GIs manufacturer and
it has to be a cable model.
.

..

'

Transmission lines and &ables! SEC

. .....shall
the'data fdr t h e +Z[iting
stations while the ongoing projects -data shall collect from the transmission
line contractor. Frequency dependent model has to be consjdered far the
analysis purposes.
Tower and take-off structure: Proper model has to be considered for the
towers and take-off structures. Consider a varying tower footing resistance
from 0 to 20 ohms regardless of measured value.
Svstem Eauivalent: two buses away from the GlSls of concern have to be
modeled and system equivalent for ihe rest of the system is to b e collected
from SEC.

I I

V-l characteristics of the surge arrestor.

I

\.."

P.II the network elements required for over voltage analysis purposes shall be
designed /modeled in detail and the designlmodeling criteria shall be supported by
well-recognized literature and references.

DATE: 20-08-2011

>

S DWLWING IS NOT
BE USED POR
'CONSTRUCIION
OR
FOR
ORDERING
UNTIL
MATERMLS
CERTIFED AND DATED

Il

The built system model should match the PSSE load flow and short circuit
autput for verification before carrying out the simulation.

II

Over voltaae Simulations

1
1

To assess the insulation level of the svstem. the over voltaae

- stresses on the
equipment has to be known through simuktion.

I
I

The different types of over voltages that may occur on a power system and shall be
s~mulatedare:
Temporary over voltages.

[PTS- 11CR343-MGR IPAJ, AUGUST, 2011

JOB ORDER NO.

SCOPE OF WORK &TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

FOR-EXPANSION O F NAFL (# 9008) 380kV ESP
RIYADH

P"NTNO.

C475
SAUDI ARABIA

INDEX

DRAW'NG

PTS11CR343

PAGE

54
OF
67

REV.

@$I1

SAUDI ELECTRICITY COMPANY

.+JglU

461iull e>

;~J+I

Q$JI

Switching over voltages (Statistical and Deterministic).

Fast transient (Lightning) over voltages.

Very fast transient over voltages.
Temvoraw Over voltaaes (TOV)

!2

These may usually be short power frequency over voltages or weakly damped
oscillatory voltages. Those are power frequency over voltages that last f o r more than
a cycle and can last a number of seconds.

The main (but not restricted to) causes of these over voltages are:
6
z

Phase to Earth Faults: Single line to Ground, Double line to Ground, 3

Phase to Ground.
..

REVISIONS
DmWNBY:

Load Rejection.

DATE;
CKWOBY:

Y \

Resonance and Ferro Resonance.

Ferranti Effect.

ENOWe~B?NGOEsT.

. ~..

AunQYm

' combination of temporary over voltage origins such as earth Iauitwith load

rejection.
Switchina Over voltaqes (Statistical and D e t e r m i n w
These surges are of short duration, irregular (or impulse form) and highly damped.
Those are Over voltages arising from switching operations performed in the network
as follows;
Transmission linelcable energization and re-energization,
Transformer energisation,
Faults and fault clearing,

. -

N
?

Switching of inductive or capacitive currents, etc,.

,.+"

BY. /

DATE: 20-08-2011

n t l s DRAUTNG 1s NOT

TO BE USED FOR
CONSTRUCTION
OR
BOP.
ORDERmG
MATERIALS
UNTIL
AND DATED
CERTI~D

Load rejectionsi

Switching: (Slowfront) over voltages play a role in determining the energy duty of
surge arresters and in the selection of required withstand voltages of equipment as
well as the air gap insulation for transmission line towers. Statistical switching
approach for different configuration has to be simulated where the actual closing
time is statically chosen using a random-flat distribution within a one-cycle window.
The pole span of the breaker is chosen to be 5 ms with 2.5 ms standard deviation.
The switching over voltages is determined for 100-200 simulation.

i
I..

The effects of such over voltages are o f great concern when the transmission
voltage is greater than 300 kV. However, below 300 kV, some causes of these over
voltages, that require simulation, are:
[PTS - 11CR343- MGR /PAJ, AUGUST, 201 1

JOB ORDER NO.

SCOPE OF WORK & TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

FOR-EXPANSION OF NAFL (# 9008) 380kV BSP

INDEX

C475
RIYADH

SAUDI ARABIA

PAGE

REV.

PTS11CR343

55
OF

,,

1
4
4
9
1&hidl fj- p

SAUDI ELECTRICITY COMPANY

Resonance effects when switching transformer feeders, or cables and

overhead lines.

Ferro resonance encountered on transformer feeder double circuits, when

one circuit is switched out but the other parallel feeder remains energized.

Line energisation may cause switching surges especially at the remote end
of the line that is being energised.

7.

2
0

Liqhtninq Over voltaqes rFast-front Over voltaaes lFFOU

'3
g

..-

REVISIONS
DMWNBY

o*:e
LWK'DBY

They are essentially produced by lightning strokes. Their magnitude is m u c h larger

than other kinds of over voltages. FFO are therefore critical for all voltage levels,
and it is essential to mitigate them with protective devices, i.e. mainly surge
arresters.
Lightning over voltages shall be studied to deter~rlinethe risk of equipment failure
and therefore to select their required withstand level in relation to protective device
configuration and tower earthing, and to evaluate line and station performance.

1rNcWeamGoesr

1 - 1

The two types of lightning have to be considered are direct stroke to the phase
conductors and the back flashover. The magnitude of lightning curre t for'both the
cases shall be estimated using proper techniques and shall be explained. Consider
a varving tower footing resistance from 0 to 20 ohms regardless of measured value.

Very Fast Transient Over voltages (VFTO)

VFTO are generated in GIs due to the breakdown across the contacts of
discorlr~ectorduring a switching operation or line-to-ground fault. Very fast transients
{VFT) in GIs can be divided into internal and external. Internal transients can
produce over voltages between inner conductors and the encapsulation and external
transients can cause stresses on secondary and adjacent equipments.
Internal Transients

..,,/~ur~es traveling throughout GIs and to other connected equipment are reflected
and refracted at every transition point. As a consequence af multiple reflections and
refractions, traveling voltages can increase above the original values and very high
frequency oscillations occur. VFTO are characterized by their very fast rise-time, of
the order of nanoseconds and followed by high-frequency oscillations of sevem! kHz
to MHz. VFTO magnitude depends on the substation layout, the switching condition
as well as the trapped charge on the open end of the GIs bus. Hence it is to be
determined using simulation techniques.

External transients (Transient Enclosure Voltages (TEV))

DRAWING Lri NOT

BE USED POR

k
,m
I
O
N
POR
ORDERMG
MATERIALS
UNTIL
CERTIX'IEDANDDATED

An internally generated VFT propagates throughout the GIs and reaches the
bushing where it causes a transient enclosure voltage and a traveling wave that
propagates along the overhead transmission line. The transient enclosure voltages
[PTS - 11CR343-MGR IPAJ, AUGUST, 2011

JOB ORDER NO.

INDEX

SCOPE OF WORK & TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

FOR-EXPANSION OF NAFL (# 9008) 380kV ESP
RIYADH

SAUDI ARABIA

C475

DRAW'NG

PTS11CR343

REV.

56
OF

,,

&Wl2Jkdl
cj

SAUDI ELECTRICITY COMPANY

2,s4,-

- +4&S!J &A&\

(TEV), also known as transient ground potential rise (TGPR), are short duration high
voltage transients which appear on the enclosure of the GIs through the coupling of
internal transients to enclosure at enclosure discontinuities. Determination of TEV
and suggestion for mitigation of TEV is required.
Insulation Coordination Criteria
The insulation coordination criteria are to be fulfilled against the severest over
voltages of each type. The types of over voltages and the studies to b e considered
are:
Temporary over voltages (TOV): should not exceed the fundamental frequency
withstand voltage for any equipment.

DRAWBY,

DATE

OIK'DBY

Switching over voltages: 98% out of the statistical switching for a n y switching
operation should not exceed 80% of the BSL ( switching Impulse Withstand
limit)
Lightning over voltages: for both direct stroke and back flashover events, the
maximum determined over voltage at any equipment should not exceed 80%
.
.
of the BIL of that equipment.
II

.>

. .

.:

Very Fast Transient over ,voltages ( v ? T ~ ) : Internal transients and external

transients (TEV) and its mitigation techniques.

('

'

..

In all cases, the surge arrestor measured energy absorption should be with the
surge arrestor energy capabilitylclass.

Conclusion of the insulation coordination study

The insulation coordination conclusion has to be inline with SEC standard and fulfill
the insulation criteria above. Such conclusion may recommend that:
The existing insulation is adequate and fulfills the criterla
There is a need for a surge arrestorlsurge arrestors of X class at X location

GBnmm

There is an operation restriction and controlled witching is needed

A suggested surge protection device other than surge arrestor

e-y*
DATE: 20-08-2011

THIS DRAWING IS NOT

TO BE USED POR
CONSTRUCTION
OR
XOR
ORDERmG
MATERIAIS
UNTIL
CERTIFIED AND DATED

Ferro resonance analvsis and its mitiaation

Ferro resonance is a non-linear resonance phenomena occurring in a low loss
electric circuit containing a non-linear inductance, capacitor and voltage sources.
Power network is example of such an electrical circuit, where non-linear
~nductances are due to magnetizing impedances of power transformers,
measurement inductive voltage transformers and capacitances are due to cables,
Series capacitors etc. Hence, certain switching actions, operating conditions and a
few system configurations may cause occurrence of Ferro resonances. Some
examples of switching actions are transformer-switching, capacitor switching etc.
Some of the configurationslconditions that may cause Ferro resonance are;
[PTS - 11CR343- MGR IPAJ. AUGUST. 201 1

JOB ORDER NO

INDEX

SCOPE OF WORK & TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

FOR-EXPANSION OF NAFL (# 9008) 380kV BSP
C475
RIYADH

SAUDI ARABIA

No.

PTS11CR343

PAGE

57
OF

,,

REV.

fj- + 4 # $ 4 1

Gfi1-l

SAUDI ELECTRICITY COMPANY

;isdl

1. Transformer supplied through a long transmission line or cable with l o w shortcircuit power,

2. Opening of one or two phases of a cable feeding the primary side o f a lightly
loaded transformer.
3. Transformer energized through the grading capacitance of one or m o r e open
circuit breakers,
4. Transformer connected to a de-energized transmission line running in parallel
with one or more energized lines

5. Energization of lightly loaded or unloaded transformers,

6. Transformer connected to a series compensated transmission line,
D R * W BY;

7. Transformers working with voltages very near the Knee point

DATE.
O W D 3".

8. Switching of CVTICCVT in the system,

9. Ungrounded transformer primary conne'ctions,
,:"...
. -. .. .
.
*.
I ,.r.:\~A:
10. Cable damage and manual switching during construction of underground cable
systems,

11. The use of single-phase switching devices on 3-phase systems,

A detailed s!udy is required to explore all the sources (not restricted to above
conditions) of Ferro-resonance in a power system and to be explained in the repor?.

I---I

Ferro resonance Prediction

Ferro resonance is frequently accompanied by some of the symptoms described
below.

,/

High permanent over voltages of differential mode (phase-to-phase) andlor

common mode (phase-to-earth),
High permanent over currents,
High permanent distortions of voltage and current waveforms,
Displacement of the neutral point voltage,

Transformer heating (in no-load operation),

Continuous, excessively loud noise in transformers and reactors.

DRAWING IS NOT

POR
ORDERmiG
MATERIALS
UNTIL
CERTIFIED AND DATED

Damage of electrical equipment (capacitor banks, VT, etc.) due to thermal

effect or insulation breakdown. A characteristic symptom of VT destruction
by Ferro resonance is a destroyed primary winding and an intact secondary
winding.

[PTS - 11CR343- MGR IPAJ, AUGUST, 2011

JOB ORDER NO.

INDEX

SCOPE OF WORK & TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

FOR-EXPANSION OF NAFL (# 9008) 380kV BSP

RIYADH

SAUDI ARABIA

C475

DRAW'NG

PTS11CR343

PAGE

58
OF
67

REV.

el

SAUDI ELECTRICITY COMPANY

&!&dl

t j - &JgUf

as1

Apparent untimely tripping of protectiondevices.

Owing to the stochastic manner of Ferro resonance, detailed digital modeling of the
system and computer simulations are required for the prediction of Ferro resonance
occurrence. It is required to use frequency dependent complex model for the cable
circuits incorporating the transpositions, cross-bonding etc. for the study.
Conclusion of the Ferro resonance analysis
The Ferro-resonance conclusion has to be in line with SEC standard.
conclusion may recommend that:

Such

List out the different sources of Ferro resonance in the power system and
the mitigation methods to be adopted.
The magnitude and the time duration of the oscillations, which exist during
the Ferro-resonance. The frequency of the oscillations shall also be
provided in the conclusion.
9

Harmonic analysis to compute the magnitude of fundameqtal and other

harmonic components in the current and voltage
magnetizing current and voltage v~aveformsare signal
of fundamental frequency as well as other harmonics.
Advise for the protection of EHV and HV equipments in case of over
voltages and Ferro-resonance.

**** END OF SECTION IV ****

[PTS - llCR343- MGR IPAJ, AUGUST, 201 1

108 ORDER NO

INDEX

SCOPE OF WORK & TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

FOR-EXPANSION OF NAFL (# 9008) 380kV BSP
RIYADH

SAUDI ARABIA

C475

PTS11CR343

PAGE No.

REV

59
OF

67